types of hearing impairments

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White

Types of Hearing Impairments

• Conduction hearing impairment can result from:– damaged eardrum, which would prevent

sound waves from being carried into the middle ear properly)

– damage to the bones of the middle ear: sounds cannot be conducted from the eardrum to the cochlea

LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement



Types of Hearing Impairments

• Nerve hearing impairment can result from:– damage in the inner ear– damage in the auditory pathways and cortical

areas of the brain




Surgery to Help Restore Hearing

• Cochlear implant: a microphone implanted just behind the ear that picks up sound from the surrounding environment– The speech processor selects and arranges

the sound picked up by the microphone. – The implant is a transmitter and receiver,

converting signals into electrical impulses.

• Collected by the electrode array in the cochlea and then sent to the brain




Cochlear Implant(a) In a cochlear implant, a microphone implanted just behind the ear picks up sound from the surrounding environment. A speech processor, attached to the implant and worn outside the body, selects and arranges the sound picked up by the microphone. The implant itself is a transmitter and receiver, converting the signals from the speech processor into electrical impulses that are collected by the electrode array in the cochlea and then sent to the brain.



Cochlear Implant(b) This child is able to hear with the help of a cochlear implant. Hearing spoken language during the early years of a child’s life helps in the development of the child’s own speech.



Why do we change sounds, clothing styles, color preferences… So we notice them?

Old VersionJohnny Cash Fullsom Prison Blueshttp://www.last.fm/music/Johnny+Cash/_/Folsom+Prison+Blues

New VersionEverlastFullsom Prison Blueshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JW4eAHsaq-0



How Scary is a Scary movie without the sound?The movie “Psycho” by Alfred HitchcockTry it without sound first….Bates Motel?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81qweiWqyTU

If you have time you may wish to try others…Here are the top 10 scariest movies of 2011.http://www.movie-moron.com/?p=14023



Ghost Huntershttp://www.syfy.com/ghosthunters/

How can they listen on different wavelengths? Is there a parallel universe?Are there ghosts?



Subliminal perception—the ability to notice stimuli that affect only the unconscious mind.

BACKMASKING IN MUSIC….http://jeffmilner.com/backmasking.htm

Really good BACK MASKING You tube Beatles 7 minuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UVDlg4x468Stairway to Heavenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgtxpRNT-r0&feature=relatedPokeman Raphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cGEwFIsk0g&feature=related



Taste

• Taste buds– taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for

sense of taste

• Gustation– the sensation of a taste

LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work



The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(a) The right side of this drawing shows the nerves in the tongue’s deep tissue.



The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(b) The taste bud is located inside the papillae and is composed of small cells that send signals to the brain when stimulated by molecules of food.



The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(c) Microphotograph of the surface of the tongue, showing two different sizes of papillae. The taste buds are located under the surface of the larger red papillae, whereas the smaller and more numerous papillae form a touch-sensitive rough surface that helps in chewing and moving food around the mouth.



Taste

• Five Basic Tastes:– sweet– sour– salty– bitter– “brothy,” or umami




Smell

• Olfaction (Olfactory Sense)– sense of smell

• Olfactory Bulbs– areas of the brain located just above the sinus

cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells

• There are at least 1,000 olfactory receptors.




The Olfactory Receptors(a) A cross section of the nose and mouth. This drawing shows the nerve fibers inside the nasal cavity that carry information about smell directly to the olfactory bulb just under the frontal lobe of the brain (shown in green).



The Olfactory Receptors(b) A diagram of the cells in the nose that process smell. The olfactory bulb is on top. Notice the cilia, tiny hair like cells that project into the nasal cavity. These are the receptors for the sense of smell.



Somesthetic Senses

• Somesthetic senses: the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses– “soma”: body– “esthetic”: feeling

LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance



Somesthetic Senses

• Skin senses: the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain– sensory receptors in the skin– gate-control theory: pain signals must pass

through a “gate” located in the spinal cord




Cross Section of the Skin and Its ReceptorsThe skin is composed of several types of cells that process pain, pressure, and temperature. Some of these cells are wrapped around the ends of the hairs on the skin and are sensitive to touch on the hair itself, whereas others are located near the surface, and still others just under the top layer of tissue.



Somesthetic Senses

• Kinesthetic sense: sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other– proprioceptive receptors (proprioceptors)




Somesthetic Senses

• Vestibular senses: the sensations of movement, balance, and body position

• Sensory conflict theory: an explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomforts




Now THE CENTER OF BALANCE TEST.CAN WE HAVE A FEW BOY & GIRL VOLUNTEERS.UP TO THE FRONT OF THE CLASSROOM.

BEND AT THE WAIST AND PLACE YOUR HEAD TIGHT AGAINST THE WHITEBOARD AT WAIST LEVEL. WITHOUT STEPING BACK, JUST STRAIGHTEN-UP….CAN YOU ALL DO IT? WHY OR WHY NOT?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ_ByifZvzI



Perception and Constancies

• Perception– the method by which the sensations

experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

• Size Constancy– the tendency to interpret an object as always

being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

LO 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies



Perception and Constancies

• Shape Constancy– the tendency to interpret the shape of an

object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

• Brightness Constancy– the tendency to perceive the apparent

brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

LO 3.8 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies



Gestalt Principles

• Figure–Ground– the tendency to perceive objects, or figures,

as existing on a background

• Reversible Figures– visual illusions in which the figure and ground

can be reversed

LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception



The Necker CubeThis is an example of a reversible figure. It can also be described as an ambiguous figure, since it is not clear which pattern should predominate.



