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E D ITE D B Y

RE INHOL D ROST , L L .D ., P H.D .

! ! II:

G U JA R A T I .

BY THE

ST. CLAIR TISDALL,M.A .

, C.M.S .

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L ONDON : KEGAN PAUL,TRENCH ,

A

GR AM MA R

OF THE

GU JAR A T I L A N GU A G E .

A

SIMPL IF IE D GRAMMAR

OF THE

GU JARAT I L AN GU A GE ,

TOGETHER WITH

A S HORT READING BOOK

AND VOCAB UL ARK

BY THE

REV. WM . ST . CL A IR TISDAL L ,M .A .,

EORE E E LY PRINC IPAL TRAINING COLLEGE , AE E I TSA B ; LATELY N I S S ION ABY

CH ARGE c.n .s . uUHAm I A DAN M IS S ION , B OMB AY ; AUTHOR OF “ A S IMPLIFIEDGRAMMAR o n TH E PAE JARI LANGUAGE " ; “

THE TRIGL OTT

GOS PE L OE ST. JOHN ; " ETC.

L ONDONKEGAN PAUL,

TRENCH ,TRUBNER CO . L TD .

,

PA TERNOSTER HOUSE, CHAB ING CROSS ROA D.

1892

[The right of translation and of

Arm; M EM B E R S

OF THE

IRISH PRESBYTERIAN MISSION , GUJARAT,

WHO HAVE DONE SO MUCH FOR

GUJARATI L ITERATUR E,

THIS L ITTL E VOL UME IS , WITHOUT THEIR KNOWL EDGE ,DEDICATED.

2004 6 7 1

PR E F A CE .

THE Series Of Simplified Grammars to which the presentvolum e belongs is too well known to make it necessaryfor me to say much now in the way Of preface . Imust

,however, record my Obligations to two vern a

cular

Grammars,—the ata ‘ ldl G'

lLQLé $41n of the

Rev. J. van S . Taylor, B .A ., and another small book Of

the same title by Sir T. C . H ope, late Educational Inspector, N orthern D ivision. When I had already madegood progress in writing the present work, I met with“ A Handbook Of Gujarati Grammar,

”by P. M . Bhatt

,

from which I was able to borrow a few useful hints .

But a perusal of the Grammar now Ofi‘

ered to the public

will Show that I have not followed any Of these worksin a servile Spirit.There seems at present to be a great dearth Of English

works on the Gujarati language . When I began to

study that language in Bombay a few years ago , I ,

foundit impossible to procure a single copy Of any Of the earlierGrammars. Nor shouki I have derived much assistance

10 PREFACE .

from them if I had, owing to the great iwhich have Ofrecent years taken place in GujI trust that students of Gujarati will find tbook supplies a real need. The translitera

employed in the Grammar is an exact on

confusion can arise from the use Of Engl

represent Gujarati words .

I hope but few errors of the press will beescaped detection ,

and that the system Of 1

that I have adopted will prevent those fewthe student any real inconvenience.

L ONDON, Jan 1892.

I N D E ! .

PART I . Gujarati A ccident, etc.

PART II. Gujarati Reading LessonsIII .—Gujar5ti Vocabulary

P A R T I .

GUJARATI ACCIDENT , &c.

THE ELEMENTS OF THE GRAMMAR

OF THE

GU JARATI L ANGU AGE

THE Gujarati language belongs, like the Marathi, H indi,

Panjébi, Oriya, and many other Indian dialects,to the

Aryan family, being a daughter of the Sanskrit. Its

closest affinities are with the Western Panjabi on the one

side, and the Braj Bhé shé , an Old form of Hindi, on the

other. Besides various local dialects ofGujarati, there arethree main varieties of the written and spoken language .

First, H indi Gujarati, which is that adopted—and rightlyso—by the Government as the standard, and taught in the

schools. Second,Parsi Gujarati, the language as Spoken

and written by the Pé rsis. This differs from ordinaryGujarati in that it admits pure Persian words in con

siderable numbers,especially in connexion with religious

matters, besides a host of Arabic and other words takenfrom the U rdfi language, and that its grammar is in a

very unfixed and irregular condition . Thirdly,Muham

m adan Gujarati, which, like Parsi Gujarati, employs‘

a

16 GuJARATi

great number ofwords borrothrough it from Persian an

vocabulary of the languageas the speaker is a H indfi

,a

grammar—when spoken corr

the sam e . We have taken Hin this Grammar

,for, if that

ofform used in the other dialeespecially as they are to a g

spelling.

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18 GuJARATi PARADIGMS.

PERSONAL ENDINGS.

A orist.1 2 3

S ing ,-ufi -e -e

P lum, - ie -0 -e

(b) Auxiliaries—Irregular.

(l) N/ ell/m,to be N egative,

Indecl. Pres . Part., chhatdii nathi .

Present : okh-un, -e,-e ;

-ie,

- 0 ,-e.

(2) H ovun, to be. (3) Javan, to go , and Thlouffi

,to become.

Past hat- o -i Ja ilA ori st : gaun, gay, gay

A orist, ho -nil,

-

y,-

y- ie

, j aie, j aio, j dy.

- 0 _

yc iuii , tt y, thdy; thai

thcio they.

F ut.,hais

,ho is, Future : j ais

’

,810 .

Prec. Fut., koj o . thaié,

III . PRONOUNS .

(a) Relatire

S ing. P lur.

Abs . j e j eo

Obl. j e j eo

Agent. j ene j eoe

(d) P ersonalS ing. P lur.

1st, huii ,mane, 7nefi ,maremzdro ame, amne, ame,a

'mairo

2ud,tuii

,tane

,teii, hire, him tame

,tamne, tame

,tamd

3rd,te

, te ne, tene, teno .1st Pars . Inclus . plur. pronoun

Ap ane, (Zp anne, dp ane, dp ano, dp andthi,

IV. S IMPL E POSTPOSITIONS- ne to

,ace.

-no,

-ni,m un of.

- e agent, at. mum In.

- thi from,with.

-

p ar upon.

Interrog (c) Reflexive

S ing. (YP lur.

A bs . Ironko Abs . p ote

Obl. ke

kona Obl. poid

C H A P T E R I .

THE A L PHABET.

THE Gujarati Alphabet is derived from the Sanskrit, to

which it still bears a considerable resemblance . The dif

ference consists mainly in the om ission in Gujarati of the

head line used in joining together most ofthe D evanagaricharacters . L ike the Sanskrit, Gujaré ti is written fromleft to right.

L etters (earn) are divided into V owels (so ar) and

Consonants (vyanj an, Often pronounced venj an) .

1. When initial, that is . wh en th ey b egin a

syllable, the vowels are as followsa pronounced as a in but.*

”i t 5 a in army.

2) 1 i in hit,but oftenlength .

ened in sound.

EP 68 in heel.

oo in hood.

61 oo in fool.“x

wt e 111 tete, som etim e s al

m ost as‘

e in led.

701. ai at 111 ai sle.

”g,

o o in ocean : always long.

an ow in bowl.

A s this vowel a occurs farmore frequently in Gujarati than anyother vowel, it is most important that the student should pronounceit correctly, otherwise his conversation willbe quite unintelligible.

B 2

20 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

Or, briefly, the vowels as used by us in transliteratingare to be pronounced as in Italian, except that a (3 1)is to be carefully given the indistinct or dull soundindicated ab ove .

When th es e vowel sounds are not initial, th ey are

repre sented in accordance with the subj oined table .

I t is to b e ob s erved that the ,firs t vowel (”U is sup

p o sed to be inherent in every cons onant, excep t

when that consonan t is followed by som e oth er vowel(2) when C irama is written or understood under it(3) when that consonant is the first portion ofa compoundletter. Therefore

,when this sound ‘

a (311) is not initial

,

it possesses no written sign .

N ON -INITIA L VowEL s .

E quiv. N ame of the character.

a,

as Oi l, bd kfino .

i, rut bi hrasva-ajju.

i,

“(I bi dirgha-ajju .

a,

lg bu hrasva-varadun .

u, flak

bu dirgha-Varadun .

e,

01 be ek mé tra .

ai, a bar. be m é tra.

0 ,Oi l bo kiino m é tra.

P1 ], baa kano be m é tra.

ri,

0

1 bri (sounded as brii : this ri

is considered a vowel.)It willbe noticed that the Sign for short i (r) is alwayswritten before the consonant which begins the syllable in

THE AL PHABET. 21

which it (when not initial) occurs . (The reverse Ofthis

takes place in the English termination —ble, and seems

equally strange to a foreigner.)

2. S imp le Consonants .

CLAS S . CH ARACTER. EQU IV . CLASS . CH ARACTER .

9 5 is used to transliterate the Persian J (z ) note the inserteddot.

T The characters marked thus (T) are rarely used in Gujarati

22 GUJARATi GRAMMAR.

S ome of the characters above given require two con

sonants to represent them in transliteration, andyet they

all represent simple and uncompounded sounds. The fol

lowing require some explanation of their pronunciation"1. lab, as in ink-horn, but as if the h were part of the

second syllable .01 g, is always hard, as in go .

a gh, is a slightly m ore guttural sound than simple 9 .

The Cerebrals are produced by turning the point of the

tongue upwards to touch the top ofthe palate. The letters3 (th) and 6 (dh) are s om ewhat m ore emphaticallypron ounced than the simple 8 (t) and 5 (d) . The

dental t and d and i ) are softer than the English

equivalents, b eing form ed by applying the p oint of

the tongue to the p oint of the upp er teeth . Be careful not to give Pl (th) and EH(dh) the sound ofEnglish

ih in thought and that of th in thou respectively .

Eh (01) is a m ore emphatic sound than Simple bQ or 2 is f, and no t (as the corresponding letter in

Sanskrit) p h. S and (bl) sh have in Gujaratithe sam e sound

,but are Vulgarly confounded with

simple 8 N b efore the asp irates has always a

—never but in the case of some not properly naturalised Sanskritwords . Those acquainted with Sanskrit will Observe that the o rderand arrangement Of the letters in Gujarati closely follow those of

the mother-tongue. Gujarati adds but one character, cerebral lto rep resent a sound no t used in classical Sanskrit, though

its equivalent as is found in the Rig Veda.

THE A LPHABET. 23

nasal sound (as in the French mon) . II, when it

com es b e tween two vowels, has a very Slight sound,and is often om itted b oth in sp eaking and writing.

Wh en it is the first letter in a comp ound con sonantalso

,it is hardly audible . V has a sound midway

b etwe en the English c and w, but is neith er.

Instead Of 2c and NI re sp ectively, the sign s { Cm—i)

and Q9 (j i) are used. So also jd is written and

63 is j iZ : and 2‘ is ru.

Nasal n is written with a do t ab ove the line, as in

$3183; (chhokruri) . In this Grammar w e represent itby 72. The do t is called anuscdr.

When n imm ediately precedes b or p it is pro

nounced as m .

The Sign is called visarga, and is a final h.

The sign 0 is us ed to denote contraction ; as if 0

Q1, 0 i. S . isavi san, Christian Year.

”

B,wh en the first m emb er of a comp ound, is written

over the following con sonant in the form as in

arthe. When it is the second m emb er of a

compound, it assum e s the form of a simple strok e,as 31 bra.

Students acquainted with A rabic or P ersian must

be careful not to give u (gh) and “l (kh) the soundsOf6and

Cresp ectively .

24 GUJARATI GRAMMAR .

3. Comp ound L etters .These are form ed by comp ounding into one, two or

m ore simple characters . The n ece ssity for th eir use

is b ecause of the rule given ab ove, that 311. (ii) is inh erent in the sound of every consonant .

p ounds are generally easily recognised and read. The

m ost imp ortant are given b elow. The two m ost dithcult are a hsha, and sj jna (pronounced gnya) .

COMPOUND .

34

(‘ l

“I

m“4

i

a

e

s

r

r

r

s

a

mew .

kta

kna

hma

kya

[em

you

tta

tna

tma

tya

tra

to a

p ta

pna

pma

PI N

p ra

COMPOUND .

fi

g

me

a

g

wg

wwmf

g

g

mA”

The com

hnut

ghna

ghma

I!“

zhihu

ddd

neaz

kri

rya

shta

hya

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( 26 )

CHAPTER II .

PARTS OF SPEECH .—NOUNS .

1. There are eight parts ofspeech , as in English . Of

these the N oun (nam), the Pronoun (sarvanam), the Adjective (viéeshan), and the V erb (hriydp ad) are capable of

inflection (akhyey) the rest being indeclinable (avyay) .

NOUNS (Nam)

Nouns are Proper (riéeshanam) , Common (sdmdnyandm),andAbstract (bhdravdchakandm ) . They admit ofGender,N umber

,and Case.

2. GENDER (Jati).There are three Genders in Gujarati ; masc. (naraj dti) ,

fem. (ndrij dti), and neat. (ndnyatar).The Gender of a word is determined either (1) by its

meaning, or (2) by its termination .

Among names ofliving creatures,those clearly denoting

males are masc., those denoting femalesfern ,while those

which are common to both sexes are generally neuter.

E g. p arush a man,a male (vir) is m . : stri a woman is

fem., manas a human being (homo) is neat. so also chhokroa boy, masc. chhokri a girl,fem . chhokruii a child

,neut.

(Cf. German baa Rinb, and our habit—not confined to

bachelors—ofspeaking ofan infant as it.)The names ofthe days ofthe week, ofmonths, Ofmoun

PARTS OE SPEECH . 27

tains, the heavenly bodies, oceans, seas, winds, divisions of

a country,are masculine.

Names ofRivers (except e.g . Brahmap utra, S indhunad,

which are the Earth, L unar days (except p adavo, m ),divisions of the day (except p ahor, m .,

a watch, vigilia) ,and the following members of the body, viz .

, dnkh, eye ;jang, thigh ; nas , vein ; panp an, eyelid ; khdndh, shoulder ;and j ibh, tongue, arefeminine.

Names of classes Of animals,villages , cities, districts ,

the points of the compass, and most names offruits, are

neuter.

3. Gender asfired by terminatio ns .

Most nouns ending in -0 are masculinefi“

- i or -d arefemininest'

All -un'

, are neuter.I

N ouns derived from the stems Of prepositional verbs inSanskrit, as vikdr (fr. s/ k

_

m change ; Uichdr (fr.“a ,

to think) , thought : and reduplicated onomatopoeic nounsending in -at (as gadgaddt, a rumbling), are masculine.

Except : j uo , f. or n., gambling ; chho Or chhao, f. , mortar ; dho,m ., washing.

1" E xcept : ( I ) when the i : Sk . iyam ,

ijam , &c. ; e.g. p a‘

ni, n .,

water ; lohi or loi , n .,blood ; mari, n . , pepper ; bi, n ., seed ; ghi, n .

,

ghee, ’ clarified butter. (2)When the i is a term. denoting a calling,trade, or indicating in some way a male : e.g. Parsi , m . ; hathi, m .

,

a male elephant ; dhob'

i,m ., a washerman. (3) A few nouns in -a

are masc . : e.g. a‘

tma, spirit ; mahima, glory ; devatci, a god, fire.1: Except ghaiin, m ., wheat.

28 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

- I

All abstract nouns ending in -di,as

,-k, can, eat, rad,

ut, ta and Arabic or Persian words ending in -at or -as,

arefeminine.

M ost words ending in -e,

-t, or -s, are alsofeminine.All abstract nouns having the terminations -an, -dn,

-

p an,-man

,can, tea, and most nouns ending in -n,

* are

neuter, as are also names ofcountries ending in - s tan.

N ouns derived from Sanskrit generally speaking preservethe gender they had in that language . Thus if we know ’

that ghar, house, is the Sanskrit grz’

ham,n., we at once

know that ghar too is neuter. (But rastu, a thing, isf ,

as in Hindi and Panjabi,though n. in Sanskrit.)

Words derived from Hindustani, and through it from .

A rabic or Persian,usually retain the gender they had in

H industani ; as, j amin, ground, f. (Urdu, U 3“) f.) tasdi,

annoyance, f. (Urdu

, 8mIt is impossible to fix the gender of all words by any

number of rules,but the apparent difficulty thus caused

disappears with practice in the language .More commonly there are two forms , one masc.

,denoting

a larger, and onefem ., m eaning a smaller thing ; as, chopdo,an account book, a large volume ; chapdi, a book, a small

ordinary book .

A few nouns have three forms,one of each gender ; as,

chhokro, m., a boy ; chhokri, f. , a girl ; chhokruii , n .,a

child.

E xcept, e.g. an, an oath,

’

f.

PARTS OF SPEE CH. 29

§ 4. NUMBER (Vachan).In Gujarati there are two numbers

,Singular and Plural

(called ehavachan and bahuvachan or anehavachan re

spectively) . The plural termination is universally -0,

though this ending is not always required to denote plurality. A few classes of nouns (see under D eclension)undergo a slight change before taking this affix .

Some nouns, as tal, mag, adad, mari,are used only in

the plural.

Such nouns of materials as reti, sand, ral, hair, rd,

cotton, mdti, soil, earth, dhanya, corn ; also names of

metals,as sunun, gold, rdp uii, silver ; and moreover all

abstract nouns, as nydy, justice, satyatd, truth, Suddhatd,

purity, p ap , guilt, etc.,are generally used only in the

singular. The plural is, however, used when either(1) different kinds of the thing specified are meant, or

(2) when something specialis implied. Thus dhdnyo m eansvarious kinds of corn.

’Cf. in English ,

“ in deaths of

i .e.

‘ in different kinds Of peril Ofdeath .

’Ex., Amdrdi

'

i

p ap ghanah chhe,” ‘

our sins are many.

’

Here pap is

plural, as its adjj. Show , though it has not assumed a plural

ending.

When a cardinal numeral (two , three, or an adjective denoting all or many, precedes a noun

, and whenplurality is in this way sufficiently indicated

,the noun

commonly remains in the singular form, though with a

pluralmeaning . E .g.,Tama

'

re gher ris mdnas (formanaso)avaée,

‘ twenty men will come to your house . ’ But when

30 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

a. noun ends in -o,masc.

,or -ur

”i,neut., in the singular, it

must take the p luralform in such a case .Sometimes a noun ofmaterial has a pluralwith a dif

ference of meaning e.g. lugdui‘

i, cloth ; lugddit, clothes,

garments ; lodhun, iron ; lodhdii, tools .

A noun often occurs in the plural when the m eaning issingular, in order to show respect. This

,however

,is the

case only with nouns signifying p ersons . Ex.,mdrd p ydrd

bap sdrd chhe,my dear father(s) is (are) good.

’If the

noun so used is feminine , its adjective is put in the pluralneuter, as martin beheno avyan hatail,

‘ my sister(s) hadcome (ride p . 36,

5. DECL E NSION (Rspakhysn) .

With regard to declension, nouns in Gujarati are dividedinto two classes those that end in - o, masc. and

am,neut. and (2) those

'

that do not .

The former class have two forms, the A bsolute and the

Oblique . The Oblique is formed from the A bsolute bychanging the

- 0 or aah into -d and is used before allpostpositions , and also as the V ocative .A s nouns belonging to the second class do not end in -0

or -un, it is evident that they remain unchanged in the

singular,

In the plural ofall nouns the Absolute and the Obliquecases are one and the same in form.

N ouns ending in -o, masc.,tak e as theirplural -ainstead;

the plural thus corresponding in form with the Oblique

PARTS OF SPEECH . 31

Singular. To this, - 0 may be added as a further sign of

plurality.

N euters in -uii change this ending in thePlural into -dii,to which they may add -0 .

All other nouns may have the plural ofthe same form as

the singular. Feminines in - i,however, almost always

add -0 to form the plural ; and other nouns also may do so

when any plural sign is required.

We have, therefore , the following scheme

Class I .Neut.

Plur.

lugd-dr‘

i - (o)lugd-dr

’

i (o)

Masc.

S ing. P lar.

purash p arush (o)parush p urush (o)

F eminine.

S ome writers p refer to write the obl. neat. with a nasal, e.g.

lugddn, both in nouns and adj ectives, but it seems best not to do so.

32 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

Instead ofthe cases* ofthe Sanskrit, Gujarati expressesthe relation ofthe nouns to the other words in a sentenceby certain small words corresponding to our English pre

positions. The only difference is that (1) these wordsfollow instead of preceding the nouns which they govern,and are hence styled p ostpositions : and (2) that they are

united in writing to their nouns,forming one word with

them . The postpositions are attached to the oblique formofthe noun. Those most commonly used are

ne, to (also expresses thedirect Obj ect)e, by, at. no, ui, nuit, of. man, in.

ikahi, vati, or thi, from, with (instrument) .In N ouns of Class I the -a

'

of the Oblique form is

usually omitted before the addition of- é : we have therefore both dihra-e and dibre to mean ‘ by a son .

’ Withthis class ofnouns, -emeans only ‘by,

’denoting the Agent

but with nouns of Class II . it also m eans ‘at

,

’

and in this

case may be compounded with thi, as niédlethi.The termination -no -ui-unii

,1~agrees in number, gender

The native Grammars conform to the Sanskrit system and

arrangethenouns and these postpositions into seven (or in some books

eight) cases (vibhakti) . This is , however , alien to the spirit of theGujarati, quite as much as a similar scheme would be to that of theEnglish language. I t has, nevertheless, the advantage (P) ofmakingdiffi cult what is easy.

1 When a postposition beginning with a consonant is attached to a

noun ending in one, the two consonants do not coalesce to form a

compound letter. This is because, according to theory, the inherentvowel -a follows the last consonant of the noun. Thus dev, a god, is

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( 34 )

CHAPTER III.

THE A DJECTIVE (Viéeshan) .

In Gujarati, adj ectives precede the nouns which theyqualify.

l. Adjectives are oftwo kinds ( l) D eclinable (vikari),and (2) Indeclinable (avikari) . To the former class belongall adjectives which have the term ination -un in the neut.

absolute . The masc. abs . of these ends in -o , and the

fem . abs. in - i, as rat- o,

- i,

-uii. These are declined precisely on the model of chhokro

,chhokri, chhokrur

‘

i , i.e. the

m . as dikro,thef. as dikri, and the n . as lugdun.

When the adjective is declinable,the noun which it

qualifies (called its ri§eshya) does not necessarily assumethe -o of the plural if it belong to Class II . ofnouns, theplurality being sufficiently indicated by the adj as ghandn

’

.

ghar or ghandit gharo, many houses .

’

Adjectives that do not end in -un'

. in the neut. abs.

sing . remain unaltered when affixed to a noun,as lat,

2. When declinable, the adj . agrees with its noun ingender, number and case ; but the postpositions are not

affixed to adj ectives when they qualify nouns eap ressed.

