types of drawings for building design - designing buildings wiki

8/11/2019 Types of Drawings for Building Design - Designing Buildings Wiki

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22/5/2014 Types of drawings for building design - Designing Buildings Wiki

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Contents1 Location drawings and general arrangement drawings

1.1 Block plans1.2 Site plans1.3 Floor plans

1.3.1 Basic floor plan1.3.2 General arrangement plans

1.4 Elevations1.5 Estate road layout

2 Assembly drawings3 Component drawings4 Projections

4.1Orthographic projection4.2 Axonometric projection

4.3 Isometric projection4.4 Oblique projection5 Preliminary drawings6 Sketch drawings7 Working drawings

7.1 Specification7.2 Bill of quantities

8 Find out more

8.1 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

LOCATION DRAWINGS AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

The information shown on a locating drawing will be overall sizes, levels and references to assemblydrawings. They are intended to show the location of the works, not detail (a common mistake). The locationdrawings, which can be plans, elevation or sections, are numbered consecutively with the prefix L.

Typically, location drawings will include:

Block plans.Site plans.Floor plans.Foundations plans.Roof plans.Section through the entire building.Elevations.

Edit this articleLast edited 29 Jan 2014See full history

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TYPES OF DRAWINGS FOR BUILDING DESIGN
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http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_drawings_for_building_design#Location_drawings_and_general_arrangement_drawings 2

British Standard Specification 1192 includes recommended or preferred scales for location drawings.

Block plans

Block plans usually show the s iting of the project in relation to Ordnance Survey Maps. Conventions areused to depict boundaries, roads and other details. Recommended scales are:

1 : 25001 : 12501 : 500

Site plans

Site plans usually show the extent of the site but no surrounding detail. Recommended scales are:

1 : 5001 : 200

The function of the site plan is to show:

The location of the building or buildings in relation to their surroundings.The topography of the site, with both existing and finished levels.
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Buildings to be demolished or removed.The extent of earthworks, included, cutting and filling, and the provision of bank and retaining walls.Roads, footpaths, hardstandings and paved areas.Planting.The layout of external service runs, including drainage, water, gas, electricity, telephone, etc.The layout of external lighting.Fencing, walls and gates.The location of miscellaneous external components bollards, litter bins, etc.

Floor plans

Floor plans Usually show the layout of rooms, key dimensions and levels, and may also use conventionsand symbols to show materials and locations of fittings and appliances. Recommended scales are:

1 : 2001 : 1001 : 50
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Line types are used to differentiate information in floor plans. Hatching or conventions are used to illustratematerials, while symbols are used to show fittings and appliances, often with standard abbreviations.

There are three situations that must be considered:

General arrangement (location) drawings designed to show a single building element and what it shouldcontain.General arrangement drawings designed to be complete in themselves (clearly this type of drawing

would only arise on the smallest and simplest of projects.)Basic floor plan drawings the drawings which provide the fundamental and minimal information whichwill appear as the framework for each individual elemental plan. The basic drawing, in fact, from whichfuture drawing containing elemental information will be taken.

Basic floor plan

If a set of working drawings for a project is prepared, the floor plans may be divided into five elements in thefollowing manner:

(2-) Primary elements(3-) Secondary elements(5-) Services (piped and ducted)(6-) Services (Electrical)(7-) Fittings
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General arrangement plans

Where the elemental plans are to be drawn by CAD or manually, you must fist consider what commonfeatures of the plans will need to appear in all five elementalised plans given in the example above. It isclearly important that the information carried by the base negative, (manual) or layers common to alldrawings in a CAD set shall be , not too little, and not too much. Below is a check list of what the basic planshould contain and a list of those items which more often than not get added to the original needlessly andsuperfluously to the subsequent inconvenience of everyone.

To be included:

WallsMain openings in walls (i.e. doors and windows)PartitionsMain openings in partitions (doors)Door swingRoom names and numbersGrid references (when applicable)Stairs (in outline)Fixed furniture (including loose furniture where its disposition in a room is predetermined - e.g. desks setout on a modular gird, etc.)Sanitary fittingsCupboardsNorth point

Items which tend to be included, but should not be:DimensionsAnnotationsDetails of construction e.g. cavity wall constructionHatching and shadingLoose furniture where its disposition is not predeterminedSection indications

A uniform line thickness should be used throughout and the middle of the three line thickness for the scaleto be used on the plan is recommended.

