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第1回JBONワークショップ 2009.05.08 東大駒場キャンパス
Effect of landscape structureEffect of landscape structure
International Seminar on Enhancement of Functional Biodiversity Relevant to Sustainable Food Production in ASPAC
Tsukuba EPOCHAL December 10th, 2010
Effect of landscape structure Effect of landscape structure on functional biodiversityon functional biodiversity
Sh i YAMAMOTO d Y hi b KUSUMOTOSh i YAMAMOTO d Y hi b KUSUMOTOShori YAMAMOTO and Yoshinobu KUSUMOTOShori YAMAMOTO and Yoshinobu KUSUMOTOResearch Project for Biodiversity in Paddy LandscapeNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
CONTENTSCONTENTS
1 Context of CBD on agriculture and biodiversity1.Context of CBD on agriculture and biodiversity- Importance of sustainable use and landscape managementmanagement -
2.Relation between agriculture and landscape- “SATOAYAMA” and other landscape elements around rice paddy fields which used and managed by agricultural activities –
3. Effects of landscape mosaic on rice productionp p4. Estimation landscape mosaic around paddy and
its changesits changes
Convention of Biological DiversityConvention of Biological Diversity
CBDCBD--COP10 was held in Nagoya, Oct. 2010COP10 was held in Nagoya, Oct. 2010
Three objectives of CBDThree objectives of CBD1) the conservation of biological diversity
2) the sustainable use of its components) p
3) the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources (ABS)the utilization of genetic resources (ABS)
CBD focuses on not only “conservation”, but also ““ ” SS
CBD focuses on not only “conservation”, but also ““ ” SS“sustainable use“sustainable use” and ABSABS.
Latter two objectives are deeply associated with
“sustainable use“sustainable use” and ABSABS.
Latter two objectives are deeply associated withLatter two objectives are deeply associated with agriculture agriculture and agricultural landscape agricultural landscape
Latter two objectives are deeply associated with agriculture agriculture and agricultural landscape agricultural landscape
CBDCBD--COP10 Out ComesCOP10 Out ComesDecisions (Advance Unedited Texts)Decisions (Advance Unedited Texts)
1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST--2010 PERIOD2010 PERIOD1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST--2010 PERIOD2010 PERIOD
Strategic goal B. Reduce the direct pressures, promote promote sustainable usesustainable use
Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture…are managed sustainably…..
2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY
(i) Strengthening approaches which promote the sustainability of agricultural systems and landscape;
(m)Further exploring possibilities for actions, where necessary, to rehabilitate agricultural ecosystems andlandscapes and restore their socio-economic functions on land where agriculture has declined, or ceased,
Mosaic of Agricultural LandscapeMosaic of Agricultural LandscapeHighly Heterogeneous Highly Heterogeneous YatsuYatsu Paddy Landscape of a Rural Community in Southern Ibaraki, JapanPaddy Landscape of a Rural Community in Southern Ibaraki, Japan
N
legendPaddy fieldUpland field
legendPaddy fieldUpland field
80 0 80 160 m N Upland fieldDeciduous forest (secondary)Coniferous forest (plantation)Bamboo BushGrassland
Upland fieldDeciduous forest (secondary)Coniferous forest (plantation)Bamboo BushGrasslandGrasslandMarshy grasslandGreenhouseOther open spacePondChannel
GrasslandMarshy grasslandGreenhouseOther open spacePondChannelHousePavement & roadHousePavement & road
YatsuYatsu Paddy LandscapePaddy Landscapey py p
