true or false? if someone does not say hi to you in the hall, then you are likely to believe he or...
TRANSCRIPT
True or False?
If someone does not say hi to you in the hall, then you are likely to believe he or she is a snob.
True or False?
Even if you resolve not to smoke, if your friends are smokers, you are more likely to light up.
True or False?
If you get someone to agree to a small request, then you can likely get them to just about anything.
True or False?
If you behave in a way that is contrary to your beliefs, then you will say you were only pretending and your beliefs will stay the same.
True or False?
People are likely to conform to a group only if that group has no less than 20 people in it.
True or False?
People do worse on a task they are good at if they perform it in front of a large group of people.
True or False?
When people are in a crowd, they are more likely to do things they would not do alone.
True or False?
People who are prejudice become less prejudice if they discuss their feelings with others who are prejudice.
True or False?
When a group needs to make a decision, it is not necessary to appoint someone to play the devil’s advocate.
True or False?
If you believe you will fail math, you may not study, which would cause you to fail a math test.
Myers PSYCHOLOGY
Seventh Edition in Modules
Social ThinkingSocial InfluenceSocial Relations
Video- Situations Matter
So what is the point of Social Psychology?
To answer questions like: What drives people to feel hatred? Where do prejudices come from? What makes a hero motivated? How do we think about one another? How do we influence one another? How do we relate to one another?
Social Thinking
Social Psychology scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory tendency to give a causal explanation for
someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OTHERS’ BEHAVIORS? HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OUR OWN BEHAVIOR?
An attribute is a quality, a feature, a trait.
So how do we explain peoples’ behavior?
Attribution Theory
There are two ways that we explain behavior: Situational attribution
EXTERNAL CAUSE
Dispositional attributionINTERNAL CAUSE
But as humans we often ERR.
Social Thinking
Fundamental Attribution Error tendency for observers, when
analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (activity 32-4)
Do we do what we think or do we think therefore we do?
Attitude belief and feeling that predisposes one
to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
Log onto Harvard IAT https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/dem
o/
Social Thinking How we explain someone’s behavior affects
how we react to it
Negative behavior
Situational attribution“Maybe that driver is ill.”
Dispositional attribution“Crazy driver!”
Tolerant reaction(proceed cautiously, allowdriver a wide berth)
Unfavorable reaction(speed up and race past theother driver, give a dirty look)
Social Thinking Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as
well as by external social influences
Internalattitudes
Externalinfluences
Behavior
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Social Thinking
Role set of expectations about a social
position defines how those in the position
ought to behave Video (Stanford Prison Exp.) Zimbardo’s Ted Talk
Stanley Milgram’s Experiment:
Obedience- Strong social influences can make
people conform to falsehoods or capitulate to cruelty.
Article and video
Social Thinking
Cognitive Dissonance Theory we act to reduce the discomfort
(dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
As in this cartoon, this is why we find it so unnerving to watch Obama receive the Noble Peace Prize while concurrently ordering the invasions of country after country. His actions speak to anything but peace
To reduce CD:
We tend to adjust our attitudes before we ever change our actions.
Changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel.
Thing to remember:
Social Influence
Conformityadjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Normative Social Influence influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (seg. 29, Sc. Am. Fr.)
Social Influence The chameleon effect- best way empathy is
demonstrated.
Participant Participant rubs face shakes foot
Confederate rubs face Confederate shakes foot
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Numberof times
Social Influence
Informational Social Influence influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
Social Influence Social Facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
Social Loafing tendency for people in a group to exert
less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Social Influence
Deindividuation loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Social Influence
Group Polarization enhancement of a group’s prevailing
attitudes through discussion within the group
Groupthink mode of thinking that occurs when
the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
Social Relations
Prejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude
toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,
and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Activity- Effects: What’s in a Label Video- John Stossel Prejudice… 2007
Stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often
overgeneralized) belief about a group of people Video
Stereotyping Okay, ya?
Arlene: You know my friend Sandra, well she's going out with this yuppie
financial type person called Derrick from that riverside development.
Clare: Noooo! Well I never! Arlene: She is you know. And a right one he
is too. All these city types are the same. Pushy, flashy, big mouthed and full
of themselves. I bet he drives a top-of-the-range Porsche and has an
iphone. Clare: Have you seen him in his car then? Arlene: No, but I reckon that's what he must
drive. Clare: Have you met him? Arlene: Yea, I bumped into them the other
day at the shops. When he opened his mouth and I heard his yuppie
accent, I knew what he'd be like. Actually he was dead complimentary to me,
and Sandra says that he's very kind and thoughtful. But I know he's still a
yuppie. Clare: You're being too hard on him. He's probably
quite nice. Arlene: He supports the Phillies! Clare: Oh well, you were right first time then.
A stereotype is a rigid judgment made of a person based on just one or two characteristics
1. In the source, what stereotype does Arlene use to judge Derrick? (1)
2. What characteristics does she use to arrive at this stereotype? (2)
3. Give one characteristic that Derrick has which goes against this stereotype (1)
4. Describe one other common stereotype in everyday life and say what characteristics are used to arrive at it
5. Stereotypes sometimes lead to poor judgments of people, yet we all use them. Describe one reason why we use stereotypes. (2)
Social Relations
Ingroup “Us”- people with whom one
shares a common identity Outgroup
“Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
Social Relations
Ingroup Bias tendency to favor one’s own group
Scapegoat Theory theory that prejudice provides an outlet for
anger by providing someone to blame Just-World Phenomenon
tendency of people to believe the world is just
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Social Relations
Aggression any physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt or destroy (#24 The brain)
Frustration-Aggression Principle principle that frustration – the
blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social Relations
Conflict perceived incompatibility of
actions, goals, or ideas Social Trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Social Relations- Attractiveness Mere Exposure Effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture
Social Relations
Passionate Love an aroused state of intense
positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of
a love relationship Companionate Love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Social Relations Equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Self-Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to
others Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others