Recommended pen size/line sizes are as follows:

Drawings to a scale of 1 : 50 and less (a) (b) (c)

Drawings to a scale 1 : 20 to 1 : 5 (a) (b) (c)

Drawings to a scale larger than 1 : 5 (a) (b) (c)

Pen size Range 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7

Pen Size Range 2 (ISO 9175-1)* 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7

* Pens size range follows the same s ize-ratio principle used for the international A-series paper size(ISO216). The standard sizes (ISO 9175-1) differ by a factor 2. These pens are: 2.00 mm, 1.40 mm, 1.00mm, 0.70 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.18 mm and 0.13 mm. So after drawing with a 0.35 mm penon A3 paper and reducing it to A4, you can continue with the 0.25 mm pen. (ISO 9175-1). Other sizes ofpens are available, however, to keep the same factor when working between different size sheets, the

standard sizes of pens should be used.

Elevations

Elevations usually show the outline of the building, opening details and sizes, level datums and floorposition. An elevation should give an impression of how one face of the building will look from the outside.
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Estate road layout

Should be at either 1:1250 or 1:500 scales. Line types will fulfil an important role in this type of locationdrawing. The identity of buried items will be indicated by different line types. Conventions and symbols willindicate hard and soft landscape details and street furniture should be indicated by symbols.

ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS

The purpose of assembly drawings is to show how the building is erected on site. Information will includecomponent identification and reference, assembly dimensions and tolerances with reference to componentdrawings.

The assembly drawings can be:

PlansElevationsSection

The assembly drawing number is prefixed by the letter A. Standard details need an efficient library codingsystem to aid retrieval and sorting, and the Common Arrangement of Work Section (CAWS) referencesystem found in the standard old Method of Measurement (SMM7). Some assembly drawings will show:

Substructure sectionExternal wall detailsWall openings such as head, sill and jamb sections, plansEaves detailsInternal wallsStair details

The structuring of drawn information into specific sheets helps the search patterns of the end user. Someunenlightened designers will fill the drawing sheet with a mixture of plans, elevations and, if there is room,detailed sections. The titled chosen for the drawing sheet is the first indication of the content of the sheet.Search procedures by the end users follow a pattern and the drawings should be structured and titled tomaximise this procedure. Recommended scales fore assembly drawings are: 1:50; 1:20; 1:10.
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The drawings will comprise plan view and sections, and the thickness of lines will depend on theinformation hierarchy. Outlines and different components drawn with thicker lines alert the user to keyinformation as the eye scans the entire drawing. The placing of the section on the drawing sheet should becarefully laid out to minimise search time for the end user.

Identification of materials using standard conventions will complement the annotation and convey the extentof the materials used in the assembly detail.

The amount of text and dimensions included on the sheet should be just enough to achieve the purpose ofthe drawing. For example, a drawing of a substructure detail should not include text or specification relatingto the roof. When placing text and dimensions onto the sheet, it is best to assist the end user by leaving the

drawing area uncluttered. The focal point is the drawn detail. Once the diagram has been assimilated,further information is sought, with the eye radiating out form the focus diagram. The diagram shouldtherefore be encircled with dimensions and text, and the text should be legible, concise and accurate.

Code references direct the user to other further drawn information such as component drawings or to thebill of quantities. The specification or the measured section of the bill of quantities should explain the qualityof the material or workmanship. This will avoid expensive duplication of specifications on the drawings,reducing the possibility of discrepancies between tender and contract documents.

COMPONENT DRAWINGS

This type of drawing shows individual components in the unfixed state. Information will include componentsizes, tolerance and specification with reference to the bill of quantity.

The component drawing number is prefixed by the letter C, and typical component details are:

Wood window head detailSpecial door constructionSillCoping stone
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Component drawings are often large-scale, sometime full-sized drawings showing individual components.Assembly drawings will contain several components, showing how the individual components fit together tomake a building element. Recommended scales are:

1 :10

1 : 51 : 21 : 1

The component drawings will contain dimensions and some text, but the material specification and theminimum acceptable quality will be defined in the specification section of the bill of quantities. The CAWSreference code will direct the end user to the correct part of the bill of quantities.