Habitat Heterogeneity of Paddy LandscapeHabitat Heterogeneity of Paddy Landscapeゲンゴロウ
チュウサギpondfield
Biodiversity d
カントウタンポポ
チョウトンボ
タイコウチ
levee
andYATSU
Landscape タイコウチ Landscape originally
have abandoned
field
have various
species and ハッチョウトンボ ツマキチョウ
field pelements
メダカ ヘイケボタルタコノアシ
原図 椎名雅
channel
原図 椎名雅博
Field margin inSwitzerland
Hedgerow in Switzerland
Dehsa in Spain Built up Flower strip in Switzerland
Social Process for CBD targetsSocial Process for CBD targets(from presentation of D. Cooper in pre-COP10)p p p
ResponsesResponses
Current ProcessCurrent ProcessCurrent ProcessCurrent Process Desirable Process Desirable Process Desirable Process Desirable Process RResponsesRResponsesDrivers ResponsesDrivers Responses Drivers ResponsesResponsesDrivers ResponsesResponses
PressuresPressures PressuresPressures
State of Biodiversity
State of Biodiversity
State of Biodiversity
State of BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity Biodiversity
I t (B fit
Biodiversity
I t (B fit Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB
Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB
Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB
Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB
Focus only on StatusFocus only on Status Comprehensive ApproachComprehensive Approach
SatoyamaSatoyama InitiativeInitiativethe Ministry of the Environment of Japan and the United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS)
Launch of the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative, 19 Oct. 2010 on CBD-COP10
The landscape of yato in Japan (Photo: Koichi Tagoku)
Community Forestry in Thailand (JWRC)
“Muyong” in the Philippines (JWRC)
Oku-yama(natural forest)Where is Where is SATOYAMASATOYAMA ( )
YamaYama ((SatoSato yamayama))Yama Yama ((SatoSato--yamayama))“Yama” means forest and grassland,
not mountain
Mura(settlement) Nora
Nishiwaga T. in Iwate Pref.Nishiwaga T. in Iwate Pref.
(crop fields)
Satoyama Satoyama for the multifor the multi--productionsproductionsSatoyama use at Edo era
grasslands & Satoyama productionsFertilizerFertilizerg
bushes Fertilizer Fertilizer (see left figure)grasses and tree-leaves
Energy for PowerEnergy for Power
bushwood &
Energy for PowerEnergy for Powerfeeds for horses and cows(grasses)
Energy for Light and HeatEnergy for Light and Heatgrasses Energy for Light and HeatEnergy for Light and Heatfuels (charcoal & firewood)
FoodsFoods
paddy fields
FoodsFoodswild fruits and mushrooms, etc.
Materials for BuildingMaterials for Buildinghorses
fertilizer
logs, grasses, etc.
Other MaterialsOther Materials
信濃善光寺通りの田園風景(after Mizumoto,2003)
fertilizerSatoyama was the place for agriculture and forestry production
Satoyama Grassland for multiSatoyama Grassland for multi--productionproduction
Foot of Mt. Tsukuba Near Mt. Fuji
Grasses and pine woods Grasses and pine woods in Tsukuba, 1922in Tsukuba, 1922
Pine forest floor in TsukubaPine forest floor in Tsukuba
The Long Story of SemiThe Long Story of Semi--Natural Natural Grassland in SatoyamaGrassland in SatoyamaGrassland in SatoyamaGrassland in Satoyama
Old Map around Mt. Tsukuba
(( ))((16941694))Forest of shrineForest of shrine
PinePine
grassesRice paddiesRice paddies
grasses
Change of Change of SatoyamaSatoyama vegetation vegetation after energy revolutionafter energy revolution
Change of Change of SatoyamaSatoyama vegetation vegetation after energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolution
After energy revolution, grassland became to no need. People planted pine trees in there But the forests have succeeded to oak forests by abandonment
1974 19841947
there. But the forests have succeeded to oak forests by abandonment.