*

This shows that these postpositions are not in Gujarati case

endings , otherwise they wouldbe affixed to adjectives too, as the caseendings are in Sanskrit, L atin and Greek. The only exception tothis rule is in the case of the postposition -e, in certain instances.(Vide Cap. VI . ii. 6, nos. (3) and pp. 83 and

THE ADJECTIVE . 35

If, however, the noun is understood, the adj. is used as

a noun, and takes the postpositions accordingly.

The plural term .-0 is not generally added to plural

adj ectives when followed by plural nouns ; but may be

added to them when the noun is feminine, e.g. ndni dibrioor nan

'

io'

dikrio ,‘ little daughters .

’

A noun with the affixes -no, m .,-ui

,f., -nun

,n .,when

followed by another noun, practically becomes a declinable

adjective and is treated as such as, a chhohra’

nunp ustak,

this boy ’s book a chhokrdnap ustak man,‘ in this boy ’s

book.

’Te dungrone ras te dvyo,

‘ he cam e by way of the

mountains. Here ne does not mean ‘to,

’but is formed

from ~no, just as chhokre is from chhokro,and agrees with

ras te. (Vide note on preceding page.)When one adj. qualifies two nouns of different genders,

it is put in the neuter p lural; as,bhaldii md p ap , good

parents .

’This is so when the adj . is the predicate also,

as twmdrd bhai tatha tamdr'

i beheno ghanafi chhe,‘ your

brothers and your sisters are numerous.

’

§ 3. For the sake of clearness we add an example of

(1) a declinable, and (2) an indeclinable adj . attached to a

noun with postpositions affixed

(I) Declinable.

Singular.

Abs . moto mendhoObl. motd mendha‘

motd mendhdneetc.

motd mendhe

36 GuJARATi GRAMMAR.

Plural.

Abs . mo td mendhao

Obl. motd mendhdo

motd mendhdone

etc.

mold mendhdoe by

(2) Indeclinable.

Singular.

Abs. and Obl. safed ghar a white house.

sufed ghare at

safed gharthi from

Plural.

A bs. and Obl. safed ghar(o) white houses .

snfed gharoman in

safed gharothi from

§ 4 . When an adjective qualifies a fem . noun plural,

which denotes a p ers on or p ersons, the adj . is generally

put in the NEUTER p lural to imply respect as, mardnma

sardn chhe,‘ my mother is good.

’

(Here ma is in the

‘

plural of So also in addressing females,0

martinpyardn bekeno, O my dear sister or sisters.’

If one adjective qualifies (not both but) either of two

nouns, which follow it,and are of different genders, the

adj . agrees with the noun nearest to it ; as, j o ihdii doso

purush he siri hoy,

‘ if any Old man or woman be here . ’

The same rule holds good if the adj ective in such an

THE ADJE CTIVE . 37

instance be the predicate as, gay he ghodo langdo hoy,‘ if

the cow or the horse be lame . ’

When a declinable adj . is used as an adverb to qualifyanother adj . attached to a noun,

it agrees with the nounin gender, number and case ; as, A

"

ghodo ghano rato (orlal) chhe,

‘ this horse is very red.

’

When a declinable adj . is used adverbially to qualify a

verb,it agrees with the subject of the verb ; as, te sip ai

dhimo hinto hato, that sepoy was walking slow,

’

(i.e.

slowly) : d ghodi ghani dodi , ‘ this mare ran much .

’

5. D egrees of Comp arison.

N o change in the form Of an adjective occurs to expressthe Comparative and Superlative D egrees. But the positive denotes the comp arative when it is preceded in thesame sentence by a noun or pronoun with the postpositionkarta

‘

n or - thi attached to it ; e.g.,manas p aéukartdn

buddhimdn chhe,

‘a man is wiser than a beast. ’

When the adj . is preceded by a word denoting all, to

which the before-m entioned postpositions are affixed, itdenotes the superlative relation ; as

,Mdruii ghar badhdn

thi sdrun'

. chhe,my house is the best ofall.’

6. The Num eral eh,‘One,

’is added to adjectives de

noting many, or any definite or indefinite number, to makea slight change in their significance . In such cases thenumeralmay drop its vowel. Thus we have, from ghanun ,

‘ many,

’nom . pl. m . ghana

'

ch ghanaeh o r ghanalc,‘a

good number ; ’ fem . ghaniek or ghanik ; neut . ghana’

i’

iek

or ghandr’

ik.

( 33 )

CHAPTER IV .

THE PRONOUN (S arvanam) .P ersonalP ronouns.

These are slightly irregular in declension,easily learnt from the following tables

S ing.

Huh , I .

mane,me

,to me.

men, or me, by me.

mdre (with saru,

me.

mar- o,m .

,

i,f. m v.

ur’

t,n .,

marathi, from me.

maraman,in me.

S ing.

Tun,thou.

tane, thee, to thee .ten or te, by thee.

tare (saru, (for)tar- o , m .,

i,f., thy.

uii,n .

,

tardthi,from thee .

tdrdmdii,in thee .

lst Person.

P lur.

Olll'

.

Tame, you.

tamne, you, to you.

tame,by you.

tamare (sdru, (fo

tamar- o , m . ,

i,f., your.

un,n .,

tamdrathi, from you.

tamdrdmdii, in you.

Ame,we .

amne, us, to us .

ame, by us .

amare, (saru,

us .

amar- o,m .

,

i)f.,

uri,n.,

amdrdthi, from us .

amdrdmdfi,in us .

2nd Person.

THE PRONOUN . 39

3rd Person.

S ing .

Te,he, she, it. Teo , they .

tene,him

,to him

,850. teone

,temne, them, to them.

tene,by him . teoc, temne, by them.

tene (saru), (for) him . teone,temne (sdru), forthem .

te-no,

teono , &c.,

- n i,

ofhim, her, 850. or

nuii , temno,

tethi,tendthi, from him . teomail

,

w1D them.

teman,tenaman, In h im . temnaman,

In the First and Second Persons there is no distinctionofGender. In the Third,* tenie is Often used for thefem .,

by her,’

and less commonly tenine for to her,’

and tenino ,

etc.,for ‘

Ofher,’ ‘ hers the other form s

,however, may be

used as fem inine too,and are said to be more correct.

Wherever me? or mdrd occurs above,muj may be us ed

instead in the 1st Person, and sim ilarly in the 2ud Persontuj instead ofta or tard but these forms are not used inwriting and are not considered so correct.In the Plural

,we may have amo instead of ame (in the

Agential amoe),and ta-mo (Agential tamoe) for tame.

Am e is used for we when the person addressed is not

included, and may be called the exclusivep ronoun. Whenthe p erson or persons addressed are included in the ‘ we

,

’

The pronouns tevan, m . and ten'

i f., for he and she,’

are muchused in Farsi-Gujarati. Vide some examples in Part V. of the sub

j oined Reading L essons.

40 GUJARAT'

I'

GRAMMAR .

another pronoun, A-

p ane, is employed instead. I t is de

clined thus z— A'

p ane, we ; ap anne, us,to us ; apane, by

us, dp andthi, from us ; ap anamaii , in us ; ap ano, - i , an,

our (poetically dp ado, - i,-na).

2. JI onorific P ronoun.

rip is used sometimes in addressing a superior, never asin U rduin speaking to an equal. It is declined as if it

were a noun,the postpositions being added quite regularly ;

as, dp-no

,-ui

,-nun,

‘of your honour ’

; ap thi,‘ from your

honour,

’etc. It is p lural, and ofthe 2md Person, (not, as

in U rd , Ofthe 3rd) .

The usual word for ‘

you is tame,which is used just as

the corresponding English word. Tun is rarely used butin addressing children , except in the villages, where thecountry-people address one another by this pronoun.

3. Reflexive P ronoun.

The Reflexive Pronoun is p ote, Obl. p o td. It is usedfor all three genders and both numbers, and signifies him

self,

’ ‘ herself,

’ ‘ itself,

’ ‘ themselves,

’being of the third

person. The Agential corresponds with the Absolute inform

,and for p otdthi ,

‘ from himself,

’&c.

,we may also

have p otdndthi, with the same m eaning. A reduplicatedform, p otp ote, is also used with a distributive sense, ‘ eachhimself.’ E g. while te logo p o ta

'

ne gher gayd means‘ those people went to their own hom e,’— implying that

theV had one home in common,— te logo p otp otané gher

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42 GUJARATi GRAMMAR.

PM) ”It is declined like an ordinary adjective ofits class .

Another form is kiyo, hei, lriyuii .3. So, m .

, s'

i, f., inn, n .,

‘What ? ’ is declined regularly, except that ( l) in the sing . it has two forms of the

oblique,ad and s

'

e,m . and n . ; and (2) that its agential

form, after the manner of the personal pronouns, prefixes nto the postposition - e

,becoming Seine or iene

,

‘ by what ? ’

The neut. is used as a pronoun, ‘What ?’ the word israther an interrogative adjective than a pronoun in otherrespects ; as, teo s

'

i ri te e ham hare chhe,in what manner

do they do this work ? ’

(The s in this word is almostuniversally pronounced as ifit were

5. Relatires and I ndefinites .

1. Koi,

‘any one

,

’

some one, ’ with a negative ‘no one,

’

is also a relative adj . When a pronoun it takes the aflixedp ostpositions. The Oblique is the same as the Absoluteform ; e.g .

,a ro tli hoine ap o, give this bread to some one.

’

When koi may m ean either a male or a female,its verb is

generally neuter ; as,ko i j antun

'

nahatun, no one knew.

’

2. Je,‘who

,

’ which,

’ ‘that,

’is ofallthree genders . I t

is declined on the model Of Te. Wheneverj e occurs in a

sentence, if it is not preceded by te, the latter must followit ; as

,Raj ac tene mari naiilrhyo, etle j e sip ai men kale

ditko , tene, The king killed him ,i.s . the soldier whom I

saw yesterday, him .

’

Whoever,

’ whosoever,

’ whatever, ’ is expressed by thereduplication ofj e, and consequently of the accompanying

THE PRONOUN . 43

to ; as, Je je thekane dharti rasal dithi, te te thekane teovasya, Wherever they found the ground fertile, there theydwelt.’

Kaifi or lcdiii is the indefinite pronoun denoting qn nu

certain amount or quantity some (U rdii4 §Sl as

,

Give me some tea,

’

mane train chd ap o . I t is thereforegenerally used for inanimate things .

6. D emonstratives.

These are more properly adjectives than pronouns, butare entered here because, when used apart from nouns

,

they become pronouns . The principal are : A; this ; E ,

that ; Te, that ; P ele, - i,

-uii,that ; Otyo,

- i,

-uh, that ;

Faldno,

-i,

-uii,a certain. The last three are declined as

regular declinable adjectives , the first three when used as

demonstratives are indeclinable.From fl

,E , Te, Je, Ke

,a number ofvery useful demon

s trative, relative, and interrogative adjectives are formed,

as willbe seen from the appended list

a“

,this .

duo,such as this . era

,such as that.

dtlo, as much as this. etto, as much as that .

M ade, as big as this . evado, as big as that .

Te,that.

tevo,such as that.

tetlo, as much as that.

tevado,as big as that.

44 GUJARr—fl

‘

i GR UUMAR .

The form s from Je and Ke are produced by pandK respectively in place, ofT in the last columnwords are all regularly declined as

,kevo , m . ;

kevur’

r’

,n . If united to a preceding noun they rec

oblique form of it ; as, tobrd j evu'n mofi,

‘a s

angry face, ’ puffed cheeks .

’

The enclitic j is often attached to pronouns (anouns) in Gujarati to add emphasis, being used j- tz a (a ) in Marathi and hr? in Urdu. So we hahe indeed,’ ‘ that very tevqj , just such as that,

a postposition is added to the noun, j follows tposition as

, d nis’

almdr‘

ij , in this very school.’

( 45

CHAPTER V .

THE VERB (Kriydp ad) .

The Gujarati V erb is conj ugated very simply, therebeing only one conjugation which is employed for all

verbs . A few verbs (vide form their past tenseirregularly, but when formed it is conjugated just as in all

other verbs in the language.l. The Stem of the V erb is its simplest form ,

and is used as the 2nd Sing. Imperat . also , e.g. utar,

descend.

’

The Infinitive is formed by affixing wait to the stem ;as

,utar-vur

‘

i , to descend.

’This is the part of the verb

given in dictionaries .

The Present Part. changes the - vur“

i ofthe Infinitive into- to

,-t2,

- tu*7i, (e.g. utar- to), and is declined as a regular

adj ective.The Preterite is formed by adding

-

yo,- i

,-yur

‘

i to the

s tem for m .,f and n ., respectively ; as

, utar-

yo,‘ he de

scended.

’

The A orist is formed by adding to the stem the remainsof the original Sanskrit pronominal terminations. In

Gujarati these areSing.

1st, -uii

2nd,

-e

3rd, -e

46 GUJARKri GRAMMAR .

The Future is formed by adding to the stem the fol

lowing affixes

S ing Plur.

lst, - i§. - i§un (also -as’

unand 4 31m) .

2nd, (vulg.-j e) . -§o vulg. j o)

8rd, -se.-se.

There are three Primary Tenses— the A orist, the Future,and the Preterite . From the first and last of these

,and

from the declinable participles, compound tenses are formedwith the assistance of the auxiliary Verbs

, chha and

hovun, to be.

’

The Passive V oice is formed from the stem by adding-a

‘

,

to it, and then affixing the terminations already mentionedas, lakh,

‘ Write thou ; lakh-d-vufi,

‘ to be writtenlakkas

’

e,‘ it will be written

,

’&c.

If the stem have an intransitive signification, three ormore forms may spring from it ; as, marvur

‘

i,to die

marvan, to s trike mardvur’

i,

‘to quarrel mardvavun

,

‘to cause to be beaten so also karvufi

,to do

,

’to make ; ’

kardvur‘

i,

‘ to be done ; kardvavun,‘ to cause to be done

,

’

although karvunis trans itive.

The two great classes of Verbs are Transitivesand (2) Intransitives (Akarmak) . It is only

in the use ofthe Preterite, and of the tenses derived fromit,that any difference between thetwo classes is noticeable

as far as conjugation is concerned. We take the latterfirst

THE vERB . 47

§ 2. Intransitive Verb. A ctive Voice (Karmak Bhedor Mal Bhed) .

I . S imp le Tenses. (1) Primary.

(a) A orist (Aniyamitavartmdnkdl).

P lur.

lst Pers . , hurt utar-ur’

i , I lst Pers., ame utar- te, wemay descend. may descend.

2nd Pers ., tun utar-e, thou 2nd Pers., tame utar-o, you

mayest descend. may descend.

3rd Pers.,te utar-e

,he may 3rd Pers., teo utar-e, they

descend. may descend.

(b) Imperative .

2nd Pers ., Sing , utar Plur., utaro .

(c) Future (Bhavishyakdl) .

S ing. P lur.

lst Pers .,hurtutar- is, I shall 1st Pers ., ame utar we

descend. shall descend.

2nd Pers.,tun utar-se, thou 2nd Pers ., tame utar-éo, you

wilt descend. willdescend.

3rd Pers., tc utar-se, he will 3rd Pers., teo utar-s

’

e, theydescend. willdescend.

48 GUJARATI GRAMMAR.

‘

(d) Preterite — lst,2ud, 3rd Person.

S ing. P lur.

m ., utar-yo,

* (I, thou, he) m ., utar-yci, we, &c.

descended.

f., utar-i, (I, thou, she) des f.

, utar- i,we

, &c.

cended.

n utar-

yun, (I, thou, it) n ., utar-yan, we, &c.

descended.

To these forms the pronouns are prefixed, as hurt, tun,

te utaryo , if the subject is masc. : hurt, tun, te utari, if

fem . ; and hurt, tun, te utaryur’

i, ifit is neuter.

3. I. S imp le Tenses . S econdary.

(a) Past Subjunctive (Sanketabhutakdl) .This has only one form for both numbers and all

persons.

lst,2nd

,and 3td Person.

S ing. Plur.

utar-at, (If I, were or uta’

r-ai, (If we , 8m), werewould be. or would be.

(For the use of this tense, see examples under the PastSubj . ofthe auxiliary hovun.)

Sometimes the y of the preterite is omitted in the old style of

writing, and we have utaro, gao, karo, for ntarga, gag/o, karyo, 850.

A t others e is put instead ofy, as dveo for dvyo.

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O GuJARETi GRAMMAR .O1

§ 4 . II. Comp ound Tenses .These are formed by combining with the A orist

,the

Preterite, and the declinable Participles and Gerund (orGerundive), certain tenses of the substantive verb . We

therefore give here (1) the Participles and Gerund(Gerundive, Infinitive, &c.) of the ordinary verb, and

(2) the conjugation ofthe A uxiliary.

(a) Participles, &c. (Kridant) .

Infinitive,utar-vun. Gerundive, utar-vo , -vi,mun.

Pres . Participle, utar- to, - ti, Past Participle, utar-

yo ,- i

,

- tui°

i . -

yur“

i .

Connective Participle, utar Plup . Participle, utar-elo,

- i ,

ine.-u7

’

i, (also utarel,

Agential (declinable), utar-ndr-o,- i,

-un; (indecl.) utarndr,a descender.

’

The Infinitive when declined is treated like a neuternoun ending in -ur

’

i,and makes its oblique in wait ; as

,

te vafi chvane avgo, or va’

r‘

ichvd dvyo, he came to read.

’

The Gerundive is an adjective , declined quite regularly,and agrees with the noun it qualifies ; as, mare a? chopalvdfichvi ,

‘ hic liber m ihi es t legendus, ’ ‘ I must read thisb ook ; tene e luim baruun

,illi id opus faciendum,

’ ‘ he

must do that work .

’The verb ‘ to be

’ is generallyom itted in such sentences.

When used impersonally the Gerundive is neuter ; as,

tare ramvun,‘ thou must play.

’I t is then a kind (often

a polite kind) ofimperative .

THE VERB . 51

The Present, Past, and Pluperfect Participles are de

clinable Adjectives. The declinable form of the AgentialParticiple is also regular. The indeclinable A gentialParticiple is generally a noun.

The Connective Participle is like our Perfect ParticipleActive

,as utarine, having descended.

’It is indeclinable,

and has a shorter form (utari) also.The Neuter Plural of the Present Participle is often

counted as an independent Participle . I t is used to

denote ‘ in the state of, ’ as utartdn, ‘ in the act ofdescendThis form of the participle is also used in such

constructions as the following — Tene chopai vdi‘

ichtcm

sikhvun, he must learn to read a book.

’

5. (b) The Substantive (Auxiliary) Verb.

(1) Root \/ chha. Present Tense .

S ing. P lur.

lst Pers ., hurt chhun, I ame

am . are.

2ndPers ., tunchhe, thouart. tame chho , you are.

3rd Pers ., te chhe, he is . teo chhe, they are.

(The negative of this is ‘nathi ,

’ which is used for all

three persons and both numbers .)

Pres . Part. N eut . Plur. chhatdn, being. Inf. caret.

E quivalent to utarte late, in U rdu.

D 2

52 GUJARKTi GRAMMAR.

(2) Root \/ ho , to be or to become . ’

A orist.

P lur.

lst Pers., hunhounJ may be. ame hoie, we may be.

2ud Pers ., tun li oy,* thou tame ho , you may be.

may’

st be.

3rd Pers., te boy, he may be. teo hoy, they may be.

Present.

The present is formed by adding the present of V akha

to the above ; as, bun noun clihun, I am being, ’ I ambecoming, ’ &c. The negative is hunt hoto nathi

‘

,&c.

Infinitive, hovun. Gerundive,bov-o

,- i

,-ur

’

i.

Pres . Part., bo t- o , - i,

-un. (Past Part ., hav- o ,- i,

-un.)Connective Part. , twine. Im per. 2nd sing. andpl., ho .

Agent. Part, decl., bonaro , - i,

-un indecl.,hondr.

Precative Future,hoj o .

Fut. Imperative, tun hoj e tame hoj o .

Future.

S ing. Plur.

lst Pers ., hats, hoié, I shall ame haiénr’

i, lioi éun.

be,850 .

2nd Pers. , tun base, hoée, tame haso,hoéo, (hoj o) .

hats, hoié, (hoj e) .3rd Pers .

, te haée, hose. teo haée, hose.

The form s in j are vulgar, and not used in written com

position.

as In all verbs ofwhich the stem ends in a vowel, the term ination 3/takes the place of -e wherever the latter would otherwise occur, j ust asis the case in H indi.

THE VERB . 53

P as t— lst,2nd and 3rd Person.

P lur.

m ., hato (have, vulgar) . hate? (hac , vulgar)f. , hati (havi hati (havi

n. , hatun (liavun batafi (havun

When the negative na is prefixed, this tense becomesnahoto

,&c.

P ast Subjunctive.

In all persons and both numbers , ho t (vulg . bat) .

(If) I , &c., were e.g.,Jo hun sdro ho t

,to mdrd mittro

p an bhald ho t,‘ If I were good, my friends would be good

also ; ’ Jo tame cindli ld ho t,to tamne pap na ho t,

‘ If yewere blind

,ye had not had sin.

’

6. Comp ound Tenses of U tarvun , To descend.

’

Indicative Mood (N ischayarth).

(a) Present Tense (Vartmdn) .Formed by adding the present of“ch/ta to the aorist.

Sing. P lur.

lst Pers .,hur

"

i utar-unebb-nu ame utar- Ze c/u’

i - ie, we are

I am descending . descending .

2nd Pers .,tunutar-e clth-e

,tame utar- o chh- o

, you are

thou art descending. descending .

3rd Pers .,te utar-e chh- e, teo utar- e chh- e, they are

he is descending. descending .

This tense has also the meaning, ‘ I descend,’ &c. In

54 GUJARETI GRAMMAR .

the N egative, the Present Participle with nathi is use

instead of the tense as above given ; as,bunutarto - ti

tun) nathi , I do not descend.

’

(b) Imperfect (Vartmdn Bln'

i t) .

Formed by adding the Past Tense of hovun to th

Present Participle.

lst,2nd

,and 3rd Person.

S ing. P lur.

m .,bun, &c., utarto hato . ame

,&c.

,utartci liatzi .

f. , hurt, &c.,utarti bati . ame, &c.,

utarti hati .

n .,bun

,&c.

,utartunhatur

’

i . ame,&c., utartdn haldfi.

M eaning I, &c., was descending.

’

N egative— liun

,&c.

, uta/rto nahoto, I was not descending

(c) Future Gerundial

Formed from the Gerund or Infinitive by adding tl

postposition -no, m .-ui

,f. m un, n .,

to the oblique forand appending the present of\/ chha.

S ing. P lur.

lst Pers.,m .

, hun utarvdno ame utarvdnd chh'

ie, &c.

chhur’

i,I am about to

descend.

The rest of the persons are formed quite regularly, insimilar way. h

TH E VE RB . 55

(d) Past Gerundial (Bhavishyabhut).Formed by adding the past tense ofhovnfi to the posses

sive form ofthe gerund, as in the preceding tense .

lst,2nd, and 3rd Person.