Figure–Ground IllusionWhat do you see when you look at this picture? Is it a wine goblet? Or two faces looking at each other? This is an example in which the figure and the ground seem to “switch” each time you look at the picture.



Gestalt Principles

• Similarity– the tendency to perceive things that look

similar to each other as being part of the same group

• Proximity– the tendency to perceive objects that are

close to each other as part of the same grouping




Gestalt Principles

• Closure– the tendency to complete figures that are

incomplete

• Continuity– the tendency to perceive things as simply as

possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern




Gestalt Principles

• Contiguity– the tendency to perceive two things that

happen close together in time as being related




Gestalt Principles of GroupingThe Gestalt principles of grouping are shown here. These are the human tendency to organize isolated stimuli into groups on the basis of five characteristics: proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and common region.



Development of Perception

• Depth perception: the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?



Monocular Cues

• Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues): cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only– linear perspective: the tendency for parallel

lines to appear to converge on each other– relative size: perception that occurs when

objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away




Monocular Cues

• Monocular Cues (cont’d)– interposition (overlap): the assumption that an

object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer




Monocular Cues

• Aerial perspective: the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater

• Texture gradient: the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases




Monocular Cues

• Motion parallax: the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

• Accommodation: as a monocular clue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away




Monocular Cues

• Pictorial Depth Cues• Linear Perspective




Pictorial Depth Cues(a) Both the lines of the trees and the sides of the road appear to come together or converge in the distance. This is an example of linear perspective.



Pictorial Depth Cues(b) Notice how the larger pebbles in the foreground seem to give way to smaller and smaller pebbles near the middle of the picture. Texture gradient causes the viewer to assume that as the texture of the pebbles gets finer, the pebbles are getting farther away.



Pictorial Depth Cues(c) In aerial or atmospheric perspective, the farther away something is the hazier it appears because of fine particles in the air between the viewer and the object. Notice that the road and farmhouse in the foreground are in sharp focus while the mountain ranges are hazy and indistinct.



Binocular Cues

• Binocular cues: cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes– convergence: the rotation of the two eyes in

their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant




Binocular Cues

• Binocular Cues (cont’d)– binocular disparity: the difference in images

between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects




Perceptual Illusions

• The Hermann grid is possibly due to the response of the primary visual cortex.

• Müller-Lyer illusion: illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different

LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception



The Muller-Lyer Illusion(a) Which line is longer? In industrialized Western countries, people generally see the lines in part (a) in situations similar to those in part (b). According to one theory, people have become accustomed to seeing right angles in their environment and assume that the short, slanted lines are forming a right angle to the vertical line.



The Muller-Lyer IllusionThey make that assumption because they are accustomed to seeing corners, such as the ones depicted in the house interiors shown on the right in part (b). Consequently, in part (a), they tend to perceive the line on the right as slightly longer than the line on the left.




• Moon illusion: the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky– apparent distance hypothesis





• Illusions of Motion– autokinetic effect: a small, stationary light in a

darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate that the light is not moving

– stroboscopic motion: seen in motion pictures, in which a rapid series of still pictures will appear to be in motion





• Illusions of Motion– phi phenomenon: lights turned on in a

sequence appear to move– rotating snakes: due in part to eye

movements– The Enigma: due in part to microsaccades




http://www.metacafe.com/watch/944383/cool_illusionols/Good 4 minute clip on the different types of illusions

Does this picture lookFamiliar? Why?




• Ame’s Room Illusion


Sometimes called ‘Mystery Spots’



Factors that Influence Perception

• Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy): the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

• Top-down processing: the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole




Factors that Influence Perception

• Bottom-up processing: the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception




Perceptual SetLook at the drawing in the middle. What do you see? Now look at the drawings on each end. Would you have interpreted the middle drawing differently if you had looked at the drawing of the man’s face or the sitting woman first?



The Devil’s TridentAt first glance, this seems to be an ordinary three-pronged figure. But a closer look reveals that the three prongs cannot be real as drawn. Follow the lines of the top prong to see what goes wrong.



What happens when your senses blend?Can you taste color?

Synesthesiahttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30572-one-step-beyond-synesthesia-video.htm



EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION SCIENCE OR NOT?

Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind.

The study of psi phenomena such as ESP is called parapsychology. The consensus of the Parapsychological Association is that certain types of psychic phenomena such as psychokinesis(movement of matter), telepathy and astral projection(outside of the body) are well established.



Uri Geller and his famous “spoon bending”http://youtu.be/-zJXlKiqBZo

Chriss Angel and his version of the spoon bending phenomenon



And how about TV shows (science or entertainment)

such as the Ghost whisperer

Medium

Ghost Hunters

And…



Zener cards used in the early twentieth century

for experimental research into ESP.

Let us try a quick, very unscientific, version of telepathy testing. Can you read my mind with the Zener Cards?

Find a piece of paper and number 1-20…

Here is another unscientific versionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn7-JZq0Yxs



Secrets of the Psychics on ‘Ted Talks’

[Psychics] use exactly the same gimmicks that we magicians do — the same physical methods, the same psychological methods — and they effectively and profoundly deceive millions of people around the earth, to their detriment.” (James Randi)

http://www.ted.com/talks/james_randi.htmlGood clip on assumptions…try at least the first minute or so!

types of hearing impairments

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