types of bonding lab wrap up. what do the formulas mean? describe what elements make up the compound...

Types of Bonding Lab Types of Bonding Lab Wrap UpWrap Up

What Do The Formulas Mean?What Do The Formulas Mean?

Describe what elements make up the Describe what elements make up the compoundcompound

Also describes how many of each type of Also describes how many of each type of atom there are in the compoundatom there are in the compound

CC22HH22FF44

What Elements Are Present

How many of each there are

More Complicated Formulae

Formulae may have the same element more than once. This indicates something about the chemical structure, which we will learn about in Unit 5.For example: NH4OH

More Complicated Formulae

Formulae may have parentheses:For example: Al(NO3)3

The number outside the parentheses applies to each of the atoms in the parentheses

How Many of Each Atom How Many of Each Atom Are In A Formula?Are In A Formula?

CC33HH88OO

MgSOMgSO44

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22

NHNH44NONO33

MgMg33(PO(PO44))22

Fe(NOFe(NO33))33

What Does Conductivity Mean?What Does Conductivity Mean?

How well a solution conducts electricityHow well a solution conducts electricityWhat do you need to conduct electricity?What do you need to conduct electricity?

To conduct electricity you need moving To conduct electricity you need moving chargescharges

Things with high conductivities have lots of Things with high conductivities have lots of things with charges that can move.things with charges that can move.

A Few Conductivity TermsA Few Conductivity Terms

Electrolyte – a compound that conducts Electrolyte – a compound that conducts electricity electricity when dissolved in waterwhen dissolved in water..

Strong electrolyte – conducts electricity Strong electrolyte – conducts electricity wellwell

Weak electrolyte – conducts electricity Weak electrolyte – conducts electricity slightlyslightly

Non-electrolyte – does not conduct Non-electrolyte – does not conduct electricityelectricity

What does the Melting Point mean?What does the Melting Point mean?

When a compound When a compound changes states some changes states some of the forces that of the forces that attract the various attract the various pieces together are pieces together are broken.broken.

Low melting points Low melting points indicate weak indicate weak attractions between attractions between the little bits.the little bits.

What Does Appearance Mean?What Does Appearance Mean?

Regular Shapes are very important in Regular Shapes are very important in sciencescience

A Regular Shape at the visible level A Regular Shape at the visible level means that there is a very Regular Shape means that there is a very Regular Shape at the microscopic and atomic levels.at the microscopic and atomic levels.

Types of Chemical BondingTypes of Chemical Bonding

What Makes Salt, Aspirin, and What Makes Salt, Aspirin, and Zinc Have Such Different Zinc Have Such Different

Properties?Properties?

Things Like Sodium ChlorideThings Like Sodium Chloride

High Melting PointsHigh Melting Points Do Not Conduct Do Not Conduct

Electricity in Solid Electricity in Solid FormForm

Conduct Electricity in Conduct Electricity in SolutionSolution

Have a regular shapeHave a regular shape Made from a metal Made from a metal

and a nonmetal (ex. and a nonmetal (ex. NaCl)NaCl)


Metal loses electrons Metal loses electrons while nonmetal gains while nonmetal gains electrons (Naelectrons (Na++ and Cl and Cl--))

Make ions = charged Make ions = charged thingsthings

Opposite Charges AttractOpposite Charges Attract Have a regular crystal Have a regular crystal

structurestructure Crystals come from a Crystals come from a

repeating pattern of ions.repeating pattern of ions.


Pattern of ions repeats Pattern of ions repeats billions of times in a single billions of times in a single crystal = crystal = CRYSTAL CRYSTAL LATTICELATTICE

Has no specific number of Has no specific number of atoms in crystal so we use atoms in crystal so we use an empirical formulaan empirical formula Empirical formula - Lowest Empirical formula - Lowest

whole number ratio of whole number ratio of atomsatoms

Call these compounds Call these compounds “salts”“salts”


When melted, ions are When melted, ions are freed from the crystal freed from the crystal lattice structurelattice structure

Melting requires breaking Melting requires breaking the bonds holding the the bonds holding the compound togethercompound together Bonds are strongBonds are strong Therefore, melting point is Therefore, melting point is

high.high.

IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDING

Bonding between ionsBonding between ionsAtoms give and take electronsAtoms give and take electrons

Transfer electronsTransfer electrons

Things like SaltThings like Salt

Things Like AspirinThings Like Aspirin

Low Melting PointsLow Melting Points Do Not Conduct Do Not Conduct

Electricity in Solid FormElectricity in Solid Form Most Do Not conduct Most Do Not conduct

electricity in aqueous electricity in aqueous solution (some solution (some compounds in this compounds in this category do a little bit)category do a little bit)

Have an irregular shapeHave an irregular shape Made from all Made from all

nonmetals (ex. Cnonmetals (ex. C99HH88OO44))


Atoms share pairs of Atoms share pairs of electrons between electrons between each other (potluck each other (potluck dinner)dinner)

Shared electrons hold Shared electrons hold the atoms togetherthe atoms together


Smallest units have a Smallest units have a distinct beginning and distinct beginning and a distinct end = a distinct end = MOLECULEMOLECULE

Has a specific Has a specific number of atoms in number of atoms in the molecule (ex. the molecule (ex. CC99HH88OO44))


One line = SINGLE One line = SINGLE BOND = 2 electronsBOND = 2 electrons

Two lines = DOUBLE Two lines = DOUBLE BOND = 4 electronsBOND = 4 electrons

Three lines = TRIPLE Three lines = TRIPLE BOND = 6 electronsBOND = 6 electrons


When melted, bonds When melted, bonds between atoms do between atoms do NOT breakNOT break

Instead, attractive Instead, attractive forces between forces between molecules break.molecules break. Intermolecular ForcesIntermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces are weak compared are weak compared to bonds.to bonds. Melting point is low.Melting point is low.

COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING

Atoms Share Electrons to Make Atoms Share Electrons to Make a Compounda Compound

Things like AspirinThings like Aspirin

Things Like ZincThings Like Zinc

High Melting PointsHigh Melting Points DO conduct electricity DO conduct electricity

in the solid statein the solid state Don’t form aqueous Don’t form aqueous

solutionssolutions Have irregular shape Have irregular shape

but are malleablebut are malleable Made from all metals Made from all metals

(ex. Brass – a mixture (ex. Brass – a mixture of copper and zinc)of copper and zinc)

MetalsMetals

Overlap of the Overlap of the electron cloud of the electron cloud of the metal atomsmetal atoms

Creates metal ionsCreates metal ions Electrons move freely Electrons move freely

through the whole through the whole piece of metalpiece of metal

““Sea of Electrons”Sea of Electrons”


When metals melt, When metals melt, some of the some of the attractions from the attractions from the sea of electrons are sea of electrons are broken.broken.

Bonds are broken.Bonds are broken. Melting point is high.Melting point is high.


Because of the sea of Because of the sea of electrons metals:electrons metals:

Can have its shape Can have its shape changed = changed = MALLEABLEMALLEABLE

Can be pulled into Can be pulled into wire = DUCTILEwire = DUCTILE

Are shiny = Are shiny = LUSTEROUSLUSTEROUS

METALLIC BONDINGMETALLIC BONDING

A Sea of Electron Glue Holds A Sea of Electron Glue Holds Atoms TogetherAtoms Together

Delocalized ElectronsDelocalized Electrons

Things like ZincThings like Zinc

types of bonding lab wrap up. what do the formulas mean? describe what elements make up the compound...

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