turkish armut pear remarks on the etymology and geo ...türk dilleri ara_t1rmalar1 15 (2005): 5-18...

Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları 15 (2005): 5-18

Turkish armut "pear" Remarks on the Etymology and Geo-Linguistic Distribution

of an Oriental Fruit Name*

Uwe BHising

(Leiden)

... the quality of this smail ripe

country seemed as sweet to her as (he

taste of an Dctoher pear ... (Henry

James, The Portrait of a Lady, p. 114)

Armut is the most widespread name ,for the pe ar, i. e. Pyrus, in the MiddleEast and Central Asia. Besides the evidenee from Turkish, we me et this term in a great number of Turkic as well as Iranian languages. !ts uttermost distribution reaehing from the East to the West describes approximately an area expanding from Singkiang to the Balkans. In general, armut is a designation for eultivated sorts of pears, i. e. Pyrus communis, while the wild pear, Pyrus pyraster, is named by several terms differing from eaeh other regionally. So we find for instanee TURKISH ahlat (TS 2005: 44a), but AZERI jzrarmud (ef. BHising 2004: Nr. 1), ete. In the robe of begarmudı (~~~)i ~), the armut found literary as well as substantially its way even into the wide orbit of the European languages, where it was going to present itself lastly as Bergamate. All this eneourages one to eharaeterize armut as a typical kind of

Originally this paper was presented by me in Turkish on the occasion of the V.

Uluslararası Türk Dili Kurultayı, held in Ankara from 20th to 26th of September, 2004. Responding to the kind request of numerous friends and colleagues to make the material available for a broader international audience, i willingly decided to put again my hand on it in the form of a re-publication in English, what gives me moreover the opportunity to add some slight modifications as well as to the inclusion of stlpplementary data. '

http://www.turkdilleri.org

6 UWEBLASING

"Wanderwort". According to the most general opinon, Bergamote is a produet ı

of the contamination of ATTOMAN begarmudi ("prince's pear") and the name of the Italian city Bergamo. However, there is no idication confirming this 'traditional' or popular etymology. The dty of Bergamo, situated in the northern part of Italy, may be justly famous for many things, but not however for its pears. According to an alternartive attempt of explanation, the variant of begarmudz used in European languages originates from the name of the town Bergama in western Anatolia and was introduced by commerdal export of these pears form this region in Asia Minor to Italy, and especially to Sicilia (see Genaust 1996: 98b and TürkAns VI: 167b). In my opinion, neither of the two explanations based on place names is of an enlightening or helpful character. The case becomes much simpler assuming that in conneetion with the entrance of the Attornan term into Italian, a metathesis of 9 and r has taken place under the influence of Italian sound pattern. Later, this new-shaped form took its way from ıtaly to other countries in Europe and, of course, their languages, what means in partieular: ATTOMAN begarmudz -+ ITALIAN bergamota -+ FRENCH bergamote, GERMAN Bergamotte, etc. (cf. Lokotsch 1927: No. 282). The term bergamote, having its first attestation in French in 1536, was approximatelyone and a half centuries later, at the end of the 17 century as name transfered on a tree called Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit., as well as on its fruit

2 and the essence,

oleum Bergamicae, which is extracted of this fruit's fresh skin (see Wartburg 1966: 34). Finally, this word went back to Turkey where it appears in shapes like bergamot (modern standard), bergamut and bergamat 'Citrus bergamia' (TS 2005: 247a; Tietze 2002: 318b).

Before turning to questions of its etymology, it is useful to establish an inventory list displaying the distribution of our term within the Turkie languages. From old Turkic no attestation is known. The first evidence comes from the 11th century's famous Divan lugat at-turk compiled by Mal}.müd al-IGisyarI, providing us with the following entries: armut "kummatra (U~~),,3 and alongside this the compound armut qatuti 'slice of a pear (dried) , and the denominal (-lan-) verb armutlanmaq 'to yield pears',

This pear is according to Redhouse (1890: 73b) "The Williams or Jersey pear (large, fine variety)" or "Falernum pyrum Bergamote Birn. Bergamotte. Poire bergamote" as stated by Meninski (I: 419). A tree of the Rutaceae family with fruits resembling a pear. ARABIC kummatra 'a pear' (Wehr 1968: 748a).


