trust in a networked world: problems and measures

http://copelabs.ulusofona.pt

Human-centered Computing Lab

Trust in a networked world: Problems and measures

Rodrigo Brito, [email protected] Moreira, [email protected]

Feb 24th, 2015C-Brain Meetings, Room U05, Lisboa, Portugal

Brito and Moreira http://copelabs.ulusofona.pt 2

Agenda

What is trust? Problems of Trust in Social Relations Generalized Trust Interpersonal Trust: Relational Models and Types of Interdependence Interpersonal Trust: What’s at Stake in each Relation? Risk Associated to Relations Behavioural Measures of Trust Different Perspectives of Trust Trust in Computer/Networking Overlaps and Distinctions Towards a Common View of Trust


What is Trust?

• “(Belief that) someone is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something is safe and reliable” (Cambridge Dictionary Online)

• “Firm belief in the honesty, goodness, worth, etc. of someone or something; confidence, faith” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

• “Belief that someone or something is reliable, good, honest, effective, etc.” (Merriam-Webster online)


What is Trust?

Trust becomes evident when potential damage is greater than potential gains (risk)

Deutsch (1958). Trust and Suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution

Trust in others: accepting to shift risk onto a social relation


What is Trust?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS8hEj37CrA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS8hEj37CrA


Problems of Trust in Social Relations

Trust in morality vs trust in competence

Generalized trust (in society):

Trust (individuals differences)

Trustworthiness (of individuals, institutions)

Interpersonal (relational) trust


Generalized Trust measures

“Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in life?” (WVS/GSS/ESS)

“Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair?” (GSS/ESS)

“Would you say that most of the time people try to be helpful or that they are mostly looking out for themselves?” (ESS)

Usefulness: comparing societies / comparing individuals

Effects of generalized trust: knowledge sharing, commerce, economic development


Trustworthiness

Aggregate individual assessment of individuals / institutions as targets

Based on reputation, gossip etc

Used in feedback systems in online communities / markets (e.g. ebay)

Trust varies by who trusts, who is trusted, and who trusts whom and for what (relational level)

Brito and Moreira http://copelabs.ulusofona.pt

Interpersonal relations:depend on basic social relational models (Fiske, 1992)


Interpersonal Trust: Relational Models and Types of Interdependence

symmetric asymmetric

deep

shallow


Interpersonal Trust:What’s at Stake in each Relation?

symmetric asymmetric

deep

shallow


Risk Associated to Relations

Perceived risk = probability vs severity (of damage)

Severity: CS > AR > EM > MP

Probability: CS < AR ? EM < MP

Risk assessment: CS, MP < AR, EM

Houde (2004). The four faces of trust. Relational Models Theory 2.0


Behavioural Measures of Trust

• Experimental research:

• game paradigms (distribution of resources)

• unknown others

• at stake: EM or MP concerns in novel relations

• behavioural trust: giving in expectation of reciprocity (anticipatory tit-for-tat):

“trust is an action that involves the voluntary placement of resources at the disposal of a trustee with no enforceable commitment from the trustee”

Coleman (1990). Foundations of social theory

• Past trust behaviours are better predictors of trusting behaviour than trust beliefs / attitudes (specificity of paradigms?)


Different Perspectives of Trust


Trust on the Computer/Networking side

Normally given by utility functions to be maximized

Obtained from device sensing (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth,)

Different layers vs. cross-layer

Centralized vs. Decentralized

Historical information vs. on-the-fly

Binary vs. Levels

Solo learning vs. Neighboring reputation


Overlaps and Distinctions

“Definition”

Relational models

“Social interactions”

Social/Psychology

Computer/Networking

Devicedriven

ReputationMeaningful relationships

Two-way road

Manifests atdifferent levels

Humans Machines

Subjectivity Impersonal


Towards a Common View of Trust

Understand the relational models

– Capture the dynamics and variability of user sociality

– Take into account levels of social relations and other aspects

Provide proper meaning to “social” in networking

– Trust can be measured properly

Challenge: based only on user contact and device handling

– Map to capabilities of the devices for better inference

SONID: Sociality-aware Opportunistic Networking for Information Dissemination (FCT SR&TD project call)

trust in a networked world: problems and measures

Technology

trust interpersonal

problems of trust

ebay trust

social relations trust

moreira http

generalized trust measures

morality vs trust

common view of trust