S ing. P lar.

m .,hunutarvcino hato, &c. ame utarc ncZ hata

,&c.

Meaning 1 was about to descend, ’ &c.

(e)P resent Perfect (Bhutavartmdn) .Formed by adding the present of J oli/La to the Past

Participle.S ing. P lur.

1st Pers ., m ., bun utaryo ame ntarga chhz‘

e, we havechhun, I have descended. descended.

2md Pers .,m ., tun utaryo tame ntarga chho

, you have

chhe, thou hast descended. descended.

3rdPers .,m .

,te utaryo chhe, teo utaryd chhe, they have

he has descended. descended.

For the fem . and neut., the utargo becomes utari and

utaryuii respectively in the S ing ,and utari and utarydfi

in the Plur. (With this and the Pluperfect tense comparethe French ‘ Je suis allé,

’

and our‘ I am come, ’ for I

have come.’

(f) Pluperfect (Dvitvabhiit).Formed by adding the Past of hovun to

ticiple.

56 GuJAREri GRAMMAR .

lst, 2nd and 3rd Person.

S ing. P lur.

m .,bun, &c.,

utaryo hato . ame, &c., ntarga hata.

f., hur

‘

i, &c., utari hati. ame, &c., utari hati .

n., bun, &c.,

utaryunbatu‘

r‘

i. ame, &c., atarganhata

‘

n.

Meaning—J I had descended, ’ &c.

(9 ) Second PerfectFormed from the Pluperfect Participle by adding the

Present of chha .

S ing. P lur.

lst Pers., m, ,huff, utarelo ame utarela chhie.

chhur’

i .

2md Pers., m ., tun utarelo tame utarela chho .chhc.

3rdPers .,m teutarelo chhe. teo utareld chhe.

The Fem. and N eut . are formed by changing the terminations ofthe Participle as above inMeaning I am in- the- state-of-having-descended

i e., I have descended,’ &c.

(h) Second Pluperfect Tense

Formed as the Second Perfect, substituting hato, &c.,

for chhun.

When expressing in language strong, ifnot courteous, his admiration (P) for these ponderous names (the analysis of which is, however,easy), I trust the student will remember that I am not guilty of

inventing them . They may help him if he is reading with a native

Pandit.

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58 GuJARAri GRAMMA R .

m eanings, as already given. A few,however

,are used in

m ore than one acceptation,and need perhaps a few words

ofexplanation.

I . The A orist is so called because of its indefiniteness.

I t is very much m ore unlim ited ’in its use than is the

tense in Greek, from whence the English word is derived.

Generally, the Gujarati Aorist m eans may, as Hunavun,

I may com e . ’ I t also asks a question,in which we would

translate it by the form of the English Future, as Hun

niklu‘

nsun Shall I or May I go out ? It m oreoverimplies a wish ; and

,when (as frequently) followed by to or

some similar particle, m ay be translated by the subjunctivewith if; as, Te jay, to hurt avis, Ifhe go , then I shallcome.

’

But it very frequently , especially in the historical style ,has a p ast sense, generally meaning used to ,

’and denoting

a state of things continuing for som e time,o r m ore fre

quently a regularly repeated action . In this case some

past tense before the A orist shows that it has this sense .E .g.

,in the following sentences

,in which the Past Inde

finites, which precede , fix the m eaning of the A oristsE adhikdrio rdj dne sdrri khedutp dsethi vaj e vas iil kartfi ,

vep a‘

ripa'

sethi malupar j akdt leta Rdj d sarvup ar

up arip anun rdkhine p raj dno insc’

if kare ; khun kare, tenesane chadave ane chorndnkdnddnkape, p an halkd gunluikarncirp dsethi dandaj le.

‘ These officials used to collect,on the king

’

s behalf, the revenue from the husbandmen,

exact custom -dues from the traders The king,re

taining the oversight over all, did (i.s . used to do) justice

THE VERB . 59

towards his subj ects ; (if any one) comm itted murder, hewould hang him on a stake (impale him), and he used to

cut of the hands of thieves at the wrist ; m oreover, beenacted a fine from those who committed slight offences.

’

2. The Past Indefinite might also be called the Con

tinuative, since its generaluse is to show a long continuedaction. This also is well exemplified in the above sentence.

3. TheNeut . sing . ofthe Past and Pluperfect Participlesare often used as nouns ; as , tdrun kahelun (or kahyufi )sci /run chhe

,what thou hast said (thy saying) is good.

’

4 . The Connective Participle is like ourPart . in having

as, Rdj c’

i tene j oine nilrli gayo , ‘ the king,having seen him ,

went out .

’ When two finite verbs are in English con~

nected by and,

’the first ofthem is often expressed by this

Participle in Gujarati, the conjunction being omitted.

9 . Negatives attached to Verbs .

It is convenient to treat these Adverbs here . The

N egatives in Gujarati are—Main, na, na , nathi, and nahi

(also written nah/in)Man o r nut is p rohibitive, and is used after the Impera

tive Present and Future as, B iho ma, fear ye not. ’

Nd our N o ,’ in answering a question in the negative .

(But nd kehev-i is ‘ to

Na is prefixed to the A orist and 2nd Future also to thePast Tense of hovun, in which case the two words are

written as one,and na hato becom es nahoto very fre

quently, though not necessarily .

60 GUJARAri GRAMMAR .

Nathi is used as the negative of chhun,chhe, It is

used only with the Pres. and Pres . Perf. , and then changesthe verb in the way shown in the annexed examples : e.g.

,

te vanche chhe,‘ he is reading ; ’ te vdn

’

chto nath/i,

‘ he is

not reading tame chdlyd chho,‘

you have walked ; tame

chdlyd nathi, you have no t walked.

’

Nahi may be used everywhere except in the Present andPresent Perfect tenses, and generally follows the verb .

When prefixed it gives particular emphasis, and oftengives to the A orist a future negative signification . In the

same way nathi may be prefixed in the Present and PresentPerfect tenses to strengthen the negative as, hurt avinanti

Ira/run chhun, I make this request hurt a vih anti nathi

karto ,‘ I do not make this request ; ’ Kaine vina

‘

s nathi

thayo, No one at all has perished.

’

10. The Transitive Verb.

This is conjugated exactly according to the model givenunder Intransitives, excep t that (with a few exceptions) ‘

The principal ofwhich are

A dvil/ii , to impede. J itvun‘

, to conquer.A dalcvuri , to touch. Jamuan, to eat.

B abadvun, L dvari , to bring.

or to prate. M alvun, to get.

B adbadvun, P dmvun, to gain.

B hanvun, to learn . Samaj vuii , to understand.

B hulvun, to forget. S ite /wart, to learn.

B /zetvun, to embrace. Vadvun‘

,to adore.

B olvun, to say. Valagvun, to embrace.

Chukvuri, to finish .

These verbs, thgigh transitive, retain the Subject in the Abso luteform.

THE VERB . 61

the Subj ect of the verb,in the Preterite and all tenses

formed from it, is put in the Agentialform , i.e. has the

postposition -e attached to its oblique state . In thesetenses the verb agrees in gender and number with thelogicalobj ect, and in case too, unless the object be governedby the postposition -ne.

Taking as our example, therefore , the verb Rah/wan, to

keep ,’ we have in these tenses

(a) Preterite .S ing. P lur.

1st Pers ., men rdhhyun, I ame rdkhyun, we kept.kept.

2ud Pers.,tenc khyuTi , thou tame rdhhyun, you kept.

kept .

3rd Pers., tene rah/Lynn, he teoc rdhhgur’

i , they kept.kept .Examp le

-Tene nagar vasdvyun, He built a city (orliterally, He caused a city to be inhabitedThe Past Participle in Transitive Verbs has really a

“

Passive signification, and we m ight perhaps understandthe construction better if we rendered the sentence, The

city was built by him .

’But the form of this Participle,

agreeing as it does with that of Intransitive Verbs,and

differing from that ofall formations from the Passive S tem(ride 12

, p . as well as the fact that the Agentialformofa noun or pronoun cannot beused with the passive,—all,

this compels us to call this and similar tenses active.

62 GUJARAri GRAMMAR.

The Subj ect ofthe Verb in this construction is put inthe oblique form,

and has the postposition -e attached to it.The Obj ect is generally (unless when at a distance from the

verb) in the Absolute form if it denotes a thing : if it

implies a living creature, but no t a p erson,it frequently

remains in the A bsolute form,but no t uncommonly is put

in the Oblique with -ne z if it is the proper or commonname ofa p erson, the Object is usually in the Oblique formwith -ne attached. A s the p ostposition -ne also denotesthe indirect object, in some sentences it occurs with bothmeanings .

A study of the following examples will probably makethe practical application ofthis clear.

(1) Verb agreeing with object in gender, number and

case

E bdie vagaddmdn dahddd hahddyd,‘ That lady passed

her days in the wilderness .

’H ere hahc’idyd is A bsolute,

p l. m .,to agree with dahddd.

Again z—E nagarman tene rdjdhdni hari , In that cityhe fixed the seat ofgovernment.

’

Here the verb kari isf.,

to agree with the logical object rdj dhdni, which is Abs ,

sing.fem .

(2) V erb agreeing in gender andnumberwith the object,but no t in case

Tene. e rdj cie p ahadyo, That king seiz ed him .

’H ere

p akadyo is mas c. sing.,to agree with tene, him

,

’but is in

the Absolute, while tene is in the Oblique form with -ne.

Again z—TeneRdnine rdnmdnnasddi m i hi, He removed

THE VERB . 63

the queen into a forest. ’ Here the verb muki (the finiteportion of the compound) is in the fem. sing , agreeingwith the object Rani in this, though not in case, as Raniis in the oblique with -ne.

(3) Verb in neuter impersonal, the obj ect being a

sentenceRajac vichdryul

’

i he have to valhat avgo , ‘ The king

thought that now the time was come .

’

H ere the sentenceHave to valchat dvgo is the real object, and it is treated as

a neuter.

(b) Present Perfect.S ing. P lur.

lst Pers ., menrdkhyun chhe, ame rdhhyun chhe, we haveI have kept. kept.

2nd Pers .,tenrdhhyun chhe, tamerdkhyunchhe, you have

thou hast kept . kept .

3rdPers .,tene rdhhyunchhe, teoe rdhhyunchhe, they have

be has kept. kept.The construction is exactly similar to that j ust explained.

(c) Pluperfect .S ing.

lst Pers.,men rdhhyun

tun,I had kept .

2nd Pers .,ten rdhhyun

tun, thou hadst kept.

3rd Pers .,tene rdhhyun

tun, he had kept.

P lnr.

ame rdhhyun hatun, we hadkept.

tame rdhhyun hatun, you

had kept .

teoc rdkhyun hatur‘

i,they

had kept.

Gt GuJARArr GRAMMAR .

11. Irregular Verbs.

The Irregular V erb s in Gujarati are very few indeed,and the only irregularities in even these that really needattention are in the formation of the Past Participle (including the tenses formed from it) . The following listcontains all such verbs

I nfinitive. Past Particip le. P lup erf. P art.

B esvun, to sit betho , - i,-ur

°i bethel- o , -i

,-nu.

B ihivur‘

i, to fear biny- o ,

- i,-un (& bidho) binel- o , -i

,-un.

B ekhvan, to see ditko , &c. dithelo, &c.

D evan,* to give didho , &c. didhelo , &c.

(Conn . Part . daine.)

H ovun, to be . hato,&c.

Javur’

i, to go gayo, gai, gayunf gayelo , &c.

(Conn . Part. jaine.)

Karvun, to do kidho , &c. (orregular) kidhelo (orreg ).

Khavan, to eat khddho , &c. khddhelo,&c.

L evun, to take lidho , &c. lidhelo, &c.(Conn. Part . laine.)

Marvan, to die muo, &c. muelo (or

Ndsvun, to flee natho , &c. ndthelo , &c.

P esvur’

i, to rush in p ezho, &c. p ethelo , &c.

P ivan, to drink p idho, &c. p idhelo, &c.

Suvun, to sleep suto,&c. suelo, &c.

Fut. hundais, &c.

1‘ But) te jaya [care chhe, ‘ he is accustomed to go :

’

see Fro

quentatives (p . 76, I L ,

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66 G UJARA'

rI GRAMMAR.

(b) Javun,‘to go .

’S tem , j d.

A oris t.Sing. P lur.

lst Pers., j ciuii j aie j ais, j aée, &c.

2ud Pers ., j ay j ao

3rd Pers ., j ay gay

(c) The D efective Joie, ‘ it is needful.’

A orist,both numbers , all persons , j oie.

Fut. j oiée.

P as t Subj . j oiyat.Pres . Part.

, j o it- o , -i,

-ui’

i,&c.

Imp erfect, j oito hato, &c.

The construction ofsentences with this verb is as in the

examp le, ‘Maire a chop di j oie,’ ‘ I want this book

,

’or

This book is needful to me.

’

(d) Kahevuii orKehevun,&c.

and Rehevuii , o r Rahevun,‘to re

main,’make in the A orist Kehe andR ehe &c. respectively ,

and in the Past Part . Kokyo &c. and Rahgo &c.

It should also be noticed that,ifthe stem ofa verb ends

in 3,this letter is changed to s (Qt to Q1) whenever it is

followed by i or y as,besvun

, t o sit,

’ Conn . Part. hes’

ine ;

vasvun,‘ to dwell,’ Past Part. vasyo ; ndsvun

,

‘to flee

,

’

Conn). Part. ndsine (though ndsine is also found) , &c.

Kehevuii,‘to say ;

THE VERB . 67

12. P assive Voice (Sakyabhed or Sahyabhed) .

The general rule for the formation of the Passive is toadd as to the s tem of the Active to form the P ass ive s tem

,

and then attach to the new s tern thus p roduced the same

terminations as are employed in the A ctive. E .g.,lakh

vnr‘

i , to write,

’

A ctive stem ,lahh ; Passive stem ,

lahh-d

1st Pers. Sing . A orist Passive,lakhc

’

iun, &c.

But for the sake ofeuphony, and to secure ease in articu

lation,this rule undergoes a few slight m odifications in

certain instances

(1) Ifthe vowela occur in the ultimate or penultimatesyllable of the A ctive stem , this long vowel is shortened

into it before the addition of the Passive stem -affix -cZ ; as,

Vcip a/r-vun

,to use Passive stem , va

’

p ard

(2) If the stem of the A ctive end in a vowel, or in h

preceded by a vowel, the syllable -vd is added,instead of

m erely -d,to form the Passive stem as

, p i-vun, to drink ,

’

stem p i Passive stem p ivc’

i If,however

, the finalvowel ofthe A ctive stem be -a, this is shortened (in agreem ent with Rule 1) before the addition ofthe vet as

, gavun,

to sing,’A ctive stem gd

’

,Passive stem gd

’

vd.

The logical subject ofPassive verbs, i.e. the doer of theaction implied by them ,

is put in the oblique case followedby

-thi (NEVER in the oblique followed by - e) as, Rdj dthi

e ham hardyun,‘that work was done by the Rays.

E 2

68 GUJARATi GRAMMAR .

I .—Passive ofthe Transitive Verb.

Infinitive A ct. B ekhvan, to see Stem, Act. D ekh‘

.

A orist.S ing. P lur.

1st Pers .,hun dekhn

‘

au,I ame dehhdic

,we may seem,

may seem,or may be seen. or may be seen .

2nd Pers .,tundehhdy,

* &c. tame dehhdo,&0 .

3rd Pers .,te &c. teo dehhdy,

* &c.

Present.S ing. P lur.

lst Pers ., hun dehha'

un ame dehhc‘

iie chhie, &c.

chhun, &c.

Future.S ing. Plur.

lst Pers .,hurt dehhdié. ame dekhdisun

,&c.

2nd Pers .,tafit dekhase or

dehhdis, &c.

Preterite.—lst, 2nd, 3rd Pers .

S ing. P lur.

M .,dehhdyo f., dehhai dehhdyd, dekhcii, dehha

’

gdfi .

n.,dehhdyun.

JSee above, 5, p . 52, no. and no te ; also p. 65,

THE VERB . 69

Infinifive dehhdvun.

Past Part. dehha-

yo ,- i,

Present Part. dekhcit- o , -i,an.

A gentialPart. dekhdnar- o,-i,.

-un; andindecl.,dehhdncir.

Gerundive dekhdv- o ,- i,

-uii .

Pluperf. Part. dekhdyel- o ,

- i,-nuordchhdel-o ,

-i,

-un.

'

f

Connective Part. dehhdine, dekhaii .It is unnecessary to give paradigms of all the tenses

length, as their formation will now be readily underst 30d.

Instead of the Preterite Passive, one of two circum

locutions may be used. (1) The Past Participle of the

A ctive, followed bv the Preterite of j avan,‘to go ;

’as

,

te mardgo or te mcirgo gayo, he was killed ’or struck.

’

(2) The Oblique Infinitive with men, followed by the

P resent or Past, &c.,of the verb a

'

vavun'

,

‘ to com e ; ’ as,

E vas tu j ovdmcin civi,

‘that thing was seen

,

’—literally,came into seeing. This latter construction may be usedwith all tenses ; as, A vat kehevcima

'

n arse,‘ this story

will be told.

’It is very frequently met with in Parsi

Gujarati .

13. II. P ass ive ofthe I ntransitive Verb.

Intransitive verbs are not unfrequently used in the

if D ialectical ly dehkanan’ . This form (m . no,f. n i, neut. nun)

also used in the Preterite.

1“ A s in the Active, the indeclinable form (delchdel) is also used.

70 GUJARAri GRAMMAR .

passive voice . This willnot appear strange to the classicalstudent who has, in his boyhood, had his ambition roused,let us hope, by such phrases as

,S ic itar ad astra.

”A s

in Latin, however, the Intransitive Verb exists in the

Passive only in the third p erson singular. With this

exception, the Intransitive Verb forms its Passive just as

does the Transitive. E g

(A ct. Infin .,Avavun, to come

Pass. Infin.,Avcivun.

A orist Andy.

Present Avay chhe.

Present Participle Avi - to , -ti, - tui”

i.

Past Participle Ava-

yo ,- i, -

yun'

.

Future Avdse.

Pluperf. Participle Avdcl- o,

- i,

-un.

Agent . Participle Avdndr- o,-i, -uii , &c.,

(This verb does not shorten the a ofthe Active stem .)

Ofcourse some ofthese tenses and forms are very rarelyused. The tense of most frequent o c

currence is the

Preterite.The Passive ofIntransitives has generally , especially in

the negative, the idea of p ossibility or the reverse ; as,

marathi j avciyun nahi,‘ I t was not gone by me

,

’ Icould not go .

’

B ut this meaning is also frequent withthe passive ofTransitives also.J Sometimes also the negative passive implies that a thing

THE VERB . 71

ought no t to be ; as,Evan kahevay nahi,

‘one should

no t say so .

’

14 . The Causative Verb (Prekarbhed) .

The Causative Verb is very common in Gujarati, as it isin every Indian language ofSanskrit origin. I ts meaningand use may be illustrated from the scanty remains in our

own language of similar forms . For instance, from ‘to

s it,’we form the Causative ‘ to set,

’

i.e.

‘to cause to sit ;

’

from ‘to fall

,

’the Causative is ‘

to fell,’ i.e.

‘ to cause tofall ;

’from ‘

to rise,’we have the Causative ‘

to raise . ’

So in Gujarati, from besvun, to sit,

’comes besadvur’ i, ‘ to

cause to sit ;’from lakhvun

,

‘ to write,’ we have lakh dvava ii

, to cause to write,

’ ‘to dictate . ’

The rules for the formation of the Causative stem (for,when the stem is known

,we conjugate the verb quite

regularly) are the following(I ) If the stem of the simple verb is intransitive and

m onosyllabic, and if its vowel is it, two causatives may beV

form ed from it : one by llengthening the a into a— this

merely renders the verb transitive : the other by adding

the term ination

The final a is, native grammarians would say, existent at the

end of the stem of the simple verb too in the infin .,and before all

consonantal endings except those of the Past Participle. A ccordingto them we should have lahha vun,

lakha to, &c. But, while omittingthe a in such cases, I have inserted it here, because it is audible

between the two v’

s ofthe Caus . Infin.

GuJARAri GRAMMAR.

E .g .,val

- run, st. val,

‘ to turn,

’intr. : lst Caus. veil

vun,to bend,

’trans ; 2nd Caus. valdva-vui

i

,

‘to cause to

turn.

’

Ifsuch a verb is originally transitive, it takes only thesecond form of the Causative ; as, lahh-vaii ,

‘to write ; ’

lakha’

vavur’

i,to cause to write.’

(2) Ifthe stem ofthe simple verb have in its last syllablethe vowela

,this is shortened to a before the caus ative

affix, which is frequently in such cases -civa,but may also

be did ; as, j dn-vun,

‘to know ; fanava-vun

,

‘to cause to

know chdhh-vun,

‘to taste ; chakhdd-vuii ,

‘to cause to

taste .

(3) Ifthe stem of the simple verb has any vowel excepta or a in its last syllable

,its Causative is usuallv formed

by adding -dd, but som etimes -varciva or -dva . The firstofthese terminations becomes -vdd when the last letter of

the stem is a. vowel. E .g., besvnii,

‘ to sit ,’caus. besad

vun ; te-vun,‘ to take

,

’

caus. levdd-vur‘

i or levardva-vun.*

From some causatives a second causative may be formedby reduplicating the causative ending and observing rule(2) above ; as, kar-vun , to do

,

’caus. hardva-vun,

‘to

cause to do 2nd caus. karavdva-vun kar ava

This last term .-vardva is really a double causative, i.e. it is

composed ofm aid (with the d changed to r) the term .-a

‘

va, the a?

of the former being shortened by rule (2) above. The term .«aid is

the samewhich sometimes occurs as -lai in Urdu (bithlcind for bithand) ,and as -d! or -dl in Panjabi (bithalnd).

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74 GUJARATI GRAMMAR .

one idea. The signification ofthe second part ofthe comw

pound is practically lost, but its use strengthens that of

the first portion . The compound“

is formed by taking theshortened form of the Connective Particip le

i“of the first

verb and attaching to it one of the following auxiliaries,

ndr‘

ikhvun, devuii, dpvuii , j avan, p advun’

, p ddvun, sahuan’

,

chuhvur’

i,rehevun

,hddhvun, levan, duavan, valvan, valvun

'

,

-according to the sense required to be exp ressed. Theymay be tabulated in the following manner1. P o tential.— Formed by attaching salovuii to the

shortened Connective Participle ; as,lakhvu

'

r‘

i,‘ to write

,

’

Conn. Part . , lakhi -ne ; Compound, lakhi sahvun, ‘to be

able to write .’ S o also j ovun, ‘to see ; j o i sahvun,

‘to

be able to see,

’&c. E .g., te ncino chhokro vcifichi sake

chhe suit ? Can that little boy read ? ’ Sakvuii may be

used in the p assive when necessary ; as,Temthi p dchhun

dvi sahdyur‘

i nahi,

‘they could not return .