TURKISH ARMUT "PEAR" 7

attestet in two phrases yiyac armutlandi 'the tree brought forth pears' and armutlanur 'bearing pears' (Dankoff & Kelly I: 127, 252; id. II: 104; Atalay 1943:

36).

From about the 14th century onwards, the word appears more frequently, in quite a number of Middle Turkk sources, so for instance in:

1. Sayf-i Sarayl's Gulistan bi't-turkı (14th century): armüd (Bodrogligeti

1969: 202a):

ra'iyyat bağınıo sultan alıp yesa bir almasın, yüz armüdın yegay bir qul birini ilmayin tiska. (ibid: 59);

4

2. İbnü-Mühenna Lugati (13th/14th century): armut (Battal 1934: 11);

3. Kitab at-tu~fat az-zakfya fi luğat at-turkfya (14th century): armut, b;':;ı (Atalay 1945: 60a, 141b and facsimile 31a-6);

4. Tarğuman turkf wa 'ağamı wa muğalı (14th century): armut, ;,;,ı,,") (Houtsma 1894: 46);5

5. Codex Comanirus (14th century): armut (Gr0nbech 1942: 40);6

6. several "Armeno-Kipchak" documents: armut ,.., armut', armud (Tryjarski 74);

7 .. Muqaddimat al-adab, Buchara manuscript (15th century): amrud (36,

3) (Borovkov 1971: 99); ete.

On the wide stage of the modern Turkk languages this name acts by and

large in a uniform costume, displaying some variations only in minute details; here are the forms in partieular:

GAGAUZ armut,.., barmut (GagR 1973: 53b; Dmitriev 1933: 99, 109),

CRIMEAN TATAR and KARAIM (Crimean dialect) armut (Hauenschild

1993: 153; Hesche & Scheinhardt 1974: 237; Radloff I: 341; KRP 1974:

74a), AZERI armud (ADIL I: 124b) ,.., armut (Radloff I: 341),7 KUMUK

harmut (KmkR 1969: 118b),8 TURKMEN and NOGAY armıt (TDS 1962: 52a;

If the Sultan takes and eats one apple from sameone's garden, His servant will eat one hundred pears, without one afthem touching his teeth. For the chronological classification of this work, see Flemming 1968. Contary to this Rasanen (1969: 27a) cites: "kom. [= COMAN] ambrut" <7>. In Sulxan Saba Orbeliani's Leksi~oni kartuli (l7th century) we find the forms "turkuli" (= AZERI) armut, armud, and armut given as counterpart of GEORGIAN sxali (II, S61b);

see also Abula3e 1968: 13Sa.

ButNemeth (1911: 97): KUMUK armut.


8 UWEBLASING

NogR 1963: 46b), SALAR armut,..., armut (TeniSev 1976: 292f, MODERN UYGUR amut, (":>:Y'~i) amut (Schwarz 1992: 49a; Jarring 1964: 26; Malov

1961: 94a; Shaw 1880: 14) ,... armut. a!J1lud (Jarring ibid., UigR 1968: 31a), amurut (Rasanen 1969: 27a), (.;;;JjJ~ı) amurut (Shaw 1880: 14), TATAR

(Tobolsk) amrut (Radloff I: 651), AFSHAR (Kabol) amriit, (Sonqor)

(ammd) (Doerfer & Hesche 1989: 120, 129,316), KHALAJ umröt ,..., umröd, umriit, amröt, amriit (Doerfer 1987: 90), KAZAK and KARAKALPAK almurt (QNS 1992: 18a; KkpR 1958: 39b), UZBEK olmurut (UzbR 1968: 303a),

KIRGIZ almumt (KrgR 1965: 52a)10 as well as HORASAN TURKrc (BoJnurd

dialect) almiit, (Kalat dialect) almıt (Bozkurt 1975: 199; Tulu 1989: 251).11

Focusing especially on OUoman and modern Turkish, we see that armut here has gained wide use both as an independent designation for the pear in

12 general and as a component of an array of collocated pear names. One of the most important reasons for this high popularity may be Anatolia's

richness in pears with regard to both the yield as well as the sorts. Thus,

armut left first traces in old Ottoman, where it mostly emerges in the 'scientific'literature of the 14th, 15th centuries and mainly in the alternative

shape emrud, which then used to be considered as more literary, but is lost

today. In this context, Zafer Önler points out four relevant works of that epoch in his contribution, XIV. ve XV. Yüzyıl Anadolu Türkçesi Botanik Terimleri (1990: No. 20 and 148); in particular these are:

10

11

12

a) Edvİye-i Müfrede ("Simple Drugs"), written in 1390 by İshak bin Murad: emmd;

Lin (1992: 10b) moreover mentions the following sorts of pears: SALAR bal armud "Honey Pear" and ul/;~ armud "Big Pear" as well as sumuli armud and tsolJbali armud which are adapted from Chinese. This type is also attested in some Middle MongoHan sources from the 15th century onwards: (ManJu gisun-i buleku bithe) almurad 'pear', (ManJu mongyol ügen-ü toli biCik) 'apple' (Kara 2001: 79; Kowalewski 92b). Contemporary MongoHan (KHALKHA) has almarad "kitajskaja grusa" ('the chinese pear'; see BAMRS I: 77b). Additionally cf. Fazylov I: 65; Dmitrieva 1972: 185; Lexika 1997: 139; Radloff I: 34; Doerfer 1967: 26-27. For example: (from Ottoman) aqça armudı (J~,r4) ~!) "A finely flavored summer pear, formerly sold for one aqche each"; bozdoğan armudı "A stewing pear (large, hard and gritty)"; qış armudı (...;~.,. .... ) , .. ,,::,.§) "A winter pear" (Redhouse 1890 73b); (from modern Turkish) Ankara armudu, Malatya armudu, Tokat armudu, Balarmudu, Çelem armudu, Gök armut, Hüsrev armudu, Deste basan armudu, Kafakıran armudu, Küpdüşen armudu, şeker armudu, Sarı armut, Ak armut, Göksulu armudu, and many others mor e (see Kiper 1941 and ülkümen 1938).


TURKISH ARMUT "PEAR"

b) Hazainü 's-Saadat ("Treasures of Felicity"), penned at the turn of the 14th century by Tabib (physician) Eşrefbin Muhammed: emrud;

c) Mücerrebname ("The Book of Experiences"), written by the wellknown Başhekim (head physician) Sabuncuoğlu şerefeddin in 1468: armud;

d) Müntahab-ı Şifa ("Selected Remedy") from CeHUüdin Hızır, belonging to the 14th century: emrud,.., armud.

9

Important evidence comes also from some Ottoman dictionaries and vocabulary parts in grammars, which as a rule were compiled by contemporary European investigators. Among the huge amount of these works, the most reliable and well-known sources, w,orth to be mentioned here, are:

a) Bartholomaeus Georgievits (1544): armut, b) Megisero (1603): armud (meiue veya adghagİ), c) Molino (1641): armut, d) Nicolai Illeshazy (1668): armut (see Stachowski 1998: 92), and

finally c) Meninski's, most comprehensive Thesaurus (1680): emrud, (in

colloquial) armud (I: 419, V: 1414). A field no less yielding in this very context are the Turkish dialects,

wherefrom the following examples are gathered (see DS 228a, 239a, 328b): amıt (Burdur; Denizli; Aydın; İzmir; Muğla) ,.., amİt (Burdur), amut, amut (Denizli), armıt (Burdur; Kütahya; Bolu; Kars; Antep; Sivas; Muğla) ,.., armıd (Kars) and almut (Van). Comparing the forms of this selection with those existing in other Turkic

languages, we find forms lacking -r- for instance in Modern Uighur, forms displaying ı in place of u in Turkmen and at last the form almut in H0rasan Turkic. For this reason it remains difficult to decide whether such a form in Turkish is the product of internal dialectal development or rather a dowry brought by Turkic tribes which for several reasons and at different times migrated from their original homelands in the depth of Asia westwards, to finally settle down in Anatolia. Modern literary Turkish, however, knows exclusively the form armut (see TS 2005: 122b). This form was transported by the Turks also to the Balkans, where it shows itself in BALKAN-TURKISH


10 UWEBLASING

(Vidin) armut,.., armud (Nemeth 1965: 379b)13 as well as in SERBOCROATIAN armut 'pear', and in the compound karamut 'a sort of pear, which is used for pickles (rnrsija)t the fruit's skin once ripened becomes blackish and this is the name's background' (5kaljic 1989: 98, 396a) < TURKISH kara armut, a kind of pear which for instance can be found in the vicinity of Ankara, in Nallıhan and Kalecik (Kiper 1937: 18); cf. TURKISH (Adana; Antalya) kurmut' wild pear' (DS 3008b) < ? In Bulgarian our pear name is quite obsolete today, the form armud is attested as a dialect word and the only evidence giyen, stems from a work of Konstantin Petkanov (see Ilcev 1974: 19).

