(connection will not particularly strong)-------. Sheet metal screws can be used for removable cover plates. Strength of the connection can be improved by the use of threaded inserts bonded into place with suitable adhesives.When removable bolts are required, threaded metal inserts of fasteners should be installed in the reinforced plastic, preferably bonded into place with a suitable adhesive. Threads in reinforced plastics will wear out quickly and may not provide sufficient holding strength. many types of metal inserts and fasteners are commercially available, for example: mollynuts,teenuts, dzusfasteners, B.F Goodrich rivnuts, and helicoils. Some types need to be bonded in place; others can be mechanically fastened.Another way of installing removable bolts is by tapping the reinforced plastic, applying epoxy or polyester adhesive in the hole, and inserting the bolt after covering the threads and shank with grease or some other releasing agent. The bolt can be withdrawn after the adhesive has formed and hardened around the threads. This method is not recommended when an exceptionally strong connection is required.When bolts are to be installed permanently, a tight connection is easily made by tapping the reinforced plastic and applying epoxy or polyester adhesive to the hole just before inserting the bolt. Be sure that the bolt is not contaminated with grease or oil which would serve as a release agent.Sekrup logam lembaran dapat digunakan untuk pelat penutup yang dapat dilepas. Kekuatan sambungan dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan sisipan berulir terikat ke tempatnya dengan perekat yang sesuai.Ketika diperlukan baut yang dapat dilepas, ulir sisipan logam pengencang harus dipasang dalam plastik penguat, sebaiknya terikat ke tempat dengan perekat yang sesuai. ulir dalam plastik penguat akan cepat aus dan tidak dapat memberikan kekuatan memegang yang cukup. banyak jenis sisipan logam dan pengencang yang tersedia secara komersial, misalnyamollynuts,teenuts, dzusfasteners, B.F Goodrich rivnuts, dan helicoils. Beberapa jenis harus terikat di tempat lain yang dapat mengikat secara mekanisCara lain untuk memasang baut yang dapat dilepas adalah dengan menekan plastik penguat, menerapkan epoxy atau polyester perekat dalam lubang, dan memasukkan baut setelah menutupi ulir dan batang dengan minyak atau beberapa agen pelepas lainnya. Baut dapat ditarik setelah perekat telah terbentuk dan mengeras di sekitar ulir. Metode ini tidak dianjurkan jika koneksi sangat kuat diperlukan.Ketika baut akan dipasang secara permanen, sambungan ketat mudah dibuat dengan menekan plastik penguat dan menerapkan epoxy atau polyester perekat ke lubang sebelum memasukkan baut. Pastikan bahwa baut tidak terkontaminasi dengan minyak atau minyak yang akan berfungsi sebagai agen pelepas.

Riveted ConnectionsUnited shoe machinery corporation POP rivets are very effective in joining RP sections. These rivets are available in various sizes and heat styles in aluminium, steel, monel, copper, and stainless steel. Other types of rivets, such as drive rivets, formed by a rivet gun, or conventional rivet, formed with a ball peen hammer of the connection can also be improved with a suitable adhesives. Back-up washer are recommended for distributing load stresses. As in drilling operations It is necessary to use a slightly drill than the exact diameter of the rivet for a 1/8 rivet use a no.30 drill rather than a 1/8 drill.Helpful hints , a handbook on fastening with screws, nuts, and bolts, available on request from Russell, burdsall and war bolt and nut company is of considerable interest.

Pict :