’

2. Comp letive.—Formed by adding chuhvur

‘

i , to finish,

‘

to the sam e part ofthe principalverb ; as, khi van, to eat ;

samjavavun, to causehhdi chuhvun,‘to finish eating ;

to understand ; ’ samj di chuhvun,‘to finish explaining.

’

E .g . , ma'

ro hutro te mans khai chuhyo chhe,‘ my dog has

finished eating that m eat .

’

3. Intensitive.— These are formed in the same way as

the preceding, but the second part of the compound may

A s in B raj Bhasha andWestern Panjabi, no t the s tern of the

verb as in Hindi.

THE vERB . 75

be devan, dpvuii, nciiikhvun,kddhvun, valvuii , p ddvun,

levun, as the meaning to be expressed may require . For

example, marvar‘

i is to strike,

’ but mciri ndnkhvun (Urdu

wt}; Lo) is to strike down,

’i .e. to kill;

’

p aivun,‘to cause

to drink ;’

p di devun,‘to give to drink ; ’ muhvun, ‘ to

put m i hi nankhvun,

‘to put down at once

,

’ ‘throw

down, ’ &c. When devar‘i or dpvun are used in the secondpart ofsuch compounds, the idea of doing something for

some one, do ing a kindness to some one,is generally im

plied. When levun is used,the sense of takingfor one

’

s

own advantage is understood in English ; as, Te bddédh

H indus tan Jiri L EVANE dvyo , That king came to conquer(and take possession of) India.

’

S imilar compounds are formed with intransitive as wellas transitive auxiliaries . For example, Te rdni rogi thai

gai chhe,‘ That queen has become ill Taro gbodo

saglui‘

i p dni p i gayo, Thy horse drank up all the water.

’

(The idea underlying such compounds will be best seen bytranslating idiomatically thus, That queen has gone and

go t ill;’ ‘ thy horse has gone and drunk all the water.)

The use of dvavun is som ewhat similar ; as,Te chOp di

lakhdvi avo,‘ having caused that book to be written, come .’

II .—False Comp ounds .

These are of various kinds, but the m ost important are

those mentioned below. They cannot be regarded as true

compounds, because the two verbs do not becom e one inm eaning as in the examples given above.

76 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

1 . F requentatives .— Formed by afiixing harvufi

,

‘ to

make,

’to do

,

’to the oblique form of the Past Participlef

l<

as in U rdu. The latter remains unchanged throughout,while the auxiliary is conjugated in the usual manner.

Example — bolyci karvun, ‘ to be in the habit ofspeakingmarya

‘

karvun, to be in the habit of beating .

’E .g.

,Te

mehetdj i sadd chhohrdone bhandvya’

hare chhe,‘ That

schoolmaster is always in the habit ofteaching the b oys .

’

2. Continuatives .—Formed by adding to the Present

Participle ofany verb any part ofthe verbs j avun, dvavuu,or rehevun

,as the case may be ; as, bolto (m . ,

- i f., o unn .)rehevun,

‘ to keep on talking ;’vdr

‘

ichto -i,

-ur"

i ) dvavufi ,‘to come along reading :

’

as, A sansdr j ato’

rahe chhe,

this world is passing away ; ’ Te chalto jay chhe,‘ he is

going

it In reality the form used is an indeclinable gerund,but for con

venience the above method ofdescribing it may be permitted.

CHAPTER VI .

INDECL INAB L ES (Avyay) .

In Gujarati, Adverbs, Postpositions, ConjunctionsInterjections do not admit ofdeclension.

1. I. A dverbs (Kriyav1seshan) .

The adverb , as a general rule, precedes the wordwhich itqualifies ; as

,Te indnas ihafi rahe chhe

, that man dwellshere .’

A s in German, any adj ective may become an adverb inuse

,i.e. may be used adverbially, but in such cases it

generally agrees with the subject of the verb in gender,

number and case, ifit belongs to the class of Adjectiveswhich adm it (Cap. I II 1) of declension. ExampleA chhohro saro vdiiche chhe, p an teni behen sari vdnchti

nathi,‘ This boy reads well, but his sister does not read

well.’ Occasionally, however, the adjective in such sen

tenoes is put in the absolute singular neuter and is used as

an ordinary adverb .

From the Pronouns A, E , Je, Te, Kc, Adverbs are formeddenoting manner, place and time, in the following way

78 GuJARATi GRAMMAR.

A, This . aim , in this way. anhi, here. tij , to -day.

E,That . em ,

thus. ahin,hydn, here. atycire, then.

Je, Who . j em, j yam,in j ydr

’

i,where . gyare, when .

which way.

Te, That . tern, tyam,thus . tyne, there. tydre, then.

Ke,Who ? hyam,hem , how? kydu, where 9 hydre, when

Others formed from the sam e Pronouns are — Tdr“

ihdn,

Tahin,‘there Kcir

’

ihdii,Kali-iii

,where ? ’ &c.

Such adverbs, and m ore especially those of p lace and

time, are often governed by the postposition -no , m . ;-ui

,

f. -nui'

i , n. , and the compound thus formed is used as a

declinable adjective e.g .

,Teo tyafina lokomdnmali gayd,

They m ingled am ong the people (of there) ofthat place . ’

[Cf. o i vfiv d udpwn or, 6 del. Baack eue, in Greek, and in

English, The then King ofFrance made a

2. Adverbs, like Adjectives in Gujarati, do not undergoany change to express the Comparative and Superlativedegrees , but these are denoted in the sam e way as withadjectives .

‘ The more the m ore ’ (Latin, tanto quanta ;

cc quo ) is expressed by Je-m j em tern tern ; as,

Jem jem niche utartci j aie, tem tem j hcidi vadhdre dvati

j dy chhe,‘ The farther down one goes (we go ) , the m ore

abundant does the brushwood becom e .’

The word harine, Connective Participle of the verbkarvun,

‘to do ,

’is often used in an adverbial sense ; as

,

ghana h harine,‘ often ; ’ tene harine, ‘

therefore hathe

INDECL INA B L ES . 79

karine,

‘ manually, ’ ‘ by hand.

’The following use of the

word may conveniently be inserted here z— Teno p abeloraij d Vikrdm karine thai gayo , ‘ Its first king was called

V ikram .

’Te desne hamud llIalabdr karine kahe chhe,

That country they now name Malabar.

’

Foreign (chiefly A rabic and Persian) phrases are,in a

corrupted form,introduced into Gujarati, and there treated

as simple adverbs ; as,belds

’

ah (di g ih) , ‘ doubtless ;I I

bingunhe (9

3. I may be allowed in this place to notice a somewhatcurious usage of the negative adverb no hi. I t is wellexemplified in the following sentence z— P anj db desnd

lokond satyagunni vdt temnd granthomanthij mdli'

zm

pade chhe,— etlufij nahi, p an bija desond loho te des’

ni

s’

obhci j ovd sci/runavatahatci, The report ofthe excellenceofthe people of the country of the Panjab is known not

from their own books (lit. falls known through theirbooks,—no t s o , but), but [from the accounts of] people of otherlands [who ] used to come for the sake ofs eeing the beautyofthat region.

’

Sentences similar to this in their use of

the negative— asserting a thing for the purpose ofstronglycontradicting the assertion immediately after and thus

s trengthening the negative—are common .

The adverb j ydre,‘ when

,

’ is frequently and elegantlyom itted (vide under Conjunctions) as , te rdj d mari gayo ,

tyere tend birdie réfhidba h’

, When that king died, thenhis brother reigned.

’

80 GUJARAri GRAMMAR.

§ 4 . II . P o stp ositions (Namyogi).

Except the simple and genuine Postpositions, ~ne,

-e,

- thi , - thalfi, -vati, -no -ui m un,main

,all the rest were

originally nouns in the locative case. In consequence o f

this they (1) possess gender, and (2) require the obliquecase of-no ,

-ni,

-nuii,to interpose between them and the

noun they govern. Frequently, however, this p ossessivepostposition may be omitted, though when not expressedit is understood. E .g., s tithe,

‘along with ; ’ te s ipai

-ui

sdthe,‘along with that sepoy ; ’ d riti-nip ramdne, ora

riti p ramdne, according to this m ethod.

’

The gender ofsom e postpositions varies in different partsofGujarat.The subjoined lists will show which ofthe Postpositions

require -nci (m . and n. obl. of-no) before them,which -ui

and which -ne (m . and n. locative of -no ) . If the same

postposition occurs in more than one list, it will showthat both usages are allowable.

Requiring -nc‘

i.

sudhi

sarhhun

maline

sivdy

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82 GUJA RATi GRA MMAR .

west bhani,direction, towards

,

’and mi

, pl. obl. ofno ,

agreeing with deéo . It might have been even longer,P aéchimnibhaninc

’

i . Sometimes such compounds of a

noun and a postposition receive the adjectival [cap . viii.,

l, p . 92 term ination -10

,-l77

,Jan; as , Pachhi Yurop

khandmafihela Yanandeéno S ikandar bddéah éumdfre sava

be haj dr varasp ar Hindustan j iti levane avg/o , Formerly ,

two -and-a-quarter thousand years ago in number,Alexan

der, king of the land- of-Greece,which-is- in-the- continent

of-Europe—ltt. king of the Europe-continent-within- (adj .

term .) Greece-land—came to conquer India.

’

In a sentence denoting mo tion to a p lace, there is nopostposition required ; as

,Te ghar gayo ,

‘ he went to the

house.’ If the noun denoting the place to which motionoccurs ends in a consonant

,in -0 o r in 4

,its form undergoes

no alteration ; but ifit end in -d or -u,these terminations

changed to -e ; as,Te loko Khandale gayd chhe

,those

people have gone to Khandala.

’

6. Use of the s imp le Postp ositions .

The simple orp rop er Postpositions, besides their generaland obvious uses

,which require no remark, are employed

idiomatically in some instances, as will be seen from the

examples given below.

(1) —N o -ni, m un) often denotes the material of whicha thing is composed ; e.g . ,

J ghar ldkddnufi bandhdelufi

chhe,this house is built ofwood.

’

It is also occasionally employed to denote the time of an

INDECL INABL E S. 83

action ; as,Te raja

'

sava'

rno j age chhe, that king awakensin the m orning.

’

(Cf. Greek W i nds and German fillergené .)It is used as of in English in such phrases as S indhno

malak, the country of S indh.

’

Also in such constructions as, A.

p andit budakino chdlahchhe, This Pandit is quick ofcomprehension.

’

(2) -Thi, besides denotingfrom in all its m eanings , alsodenotes than in comparison ; as, Te chhokro mam bhd'Z thI

m oto thayo,‘ That boy grew bigger than my brother.

’

A lso the instrument with which a thing is done ; as,

bhdlcithi,

‘ with a spear.

’Also cause through which ; as

,

E bdidt dhap thifrogi that gai,

‘ That woman became illthrough the heat.

’Also the agent after a pass ive verb ;

as,Tena

‘

thi e deé badho j itdyo nahi, All that country wasno t conquered by him .

’I t also means since ; as

,Tran

varasthi’

te a"

nagafrmdfi fvase chhe, He has lived in this

city for the last three years .

’-Th77 is also used with verbs

offeaftng ; as, Hunraj cithi bidho, I feared the king.

’

(3) -Mc77‘

i,besides meaning in and into, has also the

sense of on ; as, Magat tena'

mathamafi hato,The crown

was on his head.

’The difference (when there is any)

between -ma‘

ft and -e in its locative sense is that the

former m eans in or into and the latter at, though the

latter has also the meaning of in . (In nouns of Class I . ,

however [ch . ii., 5, p . this termination never has

any but an agentialm eaning.)

(4) -E .— Except in the case mentioned above

,this term i

nation has two senses, (l) a locative, and (2) an agential.

F 2

84 GuJAREri GRAMMAR .

I n the former instance it is doubtless derived from the

Sanskrit locative, in the latter from the Sanskrit insira

mental case , which in nouns ofthe lst Class m . term inates

in -ena sivas, nom ., sivena, H ence som eGujarati scholars write the postposition -e as -en in this

agential significance .When the termination -e is locative, or denotes anything

but the agential relation, ifthe noun to which it is attachedbe preceded by a declinable adjective o r a noun with thep ostposition -no

,m . (or m un, this is also put in the

locative ; as,Temne lrabj e, ‘ in their grasp ; ’ bij e varase,

next year.

’

But when the -e is agential this does no t take place ;as, Prahhunadate mane kahyur

’

i,‘ The angel of the Lord

said unto me ;’B dbarne tena ba

‘

pe bhandvyo hato , ‘ His

father had taught Babar.

’

This postposition - e has a large number of variet ies o f

significance, som e ofwhich willbe learnt from thefollowingsentence * ' —Menmare kathe tene mdthe p aghdi bandhi,

I with my own hand bound the p agg'i on his head.

’I t

denotes instrument, cause, measure of time, p rice, location ,

&c. When it denotes at or in it may, like man, befollowedby

-thi ,°as, te nisdlethi nikalyo, he came out of school.’

7. III. Conj unctions (V iikyayogi or Ubhayanvayi).These require little remark, though some few of them

Quoted from Taylor’s ‘ Gujarati Bbashanufi Vyakaran, ’ p. 37,79 .

INDECL INABL E S . 85

have peculiarities ofuse. For instance, he and athea bothmean or,

’but the former is used between nouns or single

words, the latter between sentences ; as, Rafa ke mm,

‘

the king or the queen ; ’ but Te a ham karse, athva, j o

hari na sakse, to mari j ase, He willdo this work, or, ifhe

cannot, then he willdie.

’

Instead of ane, and,’the shorter form us is often used.

This latter is distinguished from the postposition of the

same form by the fact that the conjunction is not attachedto the p receding word in writing and does not

,of coursse

require the oblique form ofthe word which precedes it.If the former of two sentences connected with one

another begins with j o , ‘ if,

’ expressed or understood (forit

,like j ydre, when

,

’ is often understood), the latter

sentence must begin with to,then as

, (Jo) te do se, to

knit j aié,‘ If he comes, then I shall go .

’So also

, if the

former sentence contains such a word as kaddp i, haddchit

perhaps,’the latter must begin with to, ta thdp i

o r top an,

‘ then,

’ ‘

yet .

’

! c,

‘that,

’ is used in quoting the words of a speaker,and is followed by the oratio recta .

8. IV . Interj ections (Kevalprayogi) .

These require no special remark,being used in Gujarati

much as such words are in other languages . A few ofthe

m ost comm on are —0,e, re, are, ere

, oy, ali, alyd, rah,

chard, chhi, ah, he, ha’

t,he, &c.

CHAPTER V I I .

11 ) i )G) 4 ) U ) Qo )

z a ; s= .u ; sm ut ; as 11 = °ul 5written thus

33 em .

1.

w

a

v

e;

eh

be

tran

char

.

_p anch

. chha

sat

amna

-

v

das,das

"

(Lgidr

ba'

r

tcr

. chaud

p andar

s ol, sol

satar, sattar

l4

34 .

( as

N UM ERAL S.

I . The Cardinals are

18.

19 .

20.

21.

22.

23.

24 .

25.

26 .

27 .

28.

29 .

30.

31.

32.

aradh, adharoganisvis

ekvis

bauis

trevis

chovis

p achis

chhavr’

s

satta'

vis

ath (th)dvis

oganvis

tris’

,tris

ektris

batris

tetris

chetris

35.

36 .

43.

44 .

48

49 .

The num erical sign s in Gujarati are : 1, it, 3 , ! ,

1, 2, 3, &c. Fractions are

p antris

chha tris

scldt/ is

adt'ris

39 .

40 .

4 1.

oganchdlis

chalis

ektalis

betdlis

t(r)eta! is

chunf

valis

(chufimens)

p is talis

46 .

47 .

chhetdlis

sudtdlis

(sadtdlis)adtdlis

oganp achas

N UME RA L S. 87

50. pachcis

51. ekeirau

52. haivan

trep an

54 . chap an

55. p anchcivan

56. chapp an

5 7 . sattc’

ivan

58. aththcivan

59 . oganscith

60. saith

61. elrsath,

ehseth

62. bcisath,

tresath

64 . chosath

65. p cinsath

66. chhcisath

67 . sadsath

68. adsath

69 . aganoter

(aganoter)70. siter

It will be noticedform is used.

71.

73.

74 .

75.

76 .

78.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84 .

85.

86.

87 .

88.

ilroter

bhoter

(bohoter)toter(toho ter)

chunmo ter

p anchoter

chho ter

sattoter

(sittoter)aththoter

(iththo ter)agnoensi

(Oganydsi)ensi

,heiis i

claiéi,

-cis i,

bcisi

trasi, tycis i

chorasi

p anchcisi

chhcisi

sattcisi

aththa'

si

89 .

90.

91.

93.

94 .

95.

96 .

9 7.

98.

99 .

100.

200.

300.

400.

500.

nevcisi

(neogas i)nevuii

ekdnuii

banun

trdnuii

chordnun

p anchcinun

chhannun

sattcinui'

i

aththcinuh

navanun

(navyanun)s on

, so

baseii

transeii

chcirsefi,

p cinchseft

eh haicir

be haj cir

ldhh

das

lcihh

karod

that in some instances m ore than one

GUJARATI GRAMMAR.

2. 0rdinals .—These ‘

are : lst, pehelo ,- i

,am ; 2nd,

bij o ; 3rd, trij o ; 4th, chotha ; 5th, pcincho ; 6th, chhatho ;7th, scitmo ; 8th, ci thmo ; the ordinals after the 6th beingformed by attaching the ending -mo, -mi

,-mui

’

i,to the

cardinals. The ordinals are regular declinable adjectives .

Multip licatives .—The formation of these will be clear

from the following examples z— bamanun, ‘ double ; ’ tramanur

’

i, treble choganuii,‘ fourfold chhaganur

’

i, six

fold.

’These (the forms I have given being nea t ) , are

declined regularly ; as , dasgan- o

,- i,

-u?i,

‘ten-fold

,

’ &c.

A nother series is formed by adding wadun to the cardinal

1

o

as,berado, - i ,

-un,double

,trevado, - l

,-un, triple, &c.

F ractions — One quarter, pa one half, addho or araho ;three quarters

, p ono one and a quarter, savci ; one and a

half, dodh or dohod one and three quarters, p ond be ; two

and a quarter,savci be ; two and a half

,adhi or had/i ;

three and a quarter, sauci tran; three and a half,scictci

tran four and a half,saidri chair

,&c. S o also 75 may be

expressed by p one so (i.e. i of 100) 250 by adhiser‘

i

(25hundreds) , &c.

The addition of -e to a numeral denotes ‘all

’

; as,tran,

‘ three ; trcirie, all three.’ Both ’is denoted by beu, and

also by bandhs and banne. E he means‘ just one.

’

‘A nd’

between numerals which form part ofone number

is om itted in Gujarati ; as, ch soft tran, ‘one hundred and

three.’

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90 GuJARKri GRAMMAR .

CHAPTER VIII.

FORMATION OF WORDS : COMPOUNDS .

l. The great majority o f words in the Gujaratilanguage are derived from the Sanskrit. I t would be out

of place here to explain the formation of Sanskrit com

pounds,— information which the student may easily obtain,ifhe pleases, from MonierWilliams

’

Sanskrit Grammar,

”

ch . viii., sect. 1. But some words are in Gujarati formedby certain Gujarati affixes, the principalofwhich necessarilyfind a place here.

(a) To denote state,

’-

p an or -

p anu7i is added to adjec

tives or nouns ; as,sagp an,

‘relationship ; brilp an,

‘child

hood ; ’ up arip anun (from up ari,‘ overseer ‘

superin

tendence ncida'

np anun, ignorance .’

(b) To the stems of some verbs and adjectives « ii is

added ; as,murhhcii,

‘ folly ; cha turcii , cleverness,

’ ‘cute

ness .

’

(c) Thej term ination- i has many m eanings, as will be

seen from the following examples —rogi , sick (from rag,

disease ghadicili , a watchmaker ’

(from ghadici ] , a

watch, clock H industani, a native ofH industan.

’

(d) The affix ~iyo , io, yo , aigo, form s adjectives and

nouns ; as,bhzikhyo , hungry (from bhakh); bhomio ,

‘a

guide ; gavaiyo, a singer.’

COMPOUNDS. 9 1

(3) i t, -cit0 , mat, m ate ; as, gamra t

‘confusion ; ’ j ha

p rito , a blast ;’scichvat, truthfulness ; bhogvato , sensual

pleasure .’

( f) 4 74m, want, denote ‘

possessing as, balvcin,

strong dhanvant, wealthy.

’

(g) The addition of -do, -di , forms substantives

and adjectives, originally (and still in many cases) dim ianti-ves as

,min

,

‘a ship

’

(n . in Gujarati, though f. in San

skrit,Latin and Greek) neivdi , a boat nrivcluii , a

large vesse1: ’ lodhan, ‘ iron ; lodhi,

‘an iron bread-

pan

grimdun'

,a small village .’

(h) -Tci, - tva,form abstract nouns as, p avitratci , holi

ness dcis tva,

slavery

(i) -Vcil denotes keeper ; kotvci] ,‘commander of a

fort,

’

police-ofiicer.

’

(j ) -Vri ] a, -vci] i, forms nouns and adjectives ;a s

,vichcirvci lo

,thoughtful; top iva ,

hat-wearer (European) &c. This affix is often added to the latter of two

words closely united together in a sentence as,soneri

srij vcilci hcithio,‘ elephants with golden trappings matha

p arincimvcili riidhio,‘corrupt idiom s.

’

(k) The usual termination added to the verbal stem to

denote the agent’is -n (ir ; as, bechndr, a seller.

’

( 1) A nother (Sanskrit) is ah ; as, palate, supporter (fromp alrun, to nourish

,rear ’

) getcip cilak,‘Shepherd.

’

(m) The Persian afiix -dcir is sometimes

92 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

added to Gujarati words ; as, i'

ahivatdcir,‘o tficer

,

lector ’

(from vahiuat).

(n) -ci,l,

-cilo - i,

-uii) , forms adjectives ; as, rasc

il,‘ juicy

sappy,’ fertile (from ras,

‘ juice retdl,‘sandy, ’ for ret,

sand ;’muchhalo,

‘a man with a long mustachio ’ (from

muchh,‘ mustache SO also

, Sundar p ichhcilcin p akshi,

beautifully feathered birds.

’

(O) - ]u is used somewhat sim ilarly ; as,daycilu,

‘merci

ful (from dayd ,- L o , - li , Jun, is another term i

nation to form adjectives ; as, Sindhmcifihelci loho, ‘

peoplein S indh.