Cedar plantation (growing)
GG PiPi Mi d f tMi d f tGrassland Grassland meadowmeadow plantation
Pine Pine plantationplantation
Mixed forest Mixed forest of pine & oakof pine & oaksuccession
Ch d Mt T k b i 100Landscape Changes in SatoyamaLandscape Changes in Satoyama
Changes around Mt. Tsukuba in 100 years- from “grassland” to “forest” -
筑波山頂筑波山頂
1880s1880s 20072007Mt. TsukubaMt. Tsukuba
Tsukuba-san ShrineTsukuba-san Shrine
凡 例grassland forest houses原図作成:農業環境技術研究所デイビッド・スプレイグ
grassland forest
paddy upland fields fruits
houses
Effect of Landscape changes onEffect of Landscape changes onbiodiversity inbiodiversity in SatoyamaSatoyama grasslandsgrasslandsbiodiversity in biodiversity in SatoyamaSatoyama grasslandsgrasslands
Common species became threatenedCommon species became threatenedppEx) The Japanese traditional seven flowers of autumn
Miscanthus sinensis Pueraria lobata Lespedeza bicolor Eupatorium japonicum
Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus Platycodon grandiflorus Patrinia scabiosifolia
Farmers’ management around Paddy FieldsFarmers’ management around Paddy FieldsFarmers’ management around Paddy FieldsFarmers’ management around Paddy Fields
Traditional verge meadow : periodic Traditional verge meadow : periodic tti l d dj t ttti l d dj t t Y tY tcutting grassland adjacent to cutting grassland adjacent to YatsuYatsu
rice paddyrice paddy
cutting
Cutting grasses periodically to prevent vegetation from casting shade over the paddy riceshade over the paddy rice fields
Vegetation around Vegetation around YatsuYatsu PaddyPaddy
60.0 30 060.0 30 0
Species richness Species richness DCA of species compositionDCA of species composition60.0
木本
多年草
一年草
化率
%)
30.060.0木本
多年草
一年草
化率
%)
30.0300
250
現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落
300
250
300
250
現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落
300
250
現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落
300
250
300
250
現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落
Present data Past
spec
ies) tree
perennialannual
ecie
s
40.0
現種
数
る割
合(帰
化
20.040.0
現種
数
る割
合(帰
化
20.0
* **
200
150EIG
=0.3
32)
様性
を表
す)
* **
** ****
200
150
200
150EIG
=0.3
32)
様性
を表
す)
* **
200
150EIG
=0.3
32)
様性
を表
す)
* **
** ****
200
150
200
150EIG
=0.3
32)
様性
を表
す)
帰化率帰化率rate ofof n
ativ
e s
f spe
cies
plan
t spe
20.0
出現
植物
が占
める
10.020.0
出現
植物
が占
める
10.0
*
*
100
150
第1
軸(E
(在
来種
の多
様
*
*
**
**
100
150
100
150
第1
軸(E
(在
来種
の多
様
*
*
100
150
第1
軸(E
(在
来種
の多
様
*
*
**
**
100
150
100
150
第1
軸(E
(在
来種
の多
様 帰化率帰化率rate of aliens
(div
ersi
ty
num
ber o
f
% o
f alie
n
0.0
外来
植
0.0C1 C2 C3 P1
0.0
外来
植
0.0C1 C2 C3 P1
*50
0
***50
0
50
0
C1 C2 C3 P1
*50
0
***50
0
50
0
C1 C2 C3 P1
AX
IS 1
(
rate
%
C1谷津型
C2松林型
C3平地型
P1過去の半自然草地
C1谷津型
C2松林型
C3平地型
P1過去の半自然草地
C1谷津型
C2松林型
C3平地型
P1過去の半自然草地
C1谷津型
C2松林型
C3平地型
P1過去の半自然草地
Di it f ti h b i C1 ( ll l
valley slope
pine forest
flat land
past grassland
valley slope
pine forest
flat land
past grassland
Total species richness of C1 is nearly equal to C2, but in herb species in C1 is more rich and alien species in C1 is less than C2.
Diversity of native herbs in C1 (valley slope type) is nearly equal to C2 (pine forest) and P1 (past semi-natural grassland)
Importance of Forest edges Management Importance of Forest edges Management around Paddy foraround Paddy for SatoyamaSatoyama SpceicesSpceicesaround Paddy for around Paddy for SatoyamaSatoyama SpceicesSpceices
forest edge
アキノキリンソウ ヤブラン オオミドリシジミ
dry meadow
Traditional verge
ツリガネニンジンワレモコウ メスグロヒョウモン
wetlandmeadow wetland
オトギリソウ コバノギボウシ ツマキチョウ
Cutting grass for agricultural production Cutting grass for agricultural production remains Habitats forremains Habitats for SatoyamaSatoyama SpeciesSpeciesremains Habitats for remains Habitats for SatoyamaSatoyama SpeciesSpecies
These farmer’s activitiesThese farmer’s activitiesThese farmer’s activitiesThese farmer’s activitiesEdge of slope forest and Yatsu paddy Levee of paddy fields
These farmer s activities ….These farmer s activities ….is not for biodiversity conservationis not for biodiversity conservation
These farmer s activities ….These farmer s activities ….is not for biodiversity conservationis not for biodiversity conservationbut for just only agricultural productionbut for just only agricultural productionbut for just only agricultural productionbut for just only agricultural production
bank of terraced paddy slope near by tea garden
….that maintain biodiversity as a result….that maintain biodiversity as a resultWe want to evaluate these activities appropriately to enhance them.