If we now turn to the term's etymology, we learn that it is commonly understood as a borrowing from Persian. Nevertheless, Hasan Eren (1999: 18t) doubts this general opinion, when he declares: "Yaygın bir inanca göre, Farsçadan alınmıştır" (i. e. 'According to a widespread belief, it is taken from Persian'). And indeed, the ultimate source language of this every day's term is not yet evident. For gaining a elearer insight into this matter, our next step is to inventory the data testified in Iranian. As the most prominent fact appears that this fruit name is of a higher, possibly eve n very high, age since its very first attestations hail from the Middle Iranian time, more precisely speaking from Pahlavi, where it turns up in the Frahang-i Pahlavık and in the remarkable list of fruits in the BundahiSn:

a) Frahang-i PahlavIk (Iv, 20): KWMTL' Ninr.n) : wlmwt' urmôt (Nyberg 1988: 42; Junker 1912: 111; MacKenzie 1990: 84);

b) BundahiSn (Iranian manuscript 16) urmôt, (Indian manuscript 27) umrôt (Asrnussen 1970: 15, 17).

As for the alternating types urmôt and umrôt, at the contemporary stage of our knowledge it is not yet possible to decide, which of both may be regarded as the original form. However, for sure is, that the metathesis of rl/l-r respectively happened long since, what means in a relatively early time in Iranian itself, if not aIready in the term's prehistoric past. Approaches ascribing this metathesis to Turkic, as for instance uttered by Tietze (2002: 199a, 14Sb) and Doerfer (1967: 27), can definitely be rejected now. IS

13

14

15

From Vidin the following sorts are known: hU'sn-i-yusu'f-armudi, inCİr-armudi, qabaqarmudi, qaraman-armudi, qış-armudi, andyere-basmaz (ibid.).

< TURKISH turşu (TS 2005: 2010a) < PERSIAN tursf 'sourness; pkkles' (Steingass 1957: 294b); cf. Skaljic 1989: 626a.

A reflex of the original word-initial u, whkh within Iranian is only attested in Pahlavi, we possibly find in KHALA] umröt, ete. (see above).



Finally, there is a third, unfortunately rather corrupted manuscript of the BundahiSn, in the scientific literature mostly known as Pazand Bundahim, which displays (in chapter 23) a word form more different from the other ones, namely: xermur (vide Asmussen 1970: 17).16 But before discussing this solitary relic we shall direct our sight to the modern Iranian languages and dialects, which show a motley richness in variants, certainly not being less than in Turkic.

PERSIAN armud (~r), amrüt ...., amnld ('::"'..ıy41v ~}y..ı), amb<1rüd (!h:o"l), arrı

barud ,.., arrıbarut, arrıbaru (:,,;ı - cJ~~ı - J.,r.:ı), murud (~Jr) (Steingass 1957:

39b, 98a, 100a, 104a, 1219); TAJIK amrud, murud (TdzR 1954: 25b, 241b; FZT I: 65b); SANGESARI amburu (Azami & Windfuhr 1972: 7), NORTHERN TATI apru (Grjunberg 1963: 119)17 and TALYSH ambü (Pirejko 1976: 21a); YIDGHA-MUNCI dbruo, ambröz (Morgenstierne 1973: 190b); SHUGHNI marud, ROSHANI marud, BARTANGI murud, ROSHORVI murud (Morgenstierne 1974, 45a), SARIKOLI armıt ,.., armut (Paxalina 1971: 13). Beside this entries gathered from dictionaries, we additionally find rich data in some of the botanical works like Plants of Iran (Karimi 1995: 258) and DikorasrusCie plodovye Tadzikistana (Zaprjagaeva 1964: 673a, 674a): PERSIAN amrud 'Pyrus sp:, armut, amrut, ambru, hamru 'Pyrus boissieriana Bh.', amart, amru, amarut,

18 amurud 'Pyrus communis L.', qus armıd, qus armut 'Pyrus glabra Boiss.' and amrud, muru, murud, hurmu, hamru, hermu 'Pyrus syrica Boiss.'; TAJIK almurud 'Pyrus regelii', amrud 'Pyrus bucharica', murud 'Pyrus bucharica, Pyrus tadshikistanica'.

Due to the early attestation in Zarathustrian literature, written in socalled Book Pahlavi, the word cannot be seen as a hereditary element, the etymon of which was subject to Proto-Turkic. In other terms, in Turkic it is simply a loan from Iranian, most possibly directly from Persian, what by this no longer is a "belier' but a fact.

Furthermore, we know that the Southern Caucasus and its neighbouring areas, Anatolia and Western Iran were the original homeland and cultural cradIe of the genus Pyrus (see Aas 1999). Thus, the pear has been existing

16

17

18

For broader information on the BundahiSn one should consult TürkAns (Vııı: 410b) and Encyelran and Encyelran (1996: 547-551).

For Southern Tati see Doerfer 1990: 64). These two forms are loans from Turkic: < AZERI ğu5 armudu (ADİL I: 589a).


12 UWEBLASING

here, long before the Iranians or the Turks penetrated this vast land with its fertile soils, on account of this one may rightly suspect that these newcomers became acquainted with this delicious fruit just upon their arrivaL. In my opinion, the roots of this word's etymon-like those of other enigmatic pear names as for example ARMENIAN tanj, GREEK aTtlOV and eve n LATIN pirus-must be looked for in one of this region's indigenous language s of prehistoric time. This consideration grows more actual, if we realize the salient variety of form s down from the oldest attestations, what, as in many other cases, may be an unmistakable indication for language interaction. Once adopted by the Iranians, the name survived and was later transmitted to the Turks, what by the way, is also true for many other fruit names. The results of this long-term process can be read off from the different listings presented above. Notwithstanding this rich documentation, the etymon's deeper past and, of course, its origin still remain wrapped in darkness.

The most comprehensive notes as yet, dealing with the etymology of armut, are written by Gerhard Doerfer. Though in his opus magnus, Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neu-Persischen (IV: 263f) emphasizing its Iranian origin, he doubts a little bit and speculates with a Caucasian origin, taking CHECHEN 1;ıormaf (Karasaev & Maciev 1978: 117a) into considerartion. But the latter is a loan, also to be connected in some way with the etymon of armut, since the genuine denomination of· the pear in Chechen is qor (Nikolayev& Starostin 1994: 893), coming down from Proto-NorthCaucasian.

An other etymological proposal comes from Eilers & Schapka (1979: 666). Following this, the roots of armut must be searched for in Indo-European, or more precisely in IRANIAN *amra'at- "mangohaftj artig" ('like amango, resembling a mango'). This attempt of explanation must be refused, because standing on the reconstruction *amra'at-, the labial vowels in urmöt, umröt, which are the oldest and most conservative forms, can not be explained sufficiently and in addition, the semantic connection (pear: mango) does not seem very constraining or eve n convincing.

FinaııY there are a number of forms, differing mor e substantiaııY from the standard types (armüd and amrüd); to this group belong for instance: PERSIAN arrıbarü(d), murü(d) and aset displaying an initial h- as in hurmü, the greatest number of which, however, is to be found in Kurdish and other Iranian language s and dialects of the North-Western group: KURDISH hurme



[hörme] ,.., hurmf [hörmi],19 hirme [hırme], herme [harme], hirmf (KR 1960: 336b, 333b, 312b; Izolı 1987: 86a; Omar 1992: 283b), harmf (,.., armü) (Soane

1913, 242) and GURANI (Kandülaı) hammı, (Kandülaı, GahwaraI) hamm, (AuramanI) harme, (RiJabI) hemrou, BAHTIYARI hermü, KURDISH (Mukri) harme (Hadank 1930: 253), etc. In some cases, such forms passed on a narrow regional level from Kurdish to Anatolian Turkish, i. e.: TURKISH (Dersim) hermi, hermu (Gülensoy & Buran 1992:-175) and <?> (Zongulgak) hermin (DS 2347a).20 '

A prothetic h- can further sporadically be observered in a very small number of Turkic language s (cf. GAGAUZ barmut, KUMUK harmut), in the Chechen form ~ormat" which most likely is a loan from an Iranian or Turkic idiom, and possibly in xermur, this peculiar attestation in the Pazand

BundahiSn. Under historical considerations the h-Prothesis is here, as a rule, an areal phenomenon the deeper background and the interpretation of

which are not yet clear. For a better understanding of the interrelations between the various

forms çliscussed so far, we need to establish a more theoretical model consolidating them based on their specific phonetical characteristics int o a number of groups and subgroups. According to the consohantal structure of the oldest attestations-urmôt and umrôt-we can devide this huge bulk into two major groups, namely an r-m complex and an m-r complex, each of which can be further split up into a number of subgroups. In connection with this, one ought to take into consideration two phonetical developments in Iranian languages' history relevant here. The first one is the loss of the final denta!, which occures in a couple of Northwestern Iranian tongues. The underlying rule is that PROTO-IRANIAN *t in inter- and postvocalic position

in general became voiced, i. e. -d-, which at the end of a lexem via the intermediate step -y can disappear in some languages. An example demonstrating this is IRANIAN *lJata- 'wind' > A WESTIAN vata-, PERSIAN bad, SIVENDI voy, ZAZAKI vayo, but > GURANI wa, KURDISH ba, etc. (see

Rastorgueva 1990: 186). The second develpment is the transformation of IRANIAN *u and in some few cases even of *ü to a front vowel ü or mainly i (i)

19

20

This form is known especially from the region in the east of Lake Van (Van Gölü); see

Mirisliyan 1994: 14ob. Further TURKISH (Dersim) muri (Gülensoy & Buran 1992: 179); cf. ZAZAKI meroy -meroe, mıroy, muri, muru (Malmisamj 1992: 214a, 220b, 22Sb), miraf, mera (Hadank 1932:

216) and PERSIAN murn (see above).


14 UWEBLASING

as in IRANIAN *huska- 'dry' > KURDISH hiş]( or IRANIAN *müs- 'a mouse' >

SANGESARI müs, SIVENDI mzs, ete. (id.: 158-160).

Model of groups and subgroups: 21

II IRANIAN TURKıe

*Vrmüt

*urmüt

*armüt

*hurmüt

*harmüt

urmöt

armüD, armıD, armu

hurmü, hirmü

(herm~)

armuD,armıt,

(ar- > ii-) amut, amit

harmut, hermu, hermi

*Vmrüt

21

22

23

24

*umrüt

*amrüt

*hamrüt

*murüt 22

*marüt21

*am[b(a)]rüt -

umröt

amrüD,amru

hamrü, hiimrür

murüD, murÜd, murü

almur(u)t

a-murut

marüD

umröD

amruD, iimröt

muri;

al-mur{ u)t, 23

(-ur- > -ü-) a1müt > almıt,

(al- > ii-?) amurut

ambarüD, (-d> -8> -z) ambröz

ambrü, (-r- > 0) ambü,

amburu

Ayının otuz iki türküsü varmış armut üstüne (AnatoHan proverb /4

The symbols used represent: V = vowel (a or u), D = dental consonant (t, t or d). Vm->mV-

According to Doerfer (1967: 27) the segment al- can be i.nterpreted as the colour

adjective TURKIC al 'red' or as a relic of TURKIC alma 'apple': < al(ma) murud. The first approach, however, seems more credible, because it is supported by a rich number of

parallels, as for instance: TURKISH (Hemşin) kermzzı armut; ARMENIAN karmr-a-tanj; MODERN GREEK (Pontos) KOKKıvare' - KOKKıvamV > TURKISH (Trabzon) goginap; GEORGIAN çitel-a and ABKHAZ a-ha-ps' (for more details see Blasing 2004: Nr. 21).

cf. BA (1969: 54); The bear knows thirty two ballads about the pear.



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ADiL (1964-87), Azarbayjan dilinin izahı! lüyati <Tolkovyj slovar' azerbajdianskogo jazyka>, I-IV,

Bakı.

Asmussen,Jes P. (1970), "The List offruits in the BundahiSn", W. B. Henning Memorial Volume: 14-19, London.

Atalay, Besim (1943), Divanü lugat-it-Türk Dizini, Ankara. Atalay, Besim (1945), Ettuhfet-üz-2ekiyye fil-lugat-it-Türkiyye, istanbuL. Azami, Cheragh Ali & Gernot L. Windfuhr (1972), A dictionary ofSangesari (with a grammatical

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