’

(p ) -ai and - ati added to the root of verbs form nouns ;as gama t,

‘amusement ’

(from gamrur’

i ,‘to approve

ganati, numbering (from gan'vun, to count

(q) -na form s a few nouns ; as,s iichnci

,

‘a suggestion ’

(from suchavafvun, to

(r) cidi is added with the meaning of etc. ; as,Krishn,

Devi, Sivcidi, Krishna, Devi, Siva, &c.

’

2. Feminine nouns are often formed from masculines,

denotin living b eings , by the change of the masculine

term on or the addition ofone peculiarly fem inine .

(a) Ifthe masc. noun ends in -O,the fem . takes - i as

,

chhokro , a b oy,’chhokri , a girl ghodo, a horse

,

’

ghodi,‘a mare beto, ‘

a son,’beti ,

‘a daughter.

’Also dev, ‘

a

god,’devi, a goddess.

’

(b) When the masc. ends in i or a consonant,the termi

COMPOUNDS. 9 3

nation fern . is -an,

-en,-ani or -cini ; as

,m ochi

,a boot

maker,

’m ochan, ‘

a bootmaker’s wife bhcii ,

‘a brother,’

behen,‘a sister ’

(irreg.) seth,‘a merchant

,&c., setha

'

ni ,

a merchant’ s wife p atel, headman of a village,’ p atel(ini

,

‘a Patel

’s wife ; ’ p iscich, ‘

a goblin,’

p is’

cichani,

‘a

female goblin.

’

Another fem . termination is -di ; as,chcihar

,

‘a man

servant ,’

chcikardi ,‘a female servant ;

’andar

,

‘a rat

,

’

undardi,‘a female rat ;

’Bhil,

‘a Bhil

,

’B hildi ,

‘a female

B nil;’

gulcim,

‘a slave,

’

gulcimdi,‘a female slave ’ (con

temptuously) .

(c) Somewhat irregular are — nar,

‘ male,

’nairi

,

‘a

female ; ’ rcij ci,‘a king,

’rcini ,

‘a queen brcihman

,

‘a

Brahman,

’brrihmani

,a female Brahman ; veinio

,a ShOp

keeper, vcinien, a shopkeeper’ s wife.

’

3. Comp ounds .

Gujarati compounds (as distinguished from Sanskrit

compound words introduced into the language) are

generally formed by the m ere juxtaposition of the simple

words . They will be best illus trated by a few examples .

Rfijdarbcir, a royal court,f a levee fr. rcij or rcij a‘

and

darbcir.

Gharkam,housework ; fr. ghar, house

,

’and kcim

,

work .

’

Ritbhcit,‘manners and customs.

’

94 GUJARA'

ri GRAMMAR .

Kav'

tcirzip ,

‘

poetical. ’

YurOp khand, the continent ofEurope .

’

Vciyubhareli mas hah,‘an air-filled water-skin.

’

11ircimcineke j adelciii tathd mo tinci ii gharendn p ahere

chhe, They wear ornaments set with diamonds-andrubies and made of pearls.

’Here the first word is

composed ofhirci, pl. ofhire, a diamond mcinelr,

a

ruby,’ and the postposition -e.

A Slightly different kind Of compound is formed by inserting 0 between two repetitions o f the same word ;as, deéodes

’

,

‘ from country to countrv haj cirohaj rir,‘

thousands ofthousands .

’

No t a few nouns and verb s are formed by adding an

umneaning word to one which has the meaning to be ex

pressed ; as , farvuii ,‘to turn farcuii harvuii ,

‘to walk

about. ’ (Cf. Panjabi, pani-wcini, roli -woti ; U rdu,shor

bhor ; Persian,db-ma

'

b ; French, p élc-mc

‘

le ; English, shilly

shally.)

CHAPTER I! .

Syntax .

Much of the Syntax of the language has already beenintroduced where it seemed likely to be m ost eas ily re

membered. In this chapter we deal with the few pointswhich still remain to be elucidated

, but omit a detailed

account ofthose common to most Indo-European tongues,regarding which error is almost impossible .

1. In Gujarati, the usual order ofwords in a sentenceis

,Subject ; (2) Indirect Object ; (3) D irect Object ;

(4) Predicate : but this may be altered for the sake of

emphasis.

When a number of nouns, all in the same case and

governed by one and the sam e postposition, occur in a

sentence, the postposition is generally attached only to thelast noun

,though they are all in the oblique form . A s

,

Te rcij oie bahu loko , p urusho , s trio ne chhokrdiione meiri

makhyda,

‘ That king killed many people—mi

en,women

and children .

’

But in such sentences it is a common practice to put thewhole of the nouns in the absolute state, and then placethe oblique plural ofthe pronoun e or te after them

,adding

t he postpos ition required to the pronoun only . A s,Marci

96 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

p itai , mcirci mitro ne mcirci dikrcio , teoc ti krim hidhui’

i ;

My father, my friends and my sons,they did this work .

’

Iftwo or more nouns ofthe sam e gender have a commonpredicate, that predicate is plural, but agrees with the

subjects in gender. But if the subjects be Of differentgenders , the predicate is put in the neuter * plural. A s

,

(1) Maire dikro ane teno mitr said chhe,‘My son and

his friend are good.

’But (2) Ma

'

ro dilero ne mairi dikri

saranchhe,My son and my daughter are good.

’Sulochani

ne teno bhcii nagarbhani hindyafi ,‘ Sulochani and her

brother walked towards the city.

’

{s 2. The predicate, whether it be a verb or an adjective,may be put in the p lural to Show respect, even ifthe sub

ject be in the singular. In such cases, if the subject bemasculine the predicate is also masculine ; but if thesubject be feminine, respect requires that the predicate beNEUTER plural. A s

, (1) Ra'

j ci avya chhe,

‘the king has

com e but, (2) temni s i the rcini pan avyan chhe,

‘ withhim the queen has also come.’

If there be in a sentence several subjects of differentgenders joined by the disj unctive conjunctions vci

,cithvri,

he,the predicate agrees in gender and number with that

nearest to it ; as,teno ghodo ke teni gciy mari gai,

‘ his

horse or his cow died.

’

When an impersonal verb is p ut in the passive, the nounwhich was the subj ect of the verb is put in the oblique

3“This strange idiom occurs also in the Icelandic language.

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98 GUJARA'

ri GRAMMAR .

Q

The lst PluralA orist is used quite indefinitely in manycases as

, Niche avie, tycire medcinmcin eh mo tun hot dekh

s ee, When we (i .e. one comes) come down, then a largefort will be seen in the plain .

’ We is sometimesused in English in this sense, but we m ore commonly say

you or one.

’

5. The Gujarati language can express several varietiesofm eaning in the Imperative

(l) The S imple Imperative is used when it is desiredthat the command be immediately executed ; as, tame a

”

chopdi rancho, Read this b ook.

’

(2) Ifthe command is intended to be obeyed after someinterval, they form s ofthe Future are employed ; as, tame

a chop di veinchj o,‘

you willread this book.

’

(3) If a polite injunction is intended, the ordinary

Future is employed as,tame ci chop di va

ffichs’

o,

‘

you will(kindly) read this book.

’

(4) To imply duty, the Gerundive is employed ; as,

tannire ci chop di vafi chvi,‘ You should read this b ook .

’

6. The negative ofthe simple imperative is formed byadding mci o rm in after it ; as

,tame ci chap di veincho moi

,

D on’t read this book.

’

That of the second form above given— the Future Imperative

— is formed by placing the verb in the present

p articip le and adding nahi ; as,tame ci chopdi veinchtci

nahi,You shall not read this book .

’

The verb dcvui‘i is used with the oblique infinitive of

SYNTAX . 9 9

another verb to imply p ermission (as denci is in Hindi andU rdfi) as

,Tane e kcim karvci hundais nahi, I shall no t

perm it thee to do that work.

’

7. Idiomatic Phrases .

In Gujarati the 1st PersonalPronoun p recedes the second,and the second the third, as in L atin. Thus instead o f

saying ‘ He and I, ’ we say in Gujarati, ‘ I and he’

(hun

ne te).Instead ofsaying, Neither my friend nor his daughter

has gone, ’ we more commonly say, My friend or his

daughter, no one has gone, ’ (meiro miir he teni dikri,lro i

gayur‘

i nathi) , the ko i taking a neuter participle because itrefers to either oftwo subjects, one of which is masculine

and the other feminine. In similar sentences, when thingsare m entioned instead of persons, kain is used instead of

hoi .

A s the oratio obliqua is unknown in Gujarati, the oratiorecta is used instead. Such a sentence therefore as

,The

queen said that she would go hom e, ’ would be renderedthus

,Ednie kahyun he, hun gher j ais, (literally, “Th

queen said that, I shallgo home ’

When the subject in a sentence is a subordinate sentence,

as,I heard that he had gone, ’ it is Often better to put the

subordinate sentence first,and then to place e or te after

it ; as, Te gayo hato , e men scimbhalyun (literally, ‘ He

had gone,— this I heardA title in Gujarati, as in most Sanskritic languages

G 2

100 GUJARATi GRAMMAR .

follows the proper nam e to which it is attached ;Reimdcis Seth, almost Mr. Ramdas.

’

In interrogative sentences no change in the order ofwords occurs

,but sun

,

‘ what ? ’ is placed either beforeafter the sentence ; as, Sun te civyo chhe What ? hascome —or, te civyo chhe sun? Frequently he takesplace ofsun at the end of

'

such a sentence, and someti

both are used together ; as, teo cheili gaya chhe he a

Have they gone away ? ’ (literally, Have they gaway, or

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102 GUJARAri GRAMMAR .

And e in H in. sometimes becomes a in Guj . ; as , Hin.

mera,Guj . mciro : H in. terd, Guj. taro.

U is usually unchanged, but sometimes becomes a

IIin. tum,Guj . tame : H in. tumha

‘

ra,Guj . tamciro .

Hindi r b ecomes d, and rh becomes dh in Guj . as,

vufi for daurnci chadhvuii for charhnci .

Hindi th sometimes becomes 3 ; as, Hin. p aithnd, Guj.

p esvun.

Such words as have i in the stem in H indi havegenerally a instead in Gujarati ; as

,Hin. bigarnci, Guj.

vagadvuii : Hin . lihhna, Guj . lahhvuii : H in. milnci, Guj .

malvun. But i in A rabic and Persian words is generallyrepresented by e (pronounced somewhat short) in Guj .

as, Guj . sciheb for Arab . w ho : Guj . hcihem for A rab .

A b efore h in Arabic words is changed int o 6 in

Gujarati as, Guj . sehelo for Arab . L192 : Guj . vehem

(and contracted vem) for A rab .

rig. Similarly, P ers .

j fi o

becom es in Guj . éeher and saher : A rab . and P ers .

W b ecom e s Guj . mehnat : A rab .

re

c

; b ecom es Guj .rehem .

Sanskrit vy (H indi by), followed by a vowel, often becomes ve ; as

,Guj . veheva

'

r Hin. vyavahcir : Guj . rep air

for H in. byup cir.

Arabic 6 (q) b ecomes hh if it occurs after a vowel

A PPENDIX A . 103

as, Guj . vahhat, A rab . J }. O therwis e it

;is generally

changed into h ; as,Guj . kabri t, Arab . drug .

The z sounds of U rdii and Persian (and Of the

letters 5 ué B in words introduced from Arabic intotho s e languages) b ecom e j in Gujarati ; as

, jalam for

j ahcit for

The double letters in such words as Ag n

i

,

u fxo , &c. when introduced into Gujarat i, b ecom e

single ; as, hah, Mahamad,mudat (o r mudad) .

S om e tim e s le tters are t1 anspo sed ; as, Guj . gunhri

for P ers . rug: Guj . tip vun fo r Hin . p itua .

Gujarati has a p 1eference for the sounds of l and n afterlong vowels

,in this resembling Panjabirather than H indi.

D sometimes takes the place of the Panjabi t ; as,Panj .

uthcitnci, Guj . uthcidvuii .

Sometimes an extra long vowel d is inserted in Gujaratiin words borrowed from Persian ; as

,Guj . éahajado and

s’

cihjcido’

for Pers . sepia : Guj . bahaduri for Pers .

Th e Arabic le tters6

andTwhen they occur at the

end of a word without a long vowel prefix ed b ecom ea

St

and e resp ectively 1n Gujarat i as, t»

,Guj . j ama

G,

uj . fate.

W in H in. sometimes becomes m in Guj . ; as,H in.

p rin’

chwcin, Guj . pdi’

ichmo : West Panjabi p awana'

, Guj .

p rimvun.

104 GuJARATi GRAMMAR .

In adverbial terminations , the U rdii yun (Old H in . yo

becomes - em in Guj . as,Old Hin . tyon, Hin . and U r

tyi n, Guj . tem .

In Gujarati, ii and i are frequently substituted for u a

i,and vice versa.

Ifa word taken from another language ends in - ¢i or

this generally becomes - 0 in Guj ., but occasionally changt o -uri ; as, Guj . mevo, from P ers . s

j gfa : Guj . s’

dhj jdfor P ers . sol

/user. but Guj . p aranduri for Pers . 34 5

12

Many words are formed by reduplicating the stemmaircimciri, quarrel,’ from ma

'

rvuii,to strike.’

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106 GUJARAri GRAMMAR.

aerao i Stat «s qua t . heft vi ii ”was;chadhcivataii hey evazi j anciyciii . Tethi a/me amriruii

fi é lq Adam s 2315 clan, “Qt era-anal Gui

valain tenitaraf lei gayri , p an dariycini bhcire

sauna ell? red Agata a naam i’

émchholone lidke tyciri p ahofichine te machhvcimciri hemi

a

(«ham ”N ul l. w as“ (« i t aah an emu.

lohne amarci j hdj hp ar letti ii ghani var lagi.

an). Riv. wus s-0. (m i, and m a 913 0/aTep ar p anch adm i hatciii, temciri m cibr eh j annej

vita/ lard ara (gallbolvani Suddhi hati.

Finding the wind favourable , we then left the island of

Borneo, but as we went forward a storm began to come on.

For some days accordingly our vessel continued to tossabout . A t last the wind fell ( ‘ fell and the sea

became somewhat calm ; then very far off we saw a boatrolling . When looked at through the telescope, my fathersaw (in it) several persons, and they were perceived to beflying the distress Signal

-flags . Therefore we brought ourvessel towards them,

but on account of the heavy sea

billows much time was spent in arriving there and taking

the people in the boat on board our own ship . There werefi ve persons on board it, and among them only one had

sufficient consciousness to speak .

”

P A R T I I .

GUJARA TI READING L ESSONS .

I N D E ! .

Muhammad

Muhammadan Invasions IndiaAkbar and A urangz ebHaidar

c

A li

N ewspaper Extracts

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110 GUJARATI READING LESSONS .

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In this sentence supply j are (j yare) because ofthe tare following(Gr. Cap. VI. 3

,Examples ofthis continually occur.

GUJARAT '

I'

READING L ESSONS . 111

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112 GUJARZ T‘

i READING L ESSONS .

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114 GUJARAT1 READING L ESSONS .

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Fem inine because agreeing with wit, in the next line but one.

1’ Vide Gram , Cap. V. 12 and 13, pp. 67 and 70.

I Through Whom holding the pen must be learned. VideGram ,

Cap V . 4, fin. (p.

GDJARATi READING L ESSONS . 115

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1. Suratu’

l ‘A laq (Sura 96, W . 1

1“ N eut. because qualifying two nouns ofdissimilar gender : Gram.,

Cap . I II . 2.

116 GUJARETi READING LESSONS .

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Fem. to qualify sattai in sattda’dr.

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118 GUJARETi READING L ESSONS .

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For the const. see Gr. , Cap . V ., 10,note

GUJARETT READ ING L E SSONS . 119

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=”t o stands for 1 1194 115‘ chapter, ’ i.e. Sara, of the Qur’én.

120 GUJARA Ti READING L ESSONS ,

1 11011 1 1 1 1110 1181 1 131 11 1 1 1

3113121 . 11 12§Q3, 31 11 11 11 1 11111 6 01

11 531, 1 810/ 1 11 1 1 1 111 1 311163ii (v1 . 11)

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1 1 111 111131 11 611 1 11 i 1111511111 (1 111

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91 «33111 1 1 131 ? 61 1 51o o

63311 1 3mg 351 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 111

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122 GuJARATi READ ING L ESSONS.

1 11, 1 1 011 11 1 0110” 1 1 1 1 3511 1 .

(”t o

1 611 1 11 311 1 111 1 21132 (11211

11 1 131 1 11 413°

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1 1331 3 1 1 1 1 1 11 ; 1 1 1 1 1 E11 11

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111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15, 1 3231 1 1 1 11 1

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1 011 1 1 111 11 31 1 1 1 11 1 1 111 6511 1 111

11 511111 3 1 1 01191 4111, 1 3 31 11 61 1211

GUJARETE READ ING L E SSON S . 123

m cgn 11581. 3151011231122, 591°t

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ll QOLZ .

124 GUJARA TI READING LESSONS .

fi élctm‘

i a 31213z ch 51171312 gcfl ( 113 :171

cfifi gz E1611mil ii13 63121 111mgm371 Rani a ilflRa gen3 w11a101 111113.( 1311 5 1111731 21314 312 32°11<ffl 2111319 1 35-21

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gfl q i 91151igm Qu ail v1611°1a81.

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126 GUJARATI READ ING LESSONS .

e ra 311211. ré§311161311 62? 3 213131131 31331 3 1

9931311 311311 111131311 ,33121311 39 311 3101111 111

( 113113111113161131311113311111, P1 131933113121

E s tablishment ofthe Ghaznavite Dynas ty.

15. 3131911 9131311 211313 11 51131311211 11 131 37110131 1m<11<11r1 31511 3 11 3131191311 33 111 13 113 11 21a111314 3 31 311 3 1131 1

1

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371Q 0131131311 131, {1334 191 31113 313131 9341L11<1lg

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13113 9131 3 11111113113213113 3 39311 9941 311211, 3 11

GUJARM T READ ING LESSONS. 127

31301 31231111311 1111311 31311 . 313139101191 21911313

3131 31911 913? 35. 31. 14 14 19 311 312Q1 1113 311 ,3 0 1

371911 1111101 5311 1 13113311 3113313 1119119113 0 313

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128 GUJARETi READING LESSONS .

91199 131111 1ao31 311— 3 11 5131111 31Q1 3131

91191911 1113 13 3 191331 3191 131131 11131 311 911

311311 1311111 19 9 4 311— 3 11 3113135 31133172 311

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91311 ,11Q1

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313191191 99 911 31131, 3 1 91 3311911 1131 3131 3 131331

319 1 311319133 31311.

31121 331111 1011 311— 91131 331911 3 11 114 31 911

9131911 313 31 311Q9av. 3 191 31 3113 1 Rig3 1191 33 0131131 1 91113 313 311.

31191311 91311 3 113311331111 19 111- 19131 311— 3 11

313 18. 3113313 13195 9131131 31131131 6311131 3193115

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3 1135 111113

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6113 3111. ( 3111 1 2 139 133133 131 371911111151 3133119161, 31Q 37111 91131 3115 39 31 21311 3113313

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130 GUJARETE READING LESSONS .

3 1539 ,3 11 11111 33113311013 Q 1133 3 11 313Q

3113 311 ,3113131313 1939 .

3113313911 31339 11 95911911 11111 111911911 391

313131 3 11311 3113 31913 1111191 3 10/ 33 311911

11Q1 31333311 3133 11 1911 31313 19 311311 1 1313113

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91131Q1 g?“ 33 131113105911 [1 30 311 3 161/

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312

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3313191161Q1 131 1. 31 3331313111 1 313 513 313111

1 311 6 i (33 3131 3 11 3191 3Q1 311 33 1319 1 1

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31331911 311 ( 319 5311311 313Q 3113 311 .31Q P11 1

3 11 3339 131 313

3 1119331.31 911 313 191311

313 1911 311 (1321311 3131 31311 .31 911

313Q1 31151 [3196 911911 311111 311) 31 911 171 131133 13 11 31313—

3133 1, £2311 31312 1114 1911

GUJAEETi READING LESSONS . 131

(31 1311 311151311 3311 ,3111 31311 3 113 31 33 311 311

0311 .31313 111510116313213113 31631 31 1 31311,

3111331311162 31311 c1 111 1113 31 1, 3311 31631 01 13111 131

3131011 31 131 5131. 6193611311 3111131 313

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<=1 31191311 3 131313 31111131 1 611 13 11311211311

113 L131 39 311 3 111 113111 [3196 111 3111311

31311111 2115 Jo 31a 1143 .

132 GUJARETE READING LESSONS .

The Ghom’

Dynas ty.

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31 1614 3113 1313, 3 111 31613311 311311 311

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fi n s/1 3113 311211, {9311 313313 1614 R361

1 31614 31111 1 3 611 21311 91311 . 04311313113

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( 31131 3311 113313 163 1 311 3111 1 31311 3311 11

111311111 1 1 1 311 311111 13511 3311 11111

31113131111} 11 11 11311 «101311 3151 3131 .

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31 13131333 31111 311331 ((sjgmm313 3111

3331 .119431614 11111 51 611 3111 1 3131 ; 313 1114 3

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134 GUJARZ Ti READING LESSONS .

31331 3113 311 , (3111 51 3111 13 613211311

c131311. 1351 .3311 513311 3 112 31131 31331

3111111 3 111431331 13 31 3111 3121131 013 131 313110311 ;

(31133 3333311 3113

313 3 1 1111 3111331 6139 3

Q3; 3111013 311 31151 3153111 511s 1 1; 3115

31311.1113311 Eedls mm 3131 011133311

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cn131a11 131313 . 131133 3131 31151o1v1t1311

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31111 14 313311311 3 31 3111011

3111 1 15131311 311211, 313312? 1 31111! 3111

33131 13 31 11311 31 1631141‘

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011 513 11 131 31151 {132 3311 31191 13 131 31521

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3111 3111 0113 1 3131 11311 31131 3131 1311 3111013111

31111 311311 21311, 13111 6 511 11. 3315013 511

v. Gr., Cap . VI .,<53. 1 v. G11 , Cap . VL , 5, p . 82.

GUJARETI READ ING LESSONS . 135

2111011 11131 211111 1 1 11M (1 1531 ,3311 1 311

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623131 (13111 5) c1 1 32131 31 113 1611 1311531 1 61 3111131,

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{111 14 3311 ,3 111 131115 1941 14 15 31150131 6121

141611 31 1631 3111 21 6115311311 612 lilQllfi .

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311 m 1

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1 3W 1 1 1 31 131F£ 131 33130111 1 311 51151,61911 31 3111 uqfl

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1 1631 5111 1 11 5311 1 3 11 3111119101311 1111 1311 3

1 16131311 3 11 1 (31131 9941

1111 ,3311 ©2142 311.