….that maintain biodiversity as a result….that maintain biodiversity as a resultWe want to evaluate these activities appropriately to enhance them.y slope near by tea garden
(using grasses for tea quality)
These cutting grasslands have many functions for wildlife not only as semi natural
pp p ypp p y
These cutting grasslands have many functions for wildlife not only as semi-natural grassland but also as edges between aquatic (paddy) and terrestrial (forest, etc.) habitat and also as ecological infrastructures for natural enemies or pollinators.
Other Activities of FarmersOther Activities of Farmers-- environmentenvironment--friendly agriculturefriendly agriculture --
Certain types of agricultural intensification have posed serious threats to Certain types of agricultural intensification have posed serious threats to farmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environmentfarmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environment--friendly agriculturefriendly agriculture
environmentenvironment friendly agriculture friendly agriculture
farmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environmentfarmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environment friendly agriculture friendly agriculture is being implementedis being implemented
Plant flowers in field margins
Biological weed control (ducks)Weed control with paper mulch
Biological pest control (pheromone)
Weed control with rubber mulchBiological weed control (green mulch)
Are these agriculture effective for biodiversity ?Are these agriculture effective for biodiversity ?
TetragnathaTetragnatha sp. (Spider) as an indicator of sp. (Spider) as an indicator of paddy agriculturepaddy agricultureTetragnathaTetragnatha sp. (Spider) as an indicator of sp. (Spider) as an indicator of paddy agriculturepaddy agriculture
Adaptable area of TetragnathaAdaptable area of Tetragnatha
paddy ag cu tu epaddy ag cu tu epaddy ag cu tu epaddy ag cu tu eTetragnatha caudiculaTetragnatha caudiculap g
sp. as an indicator of paddy rice production
p gsp. as an indicator of paddy rice production
Adaptable areaOther survey areaNon survey area (paddy)
Shinkai et al.(2008)20.0
その他のアシナガグモ属ng
Other Tetragnatha spNon survey area (paddy)Non paddy area
Survey sites
15.0
調査
個体
数
その他のアシナガグモ属
トガリアシナガグモ
計:2圃
場平
均値
)0
swee
pin Other Tetragnatha sp.
T. caudicula
5.0
10.0
ウィ
ーピ
ング
調調
回振
り×
5回
調査
の合
計nd
ance
/ 1
0.0有機 慣行 有機 慣行 有機 慣行 有機 慣行
ス(10回
南部(野木) 中部(上三川) 北部(塩屋) 北部(大田原)
abun
Conv. Org. Conv. Org. Conv. Org. Conv. Org.
Investigate relationship between abundance of Tetragnatha spiders and usage of chemical insecticide in Tochigi Pref. Japan
Which is important for functional biodiversity ? Which is important for functional biodiversity ? agricultural practices or environmental factorsagricultural practices or environmental factors
Modeling (GLM) relationships between the abundance of indicator species and agricultural practices or environmental factors
g pg p
explanatory variables estimation significance
Agricultural Practicies
Conventional agriculture type or not -0.233 0.038 *
Environmental friendly agriculture or not -0 533 0 000 ***Environmental friendly agriculture or not 0.533 0.000 ***
Pesticide (put in plantation boxes, fipronil) -0.487 0.000 ***
Pesticide (put in plantation boxes, non-fipronil) -0.603 0.000 ***
Pesticide (put in fields) -0.369 0.000 ***
agricultural practices 28.5 %
Chemical fertilizers -0.557 0.000 ***