PROJECTIONS

Orthographic projection
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Orthographic projection is a way of illustrating three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional drawing. Thebasic drawing layouts are shown below.

Drawing projections must comply with the relevant British Standard to prevent misunderstanding and avoiderrors in interpreting the drawing. The orthographic projection commonly used in Britain is called the firstangle projection, but there are other less common projections that can be used to illustrate a three-dimensional object.

Axonometric projection

The advantage of an axonometric projection is the true plan set at 45 degrees. It is suitable for interior andkitchen layout. Planning drawings are effective as axonometric projection to show the relationship of existingbuildings, topography and the proposed building.

Isometric projection

Unlike the axonometric projection, the isometric plan view is slightly distorted and can be used to show thenature of the design more clearly than an orthographic projection. It is sometimes used during theconceptualization of the design to help the client grasp the mass of the proposal.

Oblique projection

When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation can be enhanced by an oblique projection.

PRELIMINARY DRAWINGS

These drawings are often refereed to as thinking drawings, and illustrate elements of the design. Thefreehand sketches are broad strokes with little detail and illustrate either mass, proportion or other aestheticprinciples. Soft pencil or a fineliner pen on detail paper is the preferred medium. To avoid deception thedetail paper is often grid paper to ensure a correct proportion of images. The focal point of the building canbe quickly illustrated by a preliminary sketch. Simplicity and avoidance of detail are the main aspects of agood preliminary drawing.

SKETCH DRAWINGS
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The entire range of drawings can be illustrated as sketch drawings. A location drawing can be key orcontrol drawing, showing control dimensions or levels. A sketched assembly drawing can be used by thearchitect to instruct the technician preparing the ink negative. To avoid misinterpretation of size, it isadvantageous to use a modular, grid ruled plan, in which the main grid is 300 mm, with a secondary grid of100 mm.

WORKING DRAWINGS

These are the final drawn instructions which the builder will use on site to convert the design ideas into areal building, and care must be taken to ensure accuracy of dimensions and specification. In preparing thelocation plan it is best to use a control box when hand drawing a working drawing that is, maximumdesign length and width are drawn on the tracing film. All details should fit within this control box, and if youfind you are drawing outside the control box you should stop immediately as this indicates an error in thedetailed measurements. Once the drawing has been completed in ink, clean up the drawing and erase thecontrol box.

When a drawing is being produced, thought must be given to the structuring of information. A drawingcontains certain information that must be observed. This is primary information, shown by thicker linesand/or high intensity. Secondary information will be shown by lines of medium thickness, while tertiaryinformation will be indicated by thin lines. With ink drawings on film or tracing paper, different pen thicknesswill achieve the necessary information hierarchy.
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Specification

All drawings require annotation describing the elements or identifying the components. As these descriptivenotes and words must be clearly understood, it is essential to aim for legibility if they are hand written, whichmeans taking time to:

Form and shape each individual letterSpace letters and words correctlyArrange the text to help the end userArrange the text in hierarchical context

To help achieve clarity of specification, stencils and dry letter transfer are available. When using CAD, takethe time to select a clear and suitable font. Fonts like Comic Sans should never be used on any formaldocuments, s ignage, publications or drawings.

Bill of quantities

The bill of quantities which is, first, a vital tender document, then a contract document should be anaccurate description and quantification of the project. There should therefore be a cross-reference to thetender drawing and architects notes or specifications. The achieve this, the CAWS is used.

Coordinated project references

Based on the old SMM7, some of the main cross-references are:

Concrete work:1. - Concrete foundation E10.12. - Concrete bed (floor) E10.43. - Concrete cavity filling E30.8

Masonry1. - Clay brickwork in wall F10.12. - Cavities F30.1.13. - Damp-proof course, vertical F30.2.14. - Damp-proof course, horizontal F30.2.3

Carcass timber1. - Rafter G20.922. - Floor joist G20.63. - Floor boarding K20.2

4. - Trussed rafter G20.2Finishing joinery1. - Wood window L20.12. - Double glazing L40.23. - Wood door frame L20.74. - Wood door L20.15. - Architrave P20.1

Roofing1. - Concrete roof tiles H60.1

Plastering1. - Plasterboard and skim M20.22. - Plaster to walls M20.13. - Floor screed M10.5

(This information and cross-referencing should have been applied to older architectural drawings.)

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