33110131 1111 16111 111011 2 11 31311 3131141311 L111§1 1911111311 3111 uqfl 99 11 310141.

wan— 3 1150131 31113311

31312 99 c1=111 3111 1611

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«11 811331 1 311313 1

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3111 3110 113 1 111111 011131311211 1 0131131

For the nasal 77. added to these two words , V . Gr. , p . 315 note

136 GuJARETi READING LESS ONS .

3311, 3111 311 1 11 3111 611 331311611 (1 1311 31111

311 31.31113 131 13113 14 311 61

31 11 1 1 111111

11 11 1;121131 1531. 1511 (

3111 ( 311311 114131 0311 3113011 19 111111111, 3111 3111 0110111 11 131131 1

11 95 131111111 3311121 1 11 61 1 13511311 31 3311 ;

011311311 211413 ( 311111 11 011116119 1

331011 3111 131 1 31111 (1111) 15311 013113111 13111.

3111 311131113 11 3 13011 311 31 11 111131 111531

113 19 31119 111111211.

3111 1131 11 311 1 3111111112 3111 11 11111 11111

2111311, 1 3W 311311111121111 11111 133 11

111111 341113 131131 1 163131 1311 31 63131 1 1631 11111 .

5311 11233111 6311 61 1 19 3111111 31111 61133311 .

3111 2131

11 311231151 31131 {1 1 111113112311 (11611211 113 631 1 111 11 1111 31311131111 .

31 1 91111111 2311 1111 111 311 1111111

3311, (13333111 1 31111 1113141 61 1 3111 111

311 13311, 511 31167 311 3311 3111 3113 111, 3111 1111

31311111 31141 3111111 31113131 3311 3113011 1 1

c1v1a 311 111113 3111 161 113311 11 1 1 , 19 311 113131

1 163 1 1 31 1131 11131 31 3 F113, 63? 5111 11113111

311111 3111 1111 1 ,3011 31 111111111

61 6119 1

331351111911“3311151 33130111

”31 1311 1

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138 GuJARATi READING LES SONS .

311 33111 1 31 11111 63113311 .

3 113131 311 11111

51 1 1 0111 1 1 1121311 3151 31311 1 133311, 3111

L1111013111 31 31151. 31. 31. 1111 311 3 11310131

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31 35 311101 6 313 13111 11111 3311011 3141

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1 13311311 1C; 313131 3311 ; 11111 61 3111 11 1 31

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3311311 1141 3111 3111, L11131113311 31 31

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GUJARM E READING LE S SONS . 139

31 1 1 1 101 19131 1 31 1131 13131 3111 6513 33,33 113113111 311 1 11 1 311211 111 31 1

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31 1 13131 311 21 1 131 3111 3141 31 1

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31 31311111 41 3111 911 11131 31131 11 11 510131 1 113111 R 1 1 1 111 311131311 151111 ,

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11131131 31 1 111 11131 1111 1 1151

140 GUJARz Ti READING LESSONS .

3 111 31 1 1111 311 11 1151 3111 L11 1113101

1 11 3112 311 1 11 1 3 111 313111 3111 31211 1

713211 31 3 311011 111301 31 131 11 ; of 91131 11

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31 (31111 333111. 211151 31011 01311 ,3111 11 1131

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311131 11 ; ~1Q11 111 5131 831 1 '11311 31111353 1511

1 1 01111 3111111 31111151, 811Q1 3 1 11 1 [1131131

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142 GUJARETi READ ING LE SSONS .

3111131591 31121311 31 11 316131 111313 1131 311

1 11 1 01 15 3111 1 01180. 1 311 14111 1111 13 1511!

311 3111 61-11 3311 — 1 12 1 1 3111 3111 1 11 311

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avg 11311 31111 311111 1 113 11 . 1361

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GUJARKTi READING LE SSONS . 143

91311 ,3311 1 311 1931 11 11, «3111 1 3 11 1 11

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Notice that this adj . sdmo requires thefem. gen . (4 11) before it

144, GUJARZ Ti READ ING L ESSONS .

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'

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( 261514211can 311 M ail w

’

fi imé‘

m

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gvuem wig/ 11611 6117 1211 auélik 3121. vum i

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‘

i a“1 13

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tuna 31511 HQ 119 114 fi ifaciwueffle1515 311261 01311 .

IV . HA IDAR ‘A L T.

Ea sf.511. Se a vii W mgen.

51

fl i 2 1611 611 51121 3 111 aesz cu a ma

ewfi evil .

“

33c 11161141 511310 11

‘ For a long time Since.

’

1” Up to the time he died, ’ i.e. as long as he lived.

’

I‘Mounted on horseback.

’

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146 GUJARATi READ ING L ESSONS .

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12 192 211512311111 21315 211212 31 212212 (23101

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°

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21 21

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21211 ,

21 91 332 21331211 15. 21 11m 19 41 211

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212 211 (1 3115211C221 1, 2 1o2h 119 42 211

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211211

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9 42

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11 12 211 .

GUJARATI READ ING L ESSONS . 147

V . E ! TRACTS FROM A GUJARATI NEWSPA PER.

[These extracts are written in Parsi-Gujarati, but, exceptthat (1) they contain a few more A rabic

'

and Persian wordsthan ordinary Gujarati, (2) that l continually takes theplace of Z, and p ar ofp ra and (3) that y is occasionallyomitted in the preterite ofverbs , need little remark .

* The

English words and proper names which occur in them are

not inserted in the Vocabulary . B ut,as the student may

perhaps find them troublesome to recognise in their Gujarati dress , we append a list of them here in the order inwhich they occur.

French : French . L ard Salsbari= L ord Sal isbury.Yuro p = Europ e . L ard Ro z bari= L ord R oseberry.Vaisray= V iceroy. L ard Jyarj 1 L ord GeorgeKeneda= Canada.

H em iltan Ham ilton .

D epyuteéan: D eputation . L ardB ikansfi ld L ord

Beaconsfield.

Majistret Magistrate .

MI. Kupar= Mr . C ooper.P olis = P o lice .

Kafi stebal C onstable.

N elmas = N e1mes .

Ed b hEdinbaro a yu Exist}? S o lisitar : S ol icit or.Mi . Henri Riv =Mr . Hen ry Reeve.

ML l l Mr. L it tle.Duke of A sp ital=H 0 8pital .

DY‘lk 0" Bedfm’

d:

Bedford . L ist = list .

Sar Charlas Dilk= {S ir Gharles Karo nar= Coroner

F renchm en Frenchman.

L ard Granvil = L ord Granville.

P eris Paris .

Britis B ritish .Frans France .

D ilke. S eéans kamit t o c ommit t oSetardeRivyu Saturday Review. (karvufi ) the S ess ion s .

S entsbari Saintsbury. Kalake o’clo ck .]

But we may also notice that such phrases as (1)“amo j atdfi

hata’

fi,"etc. for ame j atd hatd ,

and also (2) “ ayaryo mane khabar

hate to bad? bi bufi. fydfi sute nan/12,”for j o mane khabar ho t, to

kadi p a p hufi tydfi suti nabo t, are Parsi peculiarities . In the

first phrase the verb is no t neuter but masc. with a nasal sound

attached.

148 GUJARTA'ri READING L ESSONS .

1.

— 21313S2122111 23

31 011211 011 211 12

if013691 .

335211 1 1 21131 211EB.2111 21151

2 211221511 21313511 91 19 51 2161

11 21121120. 4 211

213 121211 2 11211 HLRR Q 131211211, aQ 1

”12 1 {1012 691 3221 2112 11 6 2112

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1111 211 213"

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81 P121Q1'

3\

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21112 2112110113 12

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<1 1

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111121 21 13 01212121 23121211 21Q112 221

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11 21121111 aQ1 32 1212112162 12211

am 212112121211 0112131011 6218. {5321 125 11.

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150 GUJARKTi READING L ESSONS.

uaa-uwmifi 6114 01 M inding mutt on W HORE},a Elm 29 011 51. on ma

2.

—w{mq mq W1 R anch mafi a .

015 tun {1a cm m softta'

ia={lo é ‘i l QM

z m th em 51mm smfi wa Reta il 611

m g Emil ctm cu 5313mm ma

auél gm aunfl «um fi Swi mmaq ivflwfmq qfi «

gal sw a t a n“ w e 6mmsash

W11 m uz alga1330 0.Sic/ llamam a il

infrfllflal eflaa (film/2 gc‘

ll.

>x<

“191 41511 m afia Qaaq taa dwumwucu

tuflM .

fl l’

fi ‘fl M1571 ‘flo efizwfi mm mi

wguctag? gam m aj 2g. aw l m il {lsfl

arfl gal. agflg"

clm Gumegj AguduQfl l

01 Suvaecu. meant/wt wi tiiefl 9713

m enamulet 5313 :ttcurm‘

i w ssa 91 21

“my 6 v1.21 Sums; gai (xii ,v 1 q am vucg

aflwfl sai l gm mun.cam, w fl tflffl oufl

(mi ema 945 m mvi a-1m Qu afi ti tan

m5 3l era.271 mdlou wflaeucfl 0116341

swan Qua m a {mi mi. 271 mil fl u

GUJARM i READING LESSONS . 151

mm 6mmQL’VK'l a}! grll. Pl

Elm a? {sq

m ilwt‘

iwmallgell, g232! an! 61 gcfl. cmfi

m il {lsilSFl (S lim? ) allm il mil, «mi gmafia 8M.

91. 31mm31°wuwllftl w

’

lfi ,

Shea via GYQUEE2 m il eg’

lsil'

a. Ema $504

as} gell, Emmy m rh Lela sQlSlill w via

alls’

l gi sh im ascll gen. n i q li q l ma‘

i

”all SIM 2M 91. 2mm ”18 (41021

allm il m il aux/ {um gall gen.S amo a

vl liltllaelm (4 2Kmum vwllgdl, 51 Zia/ 1131.

aqllq‘

l smmfill («Ml fi g"

one ( tailor

ml 31i Lmil gell. alls’

lollell (m ama) 5S01l633 Elma gi ll an

at Lllsl era.Sa moa

S an as! a mummy alaa« 212m S ta/mm

evil. “a ”1011 61 Sf llE? a m m allsl

much ii , v i ct im via ea ( h

sél ull g (ml ( 7 12ml ) m ilwhsil 2 t 2121

cEel.wt {1°t i l

'

lvlclli cil gm 67 Ml wtw“

mil571mm llvl La mam 22.

vl lil lllifi wq mfi? mafia Gammamu

ml ai l. m il allsl i lfl lM fi l QLWC' l as} a‘K’ lla‘l S13. mm Gui 23214

"

myman use;fl él.

52 GUJARETi READING LESSONS .

man go agnsofil ellaelcll cllllzlm

wq mai s 5 mull ilz’

tltgimac/ Hg Si; 4 m il Qll‘ll Pls

°

l aim alls’

l sguru

uh .wl lil tll alls

’

l §2°l6l l2 ‘l lz fdlcffl msil

m 531.Lllzltlll za

’

lwl’

l mil elalclcl’

l fi s'

l Sim

vuravllfll allslmm uwcl‘

l gal.Eleni

alclli cll QQL sellsell 64.q m . m a c

Gals

“

mallmellm R ‘l l m a,v llq

QlUlki mam ail «all cla dgal. swll UllGQ

«liml fi elw ml allfi’

lgjl fla lQl esllillaQa lfil

2m mamm .wlm via «cu m i nQl

”i t/ l mil , a Eli/“91. mSl‘l lC’ llfi l 2mm il Pl31: itll’i'lfrll. 3&n Pl Eli/“551. aslel

‘

lellfllz 6“

m i 2mmWal la}; lag"

. aQ an llls’

l'

a? ma

vllcg .ollag filclla m awllfl tllfil é - ‘

lo cl=lv<lexll

Swimwi llow}, 2)c allsl allcgw “ll. m a

wl lalel clflz ll, ( lull Ulli 213. wg lg 3 515m

Quai lglls’

lail allf“ll, “lgl Pl 5ML. fig Pull

313.V lvlrl Lls

’

l alél. 3l’

wq mfi ?wl lalel gis

cll wl lolmv Fl"

6912; ed 3} Glél?

v w'

i 3? fl i clli erll mmfi gm Lllscllmalell

b all.itl

’

lcllth i crll Ultra 2Jl lalel mlwflvl Gailil sl gi rl

clell Rs'

l Sl ‘l lg mélcllelu , 95n s

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P A R T I I I .

VOCABU L ARY TO THE

AD ING L E SSONS .

CONTRACTIONS .

A r. A rabic.

Eng. English.

G . or Guj . Gujarati.H . or H ind. H indi.

P. or Pers . Persian.

Sk . or Sansk . Sanskrit.

U . or U rd. U rda.

m ., j i, n . masculine, feminine, neuter.adj . Adjective.adv. Adverb .

pr. n. Proper name .gr. See Grammar.

p o s tp . Postposition.

E tc., etc., etc.

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158 GUJARATI GRAMMAR .

Agiarm -o ,o ufi ,

num . a

eleven th .A gl

- o ,-i , -ufl, adj , former .

A gn i, f.,fire.

Agra, n, the city ofAgra.

A hmadnagar, n .,th e city of Ah

m adnagar.

Aine Akbar? (Pers . phrase an ;

M irror ofAkbar.A jz

’

l eb , n . (Ar. PI. fi l ls; from ga g

s),

w onders, wonderful things ,m iracles : adj w ondrous .

A jén - O,-I,

-uI'

l , adj , ignorant, ( of

Ajim ,m . (A r.

rljb ) , pr . n . ofa so n

ofAurangz eb.A jmer, n . , the city OfA jr’

nere.

Akar, m .,form

,shape .

Akas, n . , th e sky , heaven the

aether .A kbar, m ., (Ar. 1 l) , pr . n . Em

peror A kbar .Akhare, adv. (Ar. f l and Guj.

term . e) , at last , fi rially .

Akh -O ,. i,

-ufi,adj , the whole , all.

A lamgir, m . (P ers . Jfr‘ls ) , pr . n .

and title ofA urangzeb . (‘A lam

gir WorldA la uddin ,

m . (A r.cdill3b ), pr . n .

ofa man ,

’A la u ’ ddin .

unusual .A ll, m . (Ar . pr . n . ,

‘Ali.

A l Kadr (Ar. pai l) , nam e of the

t.e. night Ofpower or offateon which the Quran began tob e revealed .

Alp tagin , m .,pr. n . of a chief

(Turkish) .A l-s iddik

,m . (Ar. the

truthful) , pr . n . ofan A rab .

Al-zobair,an A rab , A z -Z ubair .

Ame , p . p rom , we (v.

Amaldar, m . (Pers . flak e) , offi cer ,offi cial , govern or .

Amarkot, n. ,pr . n . ofa town .

Amburgadh ,n., pr. n . of a town

and fort .Am ina, f. , (Ar. All) , Am ina, pr . n .

OfMnhammad’bm other .

Am ir, m . (Ar. x i) , 3. nobleman .

Am o, p . prom , we

Anakani ,f.

,reluctance, hesitation ;

d . karv’

i , to hesitate .

A nangapal, m . ,pr. n . Of a son of

Jaipal.

Anavavufl, tr. . to cause to bring ;viévds an” to cause t o believe ,

cause t o accept.Andar, p ostp . W ithin

,

inside.

Andhl-o , -i,

-ul'

1 , adj , blind .

A ne , conj ., and .

A ngikar , n ., acceptation ; a . kar

ma} , t o accept.Angll

‘

, f. , a finger, a toe.

VOCABUL ARY.

A ngrej, m . (U rdufi fi l) , an Eu

glishman .

A ngreji, adj , English .

Anjanpanufi , n. , ign orance, wantofinten tion .

Ankh , f. , an eye .

Antahkaran, n .,the heart, con

s cien ce .

Anubhav ,m . , experience.

Anvur‘

l, tax, t o bring.A paman , n. ,

dishon our, insult .A pann- o ,

-i,

-ui1 . adj . prom , our,ours (in cl .,

Apasagan

Apaéakun

A pavas , m ., a fast, fasting.

A pavavufl , v. ton, to cause to give(fr. a

‘

pvwri )A pavufi , 7

3. (pass . ofdp vm

’

i) , to begiven .

m ., an ill Omen .

Apne , p . p rom , we (in cl ., 0 .

Apu-O,-i, -ui

'

1 , p ron . adj , our , ours( incl . ,

Apvufl, tr. , to give : (with ObliqueSnfin . of preceding verb ), toperm it .

A rab , m . (Ar. pf ) , an A rab A rablok, A rabs .

A rabastan, n . (Pers . aha -if ) ,A rab ia.

Arabi , adj ,A rabian ,

A rabic .A raj , f. (A r. uéj

s ) , a reques t, re

presentation .

A rakan,m .

,pr . n . ofa province.

Arambh , m ., beginn ing.

159

Arop , m ., accu sation , charge.

ArOpi, m . , accused , defendantc rim inal .

A sal 1adj . (Ar. (3A ) ,

A sal -n-o ,-i,

-u1"

1 ) original , Old,

ancient .Asare, adv.

, about, nearlyAécharya, n . , surprise, marvel ;

adj , wonderful , strange.

A sofKhan, m .,pr . n . ofa brother

ofNM Jahan .

A spas , p ostp ., near , close to , at

hand .

A Suddh,adj , impure, un c lean .

Atas, m . (Pers . vii i) , fire .

A taébeheram , m .,a fire-temple.

A th , 9m m . adj , eight .Athm -O,

-i, -ufl, adj , eighth .A thva, conj , or .A ti, adv., very, extremely.A tik , m . (Ar. 5 ,5 ,

liberated slave) ,pr . n .

A tkav, m . f., ob struction ,

hindrance .

A tkavavufi , tr. , to prevent ,hinder ; refu se .

A tma, m . , a Spirit , soul .A t re , adv. , here, hither .Aurangjeb , m . (Pers . wfi fi ), pr .

n . , A urangz eb .

Avaj , m . (Pers . U rdu J' ij l, f. )

voice, sound .Avak z

‘

lr, m .,a. courteous recep

tion .

160 GuJARATi GRAMMAR.

Avasar, m ., opportunity, occas ion period .

Avastha, f. , state, c ondition .

Avavufi , v. int/f., to come.

A viévasi , adj , unbelieving ; subs .m . ,unbeliever .

Avjav, m . , c oming and going ,traffic .

Av-o ,-i,-ufi

, adj , like this , such ,so .

Ayark l'

lt, m .,pr . n . ofa man .

Ayaz ,m . ,pr . n . ofa m an .

A yodhya, m Provin ce ofOude.

B and Eh (01 and

Bachav , m ., preservation, de

l iverance.

Bachpanufi ,n . , ch ildh ood .

Bachvufl , v. intr., to escape.

Bad, adv. and p ostp . (Ar.

after , afterward s .

Badh -o , -i, -ufi ,adj , all.

Babadar, adj , brave, gallant ;m ., a hero (Pers . j

ilf ) .

Bdbadufi , f.,bravery, c ourage

(Pers . wéla).

Bahanufi , n.,excuse , pretext.

Bahar, m . district ofBehar.B ihar adv.

,out

,outside ; b. p ad

Baher ) vm'

i,to issue, happen , re

sult,turn out.

Bahu, adj , many , much .Bah vufi , v. intr ., to flow, pour .Baidi, f. , a lady , a woman

, awife.

Ba3ar , n . (Pers . Jlj b) , street, mar

ket , bdz dr.

Baju, f. (Pers . side ; adv., to

one side, aside ; b. thavw‘

z, to goaside , get out of the way .

Bakhedo , m. , tumult, quarrel ,con tention .

Baki, f., the remainder (Ar.

vi ii)

adj , remaining .

Bal, n ., power , strength , might .Balak ,

n ., a child , a boy .Baluch istz

'

ln , n ., Baluchistan (Be

loo ch istan ) .

Balvuil , v. intr. , to be on fire, toburn , b e burn t .

Balvuii , v. tr., t o set on fire, burn ;infans. , b. M fikhvufi .

Ban z'

iras , n ., city ofBenares.

Banav ,m .

, even t , accident ; ao

co rd .B anavat,f. , an invention .

Banavavui‘

i , tr., t o do, make .

Band, n .,rebellion , insurrection ;

b. athdcavafi , to stir up rebellion .

Bandhavufi , (pass . ofBandhvuii ,

q . u ) , to be bound , to b e buil t ;Bandha—t gaeld lohithi , from clotted blo od.

Bandhe , adj , both .Bandh vufl, v. M. , to tie, b ind ;t o build

,to set up .

Bandikhanufi , n. (bandi Pers.

ASL-L ), prison .

Bandivan, m .,a prisoner.

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162 GuJARATi GRAMMAR.

Bhetvufi , v. ir., to meet , to em

brace.

Bhevfld,n.

, pr . u. ofa city .Bhikari, m . , a beggar .Bhikh

, f. , beggary, begging ; b.

mdgvi , to beg.

Bhimdev, m . , pr . n . ofa H indl‘

l.

B himi, f. , pr . n . of a.woman .

B hom iy o , m a guide.

B hul, f. , a blunder .

B hulchuk, f.

,error and emiss ion .

Bhut , m ., an evil spirit, gob lin ,

gho s tB i , conj . (U rdu also

,t oo .

B ija'

ipur, n ., pr . n . ofa town.

B ijo , -i , -uii, num . adj , second,

other .B ilkul

l adv. (Ar. Ji JO

C) , altoB ilkull ) gether .B ind, f.

, circum stan ce , event .B okh z

’

lra, m . , th e dis t r ict Of Eukh é ra (Per s . but) .

B ol, m . , a w ord .B o li vavufim. M . , to call , summ on .

B o lvufi ,tr. and intr . , t o speak,

t o say .

B rahman ,m ., a. B rahman .

B um , f. (Pers . cf ilg, Often pron ounced bang) , a no ise

, shout,cry ; b. mart ? or b. p ddvi , tocry out , shout .

Ch and chh (l l and 2g) .

Chadhai, f. ,an ascent , assaul t ,

incursion.

Chadhvufl, v. intrq to ascend ,mount up ; intens . ,

-j avun'

,dcavuii .

Chakar, m . , a

Chakari,f. (Pers .

afiz g ’ ii'b‘ service,

position.

Chal, f. , gait conduct , walk .

Chala‘

lki, f. , c levernes s , cunn ing

(Pers . fi le) .Chalavavufi , v. tr to cause to go ,

send off, fire (a gun ) , set goin g ,circulate .

Ch i li, f. , a number of' houses

(smal l) in One block ( c-hawl) .

Chalis , num adj , forty.Chalkz

‘

lt , m ., brightnes s , br il .llancy.

Chalu , adj , in m otion , movingcurren t .