Organic fertilizers -0.120 0.107
Environmental Factors
Annual mean air temperature -0 499 0 000 ***
interaction 13.7%
Annual mean air temperature 0.499 0.000 ***
Annual amount of precipitation 0.001 0.000 ***
Amount of solar radiation in summer -0.213 0.000 ***
Maximum snow depth -0.025 0.000 ***
environmental factors 20.5%
Relief of land -0.005 0.000 ***
JOIN in 1997/ Paddy fields-Forest 0.018 0.000 ***
JOIN in 1997/ Upland fields-Forest -0.005 0.005 **
JOIN in 1997/ Buildup area-Forest -0.008 0.127 Only positive effectOnly positive effectJOIN in 1997/ Buildup area Forest 0.008 0.127
constant 28.423 0.000 ***
Only positive effectOnly positive effectMosaic of
paddy and forestBest model by GLM; AIC=2837.1, explained deviance=62.8
Effectiveness of environmentally friendly farmingEffectiveness of environmentally friendly farmingare different under different landscapesare different under different landscapesppUse the model to predict effects of environmentally friendly farming
Non-estimate0
abunadance
0.0~ 1.01.0~ 3.03.0~10.0
● survey sites
Scenario APesticide 4
Chemical fertilizer
Scenario APesticide 4
Chemical fertilizer
Scenario BPesticide 2
Organic fertilizer
Scenario CPesticide 0
Organic fertilizerChemical fertilizerChemical fertilizer Organic fertilizer Organic fertilizer
Predicted abundance of Tetragnatha sp. under different agricultural practices
If farmers stop their management If farmers stop their management in / around paddy fields?in / around paddy fields?
Urbanization of forest Urbanization of paddy Urbanization of landscape
in / around paddy fields?in / around paddy fields?p y p
Field AbandonmentField Abandonment(occupied by alien species) (occupied by alien species)
Field AbandonmentField Abandonment(succession to forest)(succession to forest)
Lost of paddy and forest mosaic Lost of paddy and forest mosaic -- Field AbandonmentField Abandonment ---- Field Abandonment Field Abandonment --
Ushiku City near Tsukuba1960 1974 2002
y
Paddy(non-improved)
Wet grassland(Phragmites australis)
Woodland(dwarf bamboo & oak)
Estimation of Landscape Mosaic by JOINEstimation of Landscape Mosaic by JOINto develop indices of landscape mosaic around paddy field.
Paddy JOIN Indices by land use data Paddy JOIN Indices by land use data
paddy – paddy 4 27%
Paddy JOIN Indices
paddy – paddy 4 27%
Paddy JOIN Indicesaddy JO d ces by a d use da aaddy JO d ces by a d use da a
paddy - upland field 3 20%
paddy – wood 6 40%
dd b ildi 2 13%
paddy - upland field 3 20%
paddy – wood 6 40%
dd b ildi 2 13%paddy – building 2 13%
upland field - upland field 2
upland field – wood 1
paddy – building 2 13%
upland field - upland field 2
upland field – wood 1
dd d l d fi ld
wood – wood 3
wood – building 2building – building 1
dd d l d fi ld
wood – wood 3
wood – building 2building – building 1
paddy wood upland fieldbuilding point for JOIN counting
Paddy Joins 15total Joins 24
paddy wood upland fieldbuilding point for JOIN counting
Paddy Joins 15total Joins 24
Calculate Paddy JOIN of each 1km grid in JapanCalculate Paddy JOIN of each 1km grid in Japan by using 100m grid land use data
PaddyPaddy--Paddy JOINPaddy JOIN19971997
PaddyPaddy--Wood JOINWood JOIN19971997
1997199719761976 199719971976197619971997
Estimation of Landscape Structure by RuLISEstimation of Landscape Structure by RuLISRuLISRuLIS (Rural Landscape Information System, NIAES) has the Hierarchical Ecosystem Classification (60 classes in Japan).
