The two-wheeler is a kind of transport equipment. Which is made up of a frame attaching with certain power developing and transmitting units and there is further supported by wheeler and tyers through the springs and axles. The power is supplied through the friction of the contact between the road and the wheels. The body of the vehicle gives the protection and comfort.

Initially man trained animals for carrying heavier loads to greater distance at a speed higher than the man could carry. These means of transport provided by nature to man has a limited regard in terms of load to carry, distance covered with the load and also the speed of traveling with minimum effort.

Industrial BackgroundThe Birth of Automobile Industry

Capital Nicholas Cuglot, a French man is considered to be the father of “The Automobile”. He was the first to built to the self-propelled road vehicle with a three wheeled coach fitted with a steam engine in 1769-70. In 1802, Richard Trevitluck built the first practical steam engine, which could move at a speed of 2.5 miles per hour only for a period of 15 minutes. In 1863, a French invented Lenoir, invented and automobile propelled by gas engine, and during the next few years there was a large amount of experimental work carried out both on engine and carriages.

It was during the year 1876, Otto and Langen in Germany invented and designed and internal combustion engine. The actual development of the modern automobile dates back to 1885. Gottlied Daimler in Germany patented and internal combustion engine. Daimlers engine is considered as the first high speed, light construction engine and this development is considered as the greatest achievement in the history of automobiles.

It was not before 1900 that the improved design of automobiles fully awakened the public to the greater utilities if this new form of transportation. The production and sales of vehicles become a real business during 1900-1906, where in various designed ideas, tested, refined, improved or discarded by succeeding generation of engineers where put into automobile. Various great names in automobile industries started appearing packed, old mobile, ford, overland, white etc.

The year that followed 1906-1920 are considered the era of mass production

and inter change ability methods permitting lower price production.

With the year 1920, bean the period of gradual change and refinement in the automobile design. The spark ignition gasoline engine was power plant of motor vehicle. The steam and electric engines were already discarded. The engines were located in the front chassis. Water-cooled engines had established their university. The main idea in the designers mind has established to create a vehicle running under all conditions of weather and time, increasingly comfortable and easy to operate. The main

changes had been the increased tyre life, replacement of rigid front axle with independent front wheel hydraulic brakes, increased engine compression ratios and use of stronger and cheaper new materials.

In India, before partition some assembly plants were only established at Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai by leading foreign manufactures. In order to create and manufacture indigenous products, two Indian factories, the premier automobiles Ltd. And Hindustan Motor Ltd. Was setup. The main purpose of their setup was progressive manufacture instead of assembly from imported components. On recommendation of the Traffic Commissions, Government of India discouraged the activities of assemblers to ensure economic out put of the industry in 1956 with priority for manufacturer of commercial vehicles, expansion of capacity of capacity of existing units and increased production of diesel vehicles.[

Two Wheeler AutomobilesSince the time of Captain Nicholas Cugnot, considered father of “The

Automobile” (1768-70), these had been a demand and search for a minimum cost monitoring and a low cost travel vehicle. Its evaluation is further necessitated by requirement of a personal transport of lightweight for moving smaller distances or short journey travel with just the driver. This resulted in the development of two-wheeled scooters. Motorcycles and other similar vehicles.

In the field of personal transport in the development of two-wheeler is a major evaluation. It is highly maneuverable in addition to begin safe and easy to drive. It combines the extremely low operating cost of the single cylinder two-stroke engine with the comfort and cleanliness usually associated with a motorcar. They are the men of economic transport for different purposes.History of Two-Wheelers

The bombing of the Piaggio aircraft works at Pontedeara, Italy during the second world war resulted in its worsen conditions. The main problem of the staff

was movement from one end of the vast factory to other end as well as to different sections of the factory.

Piaggio decided to build a tiny run about powered by 98-cc two-stroke engine placed along side the rear wheel. This tiny run about having a modest amount of bodywork with an open frame and a platform for the rider to put his feet as well as small wheels and a front shield was the prototype with certain modifications.

The capacity was raised from 98cc to 125cc and styling was improved. First production version of the Vespa appeared in 1946.

Vaspa and Lambretta designed by brilliant engineer’s applying original ideas to a set of required conditions were the original trendsetters. Since their first appearance in most war Italy as a popular from of personal and low cost transport, they have been developed to high degree of fallibility and in a variety of forms and design.

The post war period witnessed the development of various types of two-wheelers and appearance of different manufacturers in different countries from Italy to continental Europe, Britain, America, Asia and Russia. Although each country has its own specific operational requirements like costs, regulations, road and weather conditions. But they had certain advantages as well as disadvantages outside Italy. The original scooters being quite bear without any provision to protect the rider against the weather has poor lighting and complete absence of parking lights. Although they were accepted in country like Italy yet in France and continent, they were a rarity.

Reliability of a particular design of two wheelers is assessed by experience. Certain weaknesses or limitations are liable to be present in new or relatively unknown designs. In case, good spares back a particular design and servicing system, the limitations are not serious.