Chalvufi , v. intr., to go , walk ; tokeep on , to las t ; to be curren t ; chcilto mahino , the presentm onth .

Chamatkar,m .,am iracle,awonder .

Chamund, n . , pr . n . of a city .Chandbibi, f. , pr . n . o f a queen Of

A hmadnagar.Chandr, m . , the moon .

Changam , n .

, name ofa place .

Charitra, n .,narra tive

,m emoir.

Chaud,7 mm . adj , fourteen .

Chelo, m . , a disciple , fol lower .Cberkuli, n . , pr . n . o fa place .

Chetavaui, f., a caution , a warn

ing.

Chhan-o ,- i, -ufi , secret, private.

VOCABUL ARY. 163

Chhatzi , f. , style (of speaking) .Chhatadér, m .

, one pos sessed of

style .

Chhath th -o,-i

,-ufi. adj ,

sixth .

Chhe, e . ,is , are (3rd sing . and

pl . and 2ud sing . of M il—a ,

q .

Chhedo , m .,limit

,boundary ,

end .

Chhek , adv. , at length , quite.

Chhell- o . -i , -ufi , adj , the last .Chhinilvavufi , tr.

,to snatch

away (bat tens . chh . levuii ) .

C hhodavavufi . tr., to delive r,

rescue.

Chhodvufi ,to leave, abandon ,

cease chhodi devufi , intensative .

Chh okr-o , m .,

-i, -ufi , a boy (girl,chi ld ) , so n (daughter) .

Chhufi , v. (1st sing . ofm ,

am .

Obhut-o ,-i , -n1

'

i, adj , free ; okh .

mukvw’

i or karvufi , to set free.C hhutvufi

,mm , t o get free , be

delivered, escape .

Chichari f. , a scream , yel l ; c.

Chich ié ri

Ch irvufi , tr. , to tear , rip ; chirip ddvi , to scream .

ndfikhvu’

r’

i, to rip up , interns.

Chitod, n . , pr. n . , Chitore ( town ).Ch ittakarshak , adj heart-attracting.

Ch oh é n,m nam e of a family of

B ajp l'

lt k ings o fA jmere .

Ch okas,adj , prec ise, exact .

cau tion , care , carefulne z s ; exactness , precision .

Ch o th -o ,- i

,oufi , adj , fourth .

D soft and (111 (g and 2t) .Dado , m . , a paternal grandfather.Dago , m . (Ar . the) , deceit , treach

ery , p erfidy.

Dahado IDahado 5

Dahir,m . ,pr . n . , Dahir .

Dakhal, adj , entering (Ar. Ja b )

ddkhal thavut , to enter ; dfkar

m ., a day.

waft, t o cause t o enter.Dakhan , f. , th e south , the Deccan .

Dakshin , f. , the south ; the Deccan : adj . , southern .

Damaskas , n . , pr. n . , the city of

Damascus.

Daniyal,m . , Daniel , pr . n . of 3rd

so n ofEmperor A kbar.Dan t , m .,

to oth .

Dara, m . . pr . n . of one ofA urangzeb ’ s brothers.

D arbar, f. , a levee, aud ience, (at

c ourt) .Darek , adj . (Pet s . each ,every.Daria, f., th e sea.

Bariai, adj ., marine.

Darfidio , m . , a drunkard .

Darus t,adj . (Pers c orrect ,

right.Darvz

'

i jo , m . (Pers . a door,

a gate ; a doorway.

L 2

l64 GUJARK'

ri GRAMMA R.

D as ten ; das kaldke, at ten

Daé o ’ c lock.Das, m .

,a slave, a servant .

Dasm -o,

-i,ufi , ten th .

D attak, m ., an adopted son .

D atvufi ,to bury.

D aya, f.,m ercy, pity .

B ayalu , adj . , merciful .D ekhadvnfi , v. tT., t o cause t o see,t o show.

D ekhaitufi, adj . n ., ap p a r e n t,

visible .

D ekhav, m ., appearance,sight, a

vis ion .

D ekhvufi ,'v. M. , irregular (v. gr ) ,

to see, perceive .

D eh erufi

D eharufi )

D es, m .,country, land.

n .

,a temple, pagoda.

D ev,m . , a deity, a god.

Devalnagar, n ., pr. n . , old nam e

ofKarachi .Devavani, f. , a divine voice , a

(heathen) orac le .

Dhani, m ., master, owner.D haran, n. , market price ; holding ;tak ing up : d. kar'vw'

l, t o adopt(a title) , assume.

Dharm , m .,religion.

Dharm guru, m ., religious teacher,priest .Dharo , m ., law, rule ; custom ,

manners dhdro p adyo , th e law

(custom) was established.

Dharvn fi , tax, to set, fix ; tothink . con s ider.

Dharti , f. , the earth .

Dhartikanp ,m . , an earthquake.

Dhikkar, m . , disdain , scorn ;hatred.

Dhire, adj . , slowly.D ho b (h)i Talav,

name of a part ofBombay, Dhobi Talao .Dhyan , n . , attention ; d . a

'

p rufi

upar) , t o pay attention to .D idh-o ,

-i , -u1‘

1 (part. of D evufi ) ,

gr . ,irregular verbs .

Dikr o , n., a s on .

Dikri,f. , a daughter .

Dilhi , n .

,the city Delhi.

Din,m ., a day.

D isa, f., state, condition .

Dith - o , J ,-ufi ,

v. (part . of Dekhvufi , q . seen .

Divan -o ,-i,

-ufi , adj . (Pers . dip s ) ,

mad ; divano, subs. m . , a mad

man .

D ivas , m ., a day .

D odvufi ,'v. intr., t o run .

D olat, f. , weal th (Ar.

D ravya, n . , wealth , property.Duhkh n.,

pain , sud‘

ering, distress.

Duniyanf. (A r. ci) , the world,Dun iyathe present world.Dunia

Dar, adj , d istan t , far.

Dusman, m ., enemy (Pers . vim) .

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166 GUJARATi GRAMMAR.

Persian P oet (au thor of Shahnameh ) .

F o j , f., army (Ar. Polis foj ,police force.

G and gh (01 and u) .

Gabhravufi , v. intr . , to be con

fused .

Gadi, f., a throne.

Gadi, f.,a carriage ( of any s ort) .

Gaanavi

adj , Ghaznavite .

Ga] hnav1

Gakhkar, m . ,name ofa m ountain

tribe in the n orth ofthe Panj z‘i b .

Ga li , f., a lane .

Gem ,n . , a village.

Gamdufi ,n ., a smal l vil lage, ham

let .

Game, conj . . even if, al though .

Ganavufi , (pass . ofganvun,

to be acc oun ted .Ganan ,

n . (corr . fr. jnan) , knowledge .

Ganvuii, c. tn ,t o coun t , reck on .

Garhasth , m . ( if. grihasth ) , a

gent lem an .

Garib , adj . (Ar. H ie), poor,humble .

Garvisht , adj ,proud , haughty.

Gayo , gai , gayun, (past ofjavufi ,0 . gr .

Gera-upayog , m . (Hybrid, Ar.J;

uselessness .

Gervajab i, adj . (Ar.

improper.

0D

Ghanikvar, adv., pretty often ,

several tim es .

Ghan-o,

-i , -ufi , much , many .

Ghan - o khar o o , adj , very m any.Ghanto , m . ,

a belt .Ghar , n ., a house ; househ old .

Ghard- o ,-i,

-ufi , adj , old , aged ,advanced in years .

Ghardavardao , m . p l., an cestors,

forefathers .

Ghusvufi ,fv. data

,to push one ’

s

way in .

Gher (for ghare) , in ,to a house ;

home,at hom e.

Ghodavalo , m . , a horsekeeper ,groom

,driver .

Gbodo , m . , a horse : ghode,horse.

Ghor , m . wild ass) , appellation of Bahram , king of

Ghazni.Ghori , adj , belonging t o , des ceudan t from Bahrain Ghor .

Ghutan , m . )a knee ghagzzie pad

Ghutai, f. M ai, to fal l on on e ’

s

knees , to kneel down .

Gijhni, the city of ( 6 55) Ghazni .Govalkonta, n., nameofa fort res sin the Deccan .

Gufa, f., a cave.

Grihasth , m ., a gentleman .

Gujarat, n .,name of a city and

province.

Gujarvufi , tr. , to cause to pass,to cause to come upon .

VOCABULARY . 167

Gulam , m . (Ar.

rié) , a male slave.

Gulamdi , f. , dim “ a female s lave .

Gun, m .,qualities

,at tributes ,

virtues .

Gus se , adj (Hind . d“

: from A r.

angry . I H

Gvaliyar, n . , th e city ofGwalior .

H

Habsiyadj n egro (Ar

B ahsi ) WHaidrabad, city ofH aidarabad .Hajar , adj . (Ar.

fab ) , present,

in attendan ce.

Hajar , num , a th ousand ( Pu lf ) .Hajrat , m . (Ar. word usedto show respect among Muhammadane, as S '

ri am ong Hindus,

H is H ighness , Saint .Hakem , m . (Ar.

fff-la ) , ruler,

govern or.Hal, adv. (Ar. JL , s tate) , at pre

sent , now .

Halat, state, c ondit ion (Ar.

21'

s ) .

Halve , adv. (often doubled) ,gent ly, gradually, s lowly .

Ham e , p rom , we,'v. gr. (ame is

th e better form in

Ham nafi,adv. ,

n ow, at present .Ham

Ham

Hafikvufi,

tr., to d rive , urge ;}f.

,l oss , injury, damage.

H . kddhvufi , expel.

Hafi sal ( corr . from Ar. da is ) kar

vufi , tr. , t o gain , acquire ,attain to .

Har, f. , a defeat ; h . khdvi, to bedefeated .

Harakat,f. (Ar. as ap ) , hindrance ,difficulty .

Harakh , m . , jo y ,rapture .

Haravavufi , ir. , t o defeat .Harif

,m . (Ar. w ig/ a

l

l, rival .Harvufi ,

v. in tr . , to b e defeated .

Hase ,'v.

,3rd sing . fut . o f b owel,

to be,gr .

asim

}fm .

,proper name o f an

A rab , Hashim .

Hasvufi ,fv. intr .

,to laugh .

aéem

Hath,m .

,hand ; authority .

Hath, f.

,ob s tinacy .

Hat -o ,-i , -ufi , c . intr. , was (from

hovuii , q .Hathi, m . , an elephan t .Have, adv. ,

now, at this tim e .

Hemu , m ., pr . n . o f

’

a wa z irHimat , f. (A r. ill) , boldnes sc ourage . H imat bharelo rich/fr,

a bold thought.Hindu, m . ,

a Hindu.

H in du stan ,n. ,pr. n . In dia , U pper

India.

Hira, pr. 11 . (A r. s lja ) of a cave

near Mecca.

H isab , m . (Ar. who ) , account ,reckoning .

H ok ins , m . ,Captain Hawkins

l68 GuJA RATi GRAMMAR .

H o lvavufi , tr. , t o extinguish ,put out .

H o lvavui‘

i . v. p ass ., t o b e ext in

guished h . j avt tfi.

H o t ( see horem and gr . s . v.)Ho t-0 ,

-i , ml , int/f., was (formof hato som etimes used afterneg. na, 11.

H o vufi , v. intr . aux , to be , t o bec ome, gr .

Humayufi , m .,pr . n . of an em

p eror, father ofA kbar .Huk t

‘

imat , f. (A r. tai l) , rule.

Hukm , m . (Ar. c ommand,order.

Humlo , m . (Ar. AL s ) , an attack ,assault .

Hufi , p ers . p T. , I ( 11.

Hunnar, m . (Pers .

Iii), an art

,

sk ill.

I,and I (8 and if) .

I chchha, f. , a wish , desire.

Ija, f. , in jury, trouble (A r.

Ijan , n. (Ar. 032, an invitation .

lman , n . (Ar. Ulq l) , faith , belief.

Imarat, f. (Ar. 5b ) , a bui l ding.Ingland, n .

,pr. n . ,

E ngland .I nsafi , adj (from A r. q uip , ju st .Iran, m . , pr . n . , Iran , Persia.

i rani, ad j , Persian .

Isa,m .

, pr . n ., Jesu s (Ar.

Isavi,adj . (gr-g

s ), Christian : fsavi

san ( or g a ) , Chr istianYear, A .D .

léu, m ., pr . n .,Jesus (Ar.

ar e ).

lsvar,m ., God.

lévari, adj , d ivine.

J and Jh (w and

J,afiix, adding emphasis , equivalen t to indeed or to italicisation.

Jabriyel, m .,pr . 11 . (Ar . Je

ff-L) ,the angel Gabriel.Jabr-o , -i, -ufi , adj . (A r.

Jada , n., sorcery, witchcraft,m agic .

Jadfigar, m . , sorcerer, magic ian(Persu fj cks ) .

21885

f. , (old Pers . poet M ale .

agOU rdfi a place

Jagya

Jahankh z‘

u‘

i, m . , pr. n . ofa man .

Jahafi sfi z , m . ( Pers . ”J R-s ), ap

pellation of ‘Ala’uddin Ghori .

Jajiavero , m . (Ar. Si); Guj. vero ,

a tax) , the Jaz z'

a-

i

tax.

Jalaludd in,m . ,pr . n . of Akbar

(A r. 0.33mi.)

Jamabandi, f. , revenue, landas sessmen t.Jamai, m ., son

- in -law.

Jamin ,f. (Pers . ow ) , land, ground.Jamin , m . (A r. a baillor,

guaranteer , one who gives bailor security for.

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170 GUJARATI’ GR AMMAR .

Jode, p ostp . , with .

J odhpur , n . ,t own ofJodhp ore.

Joie, v. defect. (v. it is neces

sary , m ust.Jor , a . strength , power,

violence .

J ov an, v. tr. (17. to see, be

hold .

Juban i (Per s .

L9g) , oral evidence,speech , word ofm outh .

Jud- 0,

-i,

-uii , adj . (Pet s . loss ) ,separate , difi’

erent .

Julam , m . (Ar.

rlit ) , tyranny ,

cruel ty.Jun -o ,

-i , -ufi , adj o ld , an cient .JusriJhusri} f. , yoke, sway .Juthapannfi and Juthanufi , n . ,

lie, a fabrication .

Jfi th -o ,-i , -ufi , false.

Jfithufi , n ., a lie.

Jyafi , adv.,where.

Jyz'

ire, adv. , when .

K and Kb (8 and V 1.)

Kabul , n . , pr. n . of a c ity of

Afghan is tan .

Kabul , adj . (A r. ac cepted ;k. karvw

’

i , to accept , receive ;agree ( to d o) .

Kachadvufi ,0 . tr. , to crush , t o

tread down , trample, run overk. ndfikhw fi , intens.

Kachdavufi , v. (pass . of kachad

vufi ) , to b e crushed .

Kadhvufi ,v. tax, to take out, drive

out, ex tract , draw out ; ka‘ dhi

mukvuii, to dr ive out, intens . ;

vakht kddhvv fi , to spend tim e .

Kadi, adv. (with never ;kadi kadi

,sometimes , at t imes .

Hadija, f. (Ar.alga

l), pr . n .

,Kha

dija , Muhammad ’ s first w ife .

Kadko , m . , a piece, b it , fragment .Kafalo

,m . (A r. Eb b ) , a c aravan ;

dafriydno le. , a fleet .Kafar , m. an unbeliever .Ki gal, m . , paper , a letter (Pers .

Kahadvufimt r. to take out ( = kadhvufi , q . v

Kahani, f., a s tory, fable, tale .

Kain n . p ron. (v. som e, some

Kain}6 »

Kajio , m . (Ar . a quarrel, . a

thing, any.

lawsuit .Kajva, n .

,pr . n . ofa town about

,

thirty m iles from A l lahabad .Kakdo , m . , a piece, b it .

Kako , m . ,a paternal uncle.

Kal, m .,t ime , period teno b i;

tha/yo , h is time was up , he died .

Kalak, f. (Eng . cl ock ) , an hour

das kalake, at ten o ’ c lock .

Kalam , f. (A r. PG

) a reed-pen, a

p en .

Kalikat , m . , town ofCalicut .Ka l injar, city ofKalinjar .

VOCABULARY.

Kalpana, f. , fancy, imagination .

Kain ,n . , work , deed .

Kambaksh,m . (Pers . M K), pr. n .

Kimbakh sh,a son ofA nrang

z eb .

Kampani, f., the (East India)

C ompany (Eng)Kan, adv.

,why , wherefore

Kan, n ., the ear.

Kandahar, n . , c ity of Candahar.Kano j , n ., Kano j (Canodge ) .

Kanya, f. , a maiden , a prin cess.

Kanya Kumari,n . , pr. n .

, CapeC om orin.

Kapad, n., cl oth .

Kapvufi , v. M. , to cut ; intens . ,

kdp z mifi khva il, to cut off, cutdown .

Kar, m . , tax ; usage.

Karan , cause, reason ; kdranIce

,because .

Karafich i , n ., city of Karachi

(Kurrachee)Karavui

‘

i,v. (p ass. of to

be done.

Karbh z‘

iri , m . ,manager , cflicer.

Karine, v. (connective p art . of

karvufi ) p o si/p .,on am o un t of;

by m eans of, v. gr .Karnal , m . , (Eng) c ol onel .Karnal Sm ith , C ol. Smith .

Karnal Beli, Col. Bailey .

Karnatak ,m . , the Carnatic .

Karod,mom . adj a more, ten

m illions .

171

Karttafi

comparison ) .

Kartan p ostp . (orig. p art. ofkar

than ( used in

Karvufi , v. irreg. tr. (v. to do ,t o make .

Kasi,n . , the city of Banaras

(Benares ) .Kasi , adj . p fron. (Parsi Guj . , fromUrdfi

of? ) any.

Kasim , m ., (Ar.

Cb ) ’ pr. n .

,

Qasim , of a man .

Kasm ir , m . , the country ofKashm ir ( Cashm ere) .Katha, f. , a tale, story, narrative .

Katko , m . , a piece, b it , portion .

Katto , i , -uii,adj , b itter , fierce,

m ortal (enemy) .

Kavi, m . , a poet.Ke, comfl, that or .Ked

,m . , (Ar. imprisonm ent

k. karrufi ,to imprison .

Kehen, f. and m ., a message.

Kehenaro , m .,a relator, narrator .

Keh evavufi . v. (p ass. of kehevmi ) ,

to b e called to b e said, to bet old .

Kehevufi ,v. tr. irreg. (v. to

say, speak .

Kem ,adv., h ow ? in what way

Heptan ,m ., (Eng .) Captain .

Kethe , adv., anywhere ; “hen ceKetl-o ,

-i,

-ufi , adj . , h ow much ?h ow many ? kefldek or keflak,m . , a good m any, some con

siderable number (or length) of.

172 GUJARKTE GRAMMAR .

Kev-o ,-i, -ufi

,adj , what sort of

Khabar, f., news, information ,

tidings .

Khabardar, adj (Pers . ,

lafis ),

careful , on one’

s guard.Khabardari, f. (Pers .

style/ at ) ,

care,carefulness .

Khachit,adv., sure, certain ; adv.,

certainly .Khadijti ,f. (videKadija) .Khali, adj (Ar. dis ) , empty .Khalifo, m . (A r

,Khalif

(Caliph) .Khalsa, m , state land , government land - k. karvwfi , t o confi scate to th e state.

Kham vufi , v. tr. , to suffer, endure .

Khan, m . (Pers . 0 1s ), m aster,lord

.

Khanagi, adj . (from Pers . as ) ,private.

Khandani , f., tribute, fine.

Khanz aman,m . (Pers .

via ),

pr. n . ofa Muhammadan chief.Kharab , adj (Ar. o bi ) , bad,

evil ; adv. , ill.

Kharekharufi , adv., truly, as

suredly .

Kharekhat, adv. assuredly .

Khar- o , -i,

-un, adj ,true real

good .Khatab , m . (Ar. miles ), title, appellation .

7

Khatun, n ., account , departmen t,

province.

Khavédufi , v. tr.,t o cause t o eat ;

har kh., to inflict a defeat .

Khavufi ,v. i/r. irreg. (v. t o

eat ; to suffer.Khenchavufi , v. (pass , of kheneh

vwi ) , to be pulled , dragged .etc .

Khenchvuii,v. tfr.,

t o pluck , pull ,drag ; khenchi kddhvwfi , v. intens . ,

to pluck out .Khorak

, f. (Pers . cllv’

a) , food .Khorasan, m ., the c ountry of

Khurasan .

Khot-o , -i,

-uii,adj , false, untrue .

Kh ovufi , v. to lose, destroy .

Khub sfirat, adj . (Pers . ”Jf fi ) ’

beautiful .Khub sfirati, f. (Pers .

gaf f ),beauty.

Khull-o ,-i

,-nn, adj , Open , free,

plain , clear .Khun

,n. (Pers . murder ;

koifnufi k. karvufi , to murderany one.

Khuno,m . , a corner, angle.

Khus,adj . (Pers . g

igs ) , pleased .Khuéi, f. (Pers . pleasure .

Khusru,m . (Pers .Liza) , Khusrau ,

pr . n . ofa son ofBahram .

Khusra Malek , m . (Pers .nkj a ),Khusrau Malik, grandson of

Bahrain.

Hldh-o,-i,

-ufi , a part of Karvufi(v. gr. ir'r. vv.l.

Killo,m . (Ar. fort castle,

fortified town.

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174 GUJARAri GRAMMAR .

L idh -o,-i,

-uii,0 . (part . of lavua) ,

i7 72 , v. gr .L ohi, n .

,blood .

L o k,m . and n . , people, a nation .

L uchchai, f. , knavery, dissolute

conduc tL ut

, f.,booty

,plunder.

L ntvufi,v. ton

, t o plunder.

M (31)

Ma, f.

,m other.

Madad, f. (A r. help , aid

,

assistance ; koin i madad kaavi .or koine madad dp vi , t o aid any

o ne.

Madhava Rav ,m .

,pr . n . ofa m an .

Madina, 71. (Ar. the city ofMedina.

Madras , n ., the city ofMadras .

Mégvufi , v. ir. , to ask , beg ; des ire ,wish .

aMahamad , (Ar. M ) , Mu

hamm ad ; also used in Guj ardti

for a} ,Mahmud of Ghazni

(A c omm on man’s nam e am ong

Muslim s . )

Mahan ,adj , great ; large.

Mahino , m .

,a m on th.

Maj lis , f. (A r. vii i) , an assembly.

Makka, n.

, (Ar. ii i) , c ity of

Mecca.

Makkavalo , m .,an inhabitan t of

Mecca.

Mal,m . (Ar.JL ) , property, goods.

Maldev,m .

,pr. n . ofa man.

Malik Am bar,m . , pr . n . of a

waz ir.Malmat5

,f.,Ar. C

h. J‘J), property,

possessions .