GIS and database including….・National common GIS data (climate topography soil land use etc )National common GIS data (climate, topography, soil, land use etc.)・Agro-ecosystem Classification・Site data (current & past land cover, species distribution, human activities)
Japan Kanto near Tokyo
Japan Kanto near TokyoHierarchical Hierarchical
AgroAgro--Ecosystem Ecosystem gg yyClassificationClassification
Each 1km square
Common Data Base of National Geography in Japan
・topography, soil,
● Class 1● Class 2● Class 3● Class 4● Class 5● Class 6● Class 7● Class 8
64666768
legend
Classes of Tone River basin in 6th order
Common Data Base of National Geography in Japan
・topography, soil,
Common Data Base of National Geography in Japan
・topography, soil,
● Class 1● Class 2● Class 3● Class 4● Class 5● Class 6● Class 7● Class 8
64666768
legend64666768
legend
Classes of Tone River basin in 6th order
qgird in all of Japan
topography, soil, climate, vegetation
・each data collectedas 1km grid data
Classification of Agro-ecosystem・agro-ecosystem in Japan classified into 60 classes by 6 levels
・this map shows 3rd level classes
Classes of Tone River basin in 6 order● 64 paddy in mountain foot● 66 paddy in alluvial plain● 67 upland fields & YatsuYatsu paddy● 68 upland fields in urban fringe
topography, soil, climate, vegetation
・each data collectedas 1km grid data
topography, soil, climate, vegetation
・each data collectedas 1km grid data
Classification of Agro-ecosystem・agro-ecosystem in Japan classified into 60 classes by 6 levels
・this map shows 3rd level classes
Classes of Tone River basin in 6 order● 64 paddy in mountain foot● 66 paddy in alluvial plain● 67 upland fields & YatsuYatsu paddy● 68 upland fields in urban fringe
Changes of landscape mosaic around paddyChanges of landscape mosaic around paddy
r = 0.980 r = 0.334 r = 0.654
50 0
60.0 12.0
10 0
12.0Paddy-Paddy JOIN Paddy-Forest JOIN Paddy-Buildup Area
l, 19
76
l, 19
76
otal
, 197
6
76Paddy Paddy -- paddypaddy Paddy Paddy -- forestforest Paddy Paddy –– builtupbuiltup
30.0
40.0
50.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
ddy
JOIN
in to
ta
rest
JO
IN in
tota
p ar
ea J
OIN
in t o
tio in
197
0.0
10.0
20.0
0 25 50 750.0
4.0
0 25 50 750.0
2.0
4.0
0 25 50 75
% o
f Pad
dy-P
ad
% o
f Pad
dy-F
or
of P
addy
-Bui
ldu
JOIN
rat
2.0 0.3 2.5
0 25 50 75 0 25 50 75 0 25 50 75
Chage of Paddy-Paddy JOIN Change of Paddy-Forest JOIN Change of Paddy-Buildup Area
% o
OIN
Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid,
97
r = -0.858 r = -0.559 r = 0.851
4 0
-2.0
0.0
0 25 50 75
-0.3
0.0
0 25 50 75
1.0
1.5
2.0
ddy-
Padd
y JO
IN19
97
ddy-
Fore
st J
OIN
1997
y-B
uild
up a
rea
JO- 1
997
1976
-19
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-1.2
-0.9
-0.6
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0 25 50 75
chan
ge %
of P
ad19
76 -
chan
ge %
of P
ad19
76 -
ange
% o
f Pad
dy19
76 -
nge
ratio
-10.0 -1.5 -1.5
c c
cha
Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid,
Cha
n
Land use ratio % of paddy fields in each 1km grid
Importance of comprehensive Importance of comprehensive Management for Farmland LandsacpeManagement for Farmland Landsacpe
FarmlandFarmland
Management for Farmland LandsacpeManagement for Farmland Landsacpe
CommunitiesCommunities LandscapeLandscape
Mosaic of Satoyama & fields
WatershedWatershedLandscape Landscape
managementmanagement
Off FieldOff FieldFarmFarm Farming, irrigation Farming, irrigation
Off FieldOff FieldNetwork of paddy and ditches, ponds
systemsystem
Field parcelField parcel Agricultural practiceAgricultural practiceIn FieldIn Field
Each parcel of paddy field
Pleas give your kindly cooperation to APAP BONBONAPAP--BONBON
Asia- Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network (established in July, 2009)
I am a chief of theI am a chief of theI am a chief of the agricultural ecosystem sector in AP-BON
I am a chief of the agricultural ecosystem sector in AP-BON
But, we have only few But, we have only few
sector in AP BONsector in AP BON
knowledge of functional and associated biodiversity
knowledge of functional and associated biodiversityassociated biodiversity in farmland in Asian Countries
associated biodiversity in farmland in Asian Countries
Th k fTh k fThank you for Thank you for your attentionyour attentionyour attention your attention