Adhesive fasteningAdhesives can provide strong durable bonds reinforced or between RP and or structural materials. Satisfactory bonds are obtained if the joint is designed avoid excessive peeling stress , if the mating surface are properly prepared and if recommended types of adhesive are used.The two types of adhesive recommended for use fiber glass reinforced materials are polyester and epoxies. either adhesive will produce a satisfactory joint however, polyester adhesives are so less convenient to use because of the difficulty of measuring the amount of catalyst required.The pot life different adhesive vary with the quantity mixed at one times and the temperature. small quantity mixed at room temperature will be usable over a period of one or more, while quantities of one pint to one quart may harden in one-half hour or less. it is recommended that only the amount of adhesive that can be used up during the pot life of the material be mixed. hardening time or pot life can be extended by placing the mixed adhesive in a refrigerator until ready use.Surface preparation Before reinforced plastic shape can be bonded or glued ,the surface must be properly prepared to insure proper adhesionContaminated surface should be thoroughly cleansed by wiping with a clean rag dampened with a solvent such as acetone, toluol, or methyl alcohol. Do not immerse or soak RP shapes in the these solvent.Making the adhesive joint1. Remove surface film left during manufacture by sanding both mating surface using 120-grit sand paper. Sanding is adequate when surface gloss has been removed. Avoid sanding to a depth that will raise the glass fibers. On large surfaces, coarser grit sandpaper may be more practicable to use.2. Remove any dust remaining on surface to be bonded from sanding operation by using an air blast or wiping with a clean dry rag. Avoid recontamination of the surface by handling.3. Mix adhesive according to recommendations of manufacturer.4. Spread a thin film of adhesive on both surfaces that are to be joined, making sure to cover any glas fibers that have been exposed.5. Appropriately clamp assembly to permit adhesive to harden.

Pict : remove surface film, sand both mating surface to be bonded

Pict : remove dust from sanding by air blast or by wiping wih clean rag

Pict : follow manufactures directions carefully in preparing adhesive

Pict : spread thin coat of adhesive on both surface to be joined

Pict: clamping to hold bonded pieces in place while adhesive hardens

Curing the adhesive joint using clamps to maintain bond pressureFreshly bonded joints should be held in position with clamps or weights until the adhesive cures. Joints bonded with epoxy adhesives generally can be handled with reasonable care after 8 hours. It is desirable to leave the clamps or maintain the bonding pressure on the joints overnight or for a total of 20 to 24 hours. If an oven is available, the curing time can be lessened considerably by heating moderately. The structure should not be expected to carry its design load until the adhesive joints have cured a minimum of 48 hours at 70F. lower temperature will require longer cure times.Using mechanical to maintain bond pressure.

Pict: hold bonded ad joints with mechanical fastener to permit handling assembly before adhesive hardensSelf-tapping screws, bolts, or rivets can also be used to hold freshly bonded joints in place. Mechanical fastener provide these important advantages : (1) no waiting for the adhesive to cure-one can proceed at once with further fabrication-and (2) increased stress reliability at the joint

Cleanupthe adhesive should be cleaned from hands and tools before it hardens. Solvent such as xylol, acetone, or methyl ethyl ketone are suitable. Gasoline is not effective. Remember to use proper precaution when using flammable solvents.Tapping of jointsIn the fabrication of some items, butt joints may be present. The overall strength of the joint or connection, as well as the appearance, may be improved by taping with fiber glass tape or strips of fiber glass mat together with polyester or epoxy resin.In the case of making tape joints, the surface most be properly prepared by the methods recommended for adhesive joints.

Pict: taping

PAINTING AND FINISHINGMost reinforced plastics are resistance to weathering and chemicals and, in general, do not require paint for protection. It may be desirable to apply decorative coating so that the fabricated item matches the appearance or color coding of adjoining materials.It is important to coat paint all cut edges or sanded surface of RP to eliminated areas that would invite corrosive attack. Epoxy coatings as well as polyester resin (catalyzed) can be used for this operation.Remember that nearly any RP shape or profile always has at least two exposed ends where it has been cut off to the desired length after being formed in the continuous process.For the decorative finishes, epoxy and polyester paints are recommended. Acrylic lacquer, vinyls, and oil-base paints can also used effectively.For the best result, sand the fiber glass surface lightly and follow the paint manufactures direction carefully. The following tools and materials may be useful to person fabricating with structural shapes:Small hand-held power drillfiber glass cloth, mat and tapeHacksawC-ClampsSaber SawToluol, acetone, and solventsRasp-round and fatadhesive cementsNecessary lay-out toolsmixing cupsHand sanderstirring sticks (tongue depressors)Power-driven sanderwipping ragsSandpapermechanical fasteners

Typical connectionsShown below are some typical connections which can be mechanically fastened with self-tapping or standard screws, and with commercial grade rivets or bolts, or bonded with liquid adhesives like epoxy or polyester cement.