Maltio , m ., an assoc iate, an ally .

Malum,adj . (Ar. ”all, known ;

m . p aduufi , t o becom e known .

Malvufi ,v. man

,to mee t

,come to ,

be obtainable.

Mamavo,m .

,maternal grand

father.Man

,n.

,heart, m in d .

Man,n .

,respect

,regard , hon our .

Man, p ostp . , in

,into ; mdfi thi ,

from am ong .

9”Mah aro , m . (Ar. plumfrom9. minaret , tower , tiirret .Manas, n . (occasional ly a

person ,human being , aman .

Manavufi , v. (pass . of mda oud ,

q . t o be hon oured .Mami e

,-i,

-ufi , adj . (Pers . sui

t ),s ick .

Mandvad,m .,

sickness (hybridword , Pers . mil. Guj . term .

Mandvufl, v. intr to begin ,

comm en ce.

Mane (from man,q . in m ind .

Man e, prom p ers . (from hurl, q .

me,t o m e .

Méflgvufi ,v .tr, ( =ma

‘

gvufi q . v.) toask , beg, desire .

VOCABUL ARY.

Mafihe, p ostp . and adv. , with in ,am ong .

Manhomafih e, adv.,mutually ,

am ong them selves .

Manmant ~o , i, -na, adj , agreeable ,c ongenial , en ough .

Mannaro , m . , (from manvwft , q .

one wh o respects .Manpatar, n .

, an address of

honour .Mails , v .,

m eat, flesh .

M i n s ing,m .

,pr. n . ofa prince .

Man vun, v. tan,t o h on our, respec t ,

observe ; c onfes s, acknowledge .

Mar, f. , a beating ; mar khdvi, f. ,to be beaten .

Maran, n ., death maran p dmvufi ,

t o die .

Mareth o , n . ,Maratha; adj. -o

,

-i,

-ufi ) , belonging to the

Maratlias .

Marji, f., (A r. Per s . U rda

g

i

g) ,des ire , will , pleasure .

Mar-o ,-i,

-ufi , p ron . p oss ., my ,

m ino .Marnar

,m .f. n (agent ofmarvua,

q . deceased .

Mai rvfid,m . ,

the dis trict o f Marveld (Marvar) .

Marvufi , v. tr., to strike , slay ;mar? ndnkhf

t m‘

t,to k il l ; mdri

fnaakvwfi , to b e struck dead ,k il led ; t o b e

k illed .

Mas, m ., a m on th .

ma‘ ryo j ava'd ,

175

Masi,f.,m other’ s s ister, maternal

aun t.Maslai , adj ,

bel onging to one’ sm aternal aun t .Mastan ,

adj , w ild , excited , mad ,

ungovernable.

Masad m . ,pr . n . (Ar. Sail) ,

Mas fid.

Mat,n .

, opinion , doctrine, dogma.

Mata, f.

,m other .

Mate , p o stp .,and conj , on ao

count of, becau se of; e male

or image, therefore .

Math- o , -i , -ufi , adj , bad, e vil,

wicked , wrong .

Mathufl , n ., head , top .

Mathura, n ., name of a city,

Mathura, o n the Jamn i,eighty

m iles from Agra .

Matlab , m . (Ar. Li l) , purpose,object , aim .

Matr, adv.,m ere ly

,on ly.

Medan ,n . (Per. a plain,

field of battle .

5

Mehe l , m . (Ar. a palace( r . m ohol) .

Mehelvufi (al so m elvwfi) , t o put,to keep , t o leave .

Meh erban i,f. (Pers . j g ) , kind

n ess , favour.Meh esfil, f. (A r.

revenue .

Melvavur’

i , v. tax, to get , gainacquire t o mix .

176 GnJARai i GRAMMAR.

Melvuii, 0 . tr.-mehelvufi ) , to put ,

to leave , t o keep .Men, p ron . p ers. ( agential of had ,

v. by m e .

Mhaisfi r, n the t own ofMysore .

Mi . ( con tr . fo r Eng . Mister) , Mr.

Mirja Khan, an. (Pers . viz. ljfi a ),

pr . n . ofa man , MirzaKhan .

Mirjumala, m ., pr . n . ofa m an .

M isar , m . (Ar. ,L ) , Egypt .

Mitlias, f.

, sweetnes s , eloquence.

Mitr, m ., a friend.

Moajim , m . (Ar.

(lit-i) , Mu

‘az im ,

pr . n . ofa s on ofAurangzeb .

Mogal , m . (P ers . did) , a Mug_hul

(Mogul) .M oh

,n .,

facination, charm .

MohabatKhafi ,m . (Pers . a

ka. a n y ),

Muhabbat E lan, pr . n . o f a

noble .

Mohol , m .

,a palace (Ar. his ) !

m ehel.

Mokalavavuii, v. tau, t o cause t osend .

Mokalelapanufi , n., the character

or offi ce ofone sent ; apo stlesh ip .

Mokalelo (part. ofmokalvua, q .

one sen t , an apostle, m essenger .Mokalvufi ,

v. tax, to send .

Mokrib Khan, m . (Per. at.

Muqrib Q an, pr . n . ofa man .

Morad,m . (Ar. obj ) , Murad , pr. n .

ofa son ofAkbar.

Mo t -o ,-i, -ufi

,adj , great ; large,

b ig.

Mubarak Khan, on. (Pers . Ola egg) ,

pr . n . ofan Afghan .

Muddat , f. (Ar. iii) , period of

time .

Muel -o , -i , -ufi (p art. of marvufi .

q . dead .Mug-0 , -i

,-ufi , adj , dumb .

Mujab , p ost/p . (Ar. according to.

Mukadam o,m . (Ar. 24 32 busi

n ess, lawsuit .Mukavufi , v. , (p ass . of mukvvfi ,

q . t o b e put .MukhiMukhyaMukvufi , 0 . tax, to part ; to give

adj , chief, principal .

up , let go , release (also usedas aux. v . , vide

Mi'ilak,n. (Ar. did) , a coun try .

Mulakat , f. (Ar. an in terview,

m eeting.

Mul tan ,n ., pr . n . ofa town in the

Panjab .

Multavi,adj . (Ar. (53 delayed ,

adjourned .

Mum bai, n . ,th e c ity ofB ombay .

Mum tajm ahal, f. , pr . n . ofa queen

ofShahjahan .

Mu-o ,-i,

-ufi (part. of marvwfi,

q . dead .Murad , m . (A r. sin ) , pr . n . of a

brother ofAurangz eb.

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178 GuJARZ Ti GRAMMAR .

N ipajvufi ,v. intr ., to resul t, pro

ceed from , spring up .

Niééni , f. (Urdugm , Pers.s ign , proof.

Nizam ,m . (Ar.

rllrli) , title of a

ruler (ofHaidarabad , Deccan) .Niz éméah , m .

, pr. n . ( son ofQueenChandb ibi) .

No , m . ,ui ; f.,

nun,n., p ostp . of

( see gram )Nohari, f. , service (Pers .

Nurjah é ii, f., pr. n . (Pers. aim,»

ofwife ofEmp . Jahangir .

0 (vii ) .

0 , inter} , O.

Oddho , m ., rank , position , station .

Odh e utarvufi , m tr t o descendhereditarily.

kn ow,recognise.

Olkhavufi , ( pass . of olkhavwfi,

to kn ow) , to be known, called.Ordo, m ., apartment , chamber,room .

Othman, m .,pr . 11. (Ar. wh

iz) ,‘U thman .

Ogl o , m ., a veranda, porch, plat

form .

P

P i chhal, p osbp .,behind p dchhalo

thi, adv., afterwards .

Pachh i , p ostp ., after ; adv afterwards .

Pachh o , -i, -ur"

i , adj , back ; as

te paekho avyo chhe, he has

come back .

’

Pachhufi , ada , again , back , backwards ; p dchhwfifawwfi, to turnback , to retreat .

Pachis, 7 mm. adj ,twenty-five.

Pad,n . , dignity, rank .

Padoéi, m ., a neighbour .Padéah , m . (Pers. sh ag) , an em

peror.

Padsahi, adj . (Pers .

Q‘ ui

i‘) royal ,imperial .

Padvi ,f. , rank , digni ty, oflice.

Padvufi , v. intr., t o fal l ; happen ,

occur tene rehevwft p odwi, he

had to remain.

’

Padvufi , v. tax, to cause to fal l ,throw down , kn ock down ;aux. add s in tensity, as todip dd ii, t o break in pieces ; mipadvi, t o deny, refuse.

Pahad, n ., a m ountain .

Pahadi, adj ., m ountain , be l ongingto a m oun tain .

Paiso, m .,a p aisa pice, ’ i anna) ;

m oney.Pakadavufi , (pass . ofp akad r

'

t ) ,

t o be caught .Pakadvufi , fv. tr to seiz e, grasp ,hold .

Pako , -i ,-u1

‘

i,

}adj ., perfect,

Pakk- o,J,

-ufi ’ complete ; ripe.

VOCABUL ARY .

Paksh , m., a wing a side , party,koino p aksh karvo , to espouseany one’ s part.

Palavufi , (pass . ofp dlv'wfi) to be

observed , kept .Palvan, v.M., to support ; t o keep ,ob serve (a law) .

Pamvufi,v. M.,

to obtain, get ,

gain.

Pan, coni . , but , also, moreover ;tap aza, yet , nevertheless.

Panch, 7mm . adj . , five.

Panchm-o ,-i , -ufi , adj ., fifth.

Pani, n. , water .Panipat, <n. , pr . n . of a t own fiftymiles north ofD elhi .

Panjab , m . , the Panjab.Pap , n ., sin .

Papi, m . , sinner.Par, p asty , upon ,

on.

Param dah z'

ide adv. , on the day

Paramdine before yesterdayor the day after to -m orrow.

Paranavavufi , bin,t o cause to

marry, give in marriage.

Parantu,conj ., but.

Paranvufi , v. intu, to be married

Pardeé, m ., a foreign land.

Pardeékhatafino pardhan, m .,

S ecretary for F oreign Affairs ;na

‘

yabp ardhdn,Under-Secretary for F oreign Affairs.

Pardhan,m . (also p radhan) , m inis

ter, councill or .

c a n

1P

9

Pargat , adj . (also p rayag) , clear,manifes t , evident.

Parinam ,n.,result , c onsequence .

Parja, f. (also progenysubjects .

Parsi, m ., a Parsi ; adj . , Persian ,

Parsi.Parviz , m . pr. n. of a

prince .

I

Pasand , adj . (Pers . Ju g) , pleasing, acceptable ; p asandp adcun ,

to becom e pleasing,’ to turnout acceptab le.

’

Pasar, f. , walking , taking a.walk

p asdr thavufi , to glide away, topass .

Page, p ost/1a , near ; up to ; adv.,

near , at hand .Pathan, m . , an Afghan.

Pathe, p ostp .,like ; adv. , similarly,

like.

Path thar, m., a s tone.

Patvikufi var, m ., c rown prince,heir apparent.

Pautr, m ., grandson .

Pavitr , adj”holy, pure.

Paym a‘

il, adj . (Pers . JU Q) , troddenunder foot ; p aymdl karvuft, totread down .

’

Payo , m . (Pers . a lt) , base, foundation — 'no p dyo minkhvo, to found.Paytakht, n. (Pers . capitalcity , seat ofgovernm en t .

Pegambar, n . (Pers . rig—Z ) , a

prophet.

180 GUJARa'

ri GRAMMAR .

Pehelafi , p ostp , before (of time) .

Feb el-o,-i , -ufi , adj ,

first .P eh elvehel- o , -i

'

,o ufi adj . very

Pehelvel-o , -i,-ufi lfirs t, first

ofall.

P esavar , n . , th e city ofPeshawar .Pestanji Edalji, m .,

pr. n . of a

Parsi .P eévo , m . (Pers . ir

i

s ,tit le of th e

ruler of the Marathas, Peshwa.

Pet , n. , belly, abdomen.

P id f.,pain , anguish, distress,

P ida} trouble.

Pita, m . ,father.

Poh onchvufi ,'v. intr ., t o arrive .

P okar, m ., exclamation , shout .P olilor, n ., name ofa place.

P orto N ovo , n nam e of a place,P orto Novo .

P o tan-o,-i , -na (from p ote, 0 .

h is own , h er own, &c.

Prabh fi , m ., a l ord , master.

Prachin , adj , ancien t, former.Pradlian, m ., m inister, c ouncillor.Pragat, adj , clear , evident.Pragatpanufi , n ., revelation , mani

f6 station .

P raja, f., progeny, descendants ;subjects , a nation .

Prakaran, n ., a top ic, subject ; a

section .

Prakas, m .,brightness, lustre,

splendour.Prakhyat, adj , famous, renowned .

Pramane, p ostp , according t o.Prani , n . living creature , animatebeing.

Prant, m ., a provin ce.

Prasar, m ., spread , d iffusionp . karvo , t o spread .

Pravas, m ., travel, travel ling,j ourneying.

P frithivi, f., the earth.Pm

'

thuraj , m ., pr . n . ofa man .

Puchhvufi , v. w. (with to

ask , enquire, question .

Par, adj , full, perfect.Purush

,m . , a male, a man.

Purvadhikari, m . (p i rva, before ;adhikari, heir, owner) , form erofiicial, predeces sor.

P firvufi , tr., to bury, inter.Pushkal, adj , m any.Pustak

,n.

,a book , a volume.

Puthe, p ostp ., behind, after , in

pur suit of.Putr, m ., a son .

R (l ) .

Racharch ilufi,n . , hou sehold fur.

niture.

Radvufi , v. intr., t o weep, cry .Rah evufi , v. intr. (v. rehevua).

Raiyat , f. (Ar . subjects ( ofk ing) a peasant .

Raj , n ., a kingdom , a reignraj ka'rvufi , t o reign .

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182 GUJA RA'ri

'

G RAMMAR.

sach -o , -i, uh , adj , true, truthful .sad, pr . n . ofan A rab .Sfidharan ,

adj , c omm on , general .Sadhu, m. , an ascetic , a (Hindfi)saint.

sadhusah i , adj (Guj . sadhuP ers . s is—adj . term.

-i) , ascetic.Sadi, f. (Pers . g al) , a century.Saf, adj . (Ar. u p ) , pure, clean ;plain , clear ; adv.,

‘ clearly,plainly.

Safai , f. (Pers . Jib ) , purity.Safaidar, adj , pos sessed ofpurity( of diction) .

Sagafi vahalafi , n. p l. , friends and

relatives .

S'

agird, m . (Pers. gm ) , disciple,apprentice.

Sagbl-o , -i ,-uf1 adj ,

all, the

Sagl-o , -i,

-uh , whole .

Sago , m.,a k insman , relative.

Sag-o ,-i

, uii , adj , akin , closelyrelated .

S'

ahabuddin,m . (Ar. d

'

iii

pr. n . ofa m an .

'

ah A lam ,m . (Pers . (Jig sLt .) pr . n .

of a Mughul Emperor, Shah‘A lam .

Sahan , n .,endurance, patien ce .

S'

aheriyar, m . n .

o f the fourth s on of Jahangir.Sabit , p ostp , along with .sahitya ,

n . , materials , m eans .

”b sLfi prince.

S'ahjahaii, m. (Pers . 0

14; st ) , pr.ofa grand son ofAkbar.

Sakbat , adj (Pers. hard,difficul t, severe.

S ’akavnfi , o . (pass . ofsakvmi , q .Bak shi , m . , a witness .

S'

ak ti,f. ,power , m ight , ability.

S'

akvufi , o . awn, to be able .

Salam, f. (Ar.

rill) , a salutation .

Salim , m . (Ar. pr . n . of

Akbat ’e el dest son .

Samachar, m . ( often used int idings , news , a message.

Samajanval-o , -i, -ui‘

i , adj ,clever ,

inte lligent .Samajavavufi , tr. , t o cause t ounderstand, give to understand .

Samajavufi , (pas s . of sa/majvufi ,

q . to be under stood .Samajvufi , v. tax, to understand ,c omprehend .

Samail, p ostp , in opposition t o.Samap ti, f. , end, c ompletion ,term ination.

Sambandh , m . ,connexion .

Sambandh i, p ostp , with regard to ,regarding , c oncerning, about .

Sam bhal, f., care, heed .sambhalvufi

, tr to hear,listen to.

Same, p ostp . , opposite, before, infron t , agains t .

Same, m ., tim e.

VOCABUL ARY. 183

S im -0 , 5 .-ui

'

1 , adj , opposed ,hostile, against.

Samp ,m .,unanimity ,union ,

league.

Samravavufi , tr. , to cause toadorn , cause to repair.

San , m . (Ar. year (Christiancalendar) ; age, epoch

Sandhe,adv. , everywhere.

Sandhi’ , f. , un ion , junction ;

opportunity.Sang, p ostp , together with.Sang, m ., pr. n . of a King of

U daipur.Ban jo sanjhre, q. v.

sanjh, f., even ing.

sanjhre , adv., in th e even ing.sankal, f. , a chain .

Sanmukh , p ostp ., in presen ce of,

before.

Santan ,m . and n ., progeny,

descendants .

S'

anti, f.,c omfort, rest , peace of

mind .Sar, upon , on accoun t of.Bar, m . S ir ; Sar TomasR 0 S ir Thomas R o e ; Sar

Viliyam N oris 2 Sir WilliamN orris.

Saras , adj , excellen t, capital .Sarasvati, f., the river Sarasvati.Sardar, m . (Pers . ,

l-JJ) , chief, a

n oble.

Saripath e, adv.,well.

S'

arir, n., the body.

Sarkar ,f. th e Governm ent .

Sarkari, adj (Pers . governm en tal , government .

Sarkh -o ,-i, similar to .

sar-o ,-i, uh , adj ,

good, Wel l.

Serovar, n ., a lake.

Sara , p ostp , for, because of, o n

accoun t of.Sarvasaktiman , adj , A lmighty.Sarve , adj , all.

sat, 7 mm . adj , seven .

Sata, f., authority satta) .Satara, n. , pr. n . of a town in theDeccan , no t far from P oona.

Satavavnfi , tax, to persecute .

sathe, p ostp , with, along with .

Sati,f the custom ofsati (suttee),or self-imm olation ofwidows .

Satm o o ,-i, -ui

’

1, adj , seven th .Satrami, m . , pr. n . ofa man .

S'

atru, m . , an enemy.Satta, f. , authority , influen ce.

Sat tadar, adj ( sattap owerful , influential .

Sau,adj , all ; saa kartdfi ,

m orethan all.

S i va, (Ar. name of a lake,the water of which is said tohave dried up at Muhammad ’ sbirth .

Savachet , adj , aware, attentive,expectant .

Saval , m . (Ar. Jbl) , question ,

enq uiry.

184 GUJARari GRAMMAR .

Savar, m . a horseman .

Savar ,f. , m orning .

Savare ,adv.,in the m orning, early.S'

eher , n . a city.S emenis , m . pr. name.

Sea,sub. , s o .

Sena, f., an army .Senapati, m . , a general.S ikandar Adil S '

ah , m . (Pers .

at: pr. n. of a King

of B ijapur.Sikandar Sur, m .

, pr. n . ofa man .

S'

ikhavavuii tax, to teach,S ikhavavuii

S'

ikhvufi

S ikvuii

S indh , m . ,pr . n .

,the province of

S in dh.Sindhunadi, f. , the river Indus .

S ipai , m . , a sipah'

i (sepoy) , soldier ;po lis sipai , a native policeman.

S'

ir Afgan , (Pers . wlfi lfiz

), ShirAfghan , pr . n . ofa man.

S iria, m . , Syria.

in struct.

}'v. tr., to learn .

S'

ivac, p ostp . (Pers . g iro ), except,80 , mm . adj , a hundred ; ekse,

one hundred. (With highernumbers prefixed this wordbecom es sea, as based , two

hundred ) .S'

o , ai , a s ,interr. and adj prom,

whatS'obha, f., ornament, beauty.

S'

obhaeman, adj , ornamen tal,

ornamen ted.S ogand , m. (P ers . an oath ;s . khavi, to swear ( 6k vastano ,by a. th ing).

S'

olingar, n ., name ofa place.

Somnath, n., name ofa city.S om var, m . , Monday.Sonapur (-por), n ., name of a part

ofB ombay.S onufi , n .

,gold.

S'

rap it, adj , accursed .S taneévar, n., name of a town,50 miles N . ofPanipat.

S thapna,f. establishmen t,found

m g.

Sthapnar, m ., a founder, esta

blisher.

S thapvufi , tr., to establish ,found .

S tri, f., a woman .

Sfib o , m . (Pers . a province ;a petty ruler.

S'

uddh

S'udhS fidharo , m. , a reform ,an improvem ent .

adj , pure, clean .

S'

uddhata, f. , purity, cleanness .

Sudhi , p ostp , unt il , as far as,

up to.cleann ess .

Suja, m . (Ar. gal) pr. n . of a

prin ce.

S'ukan ,

n., an omen, portent ;éuka/nj onar, a diviner .

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186

Teko , m . , a prop, support ; teko

(2v , to give support , to uphold ,prove .

Teliehari , n. , name ofa place.

Tem,adv t hus ; p ron. Obl., them .

Temaj , adv., thus ; conj , just as ,as well as.

Teni , she teni-no , -ui,-nufi (v. gr .

sub. p ron . h er, hers.

Tevan , p ron. (Parsi he.

Tev-o ,-i,

-ufi (correl. t o j evo,q . as , such as .

Thanesvar, n ., pr. n . of t own ,

Thanesvar.

Thavufi , v. tntr. a/ww. (v. tobecome.

Thi, from ,by , through .

Thod-o ,-i , -ufi , adj ,

few, a few.

Tikh -o,

-i,

-u1"

1 , adj , h ot , quicktempered pungent .

Tikshnabuddh i , f., keenness of

intellect , sharpness , cleverness .

Tiraskar, m . ,c on tempt , aversion .

To, p article, then (done) , correl. t oj o , if.

Todvufi , v. M., t o break , fracture ;todi p ddvuai .

Toh omat , f. (Ar. accusation,

fal se charge .

Topan , conj , nevertheless, yet.Tran, nam . adj ,

three .

Trij -o , -i, uh , adj , third .

Trimbak Ray, m ., pr. n . of a

Maratha.

GUJARa'ri GRAMMAR.

Trinomali, n.,name ofa place .

Tuvar, m ., pr . n . ofRajput fam ily(Kings ofDelhi) .

Tuh, p ron. thou .

Turkes tan , n ., Turki stan .

Turki, adj , Turkish .

Turt,adv., at once, imm ediately.

Turtvela, (Parsi) ,diately, at once.

adv. imm e

Tyafi ,adv., those.

Tyare, adv., then (v. tare).Tyarbad, adv. ( tyar and Ar.

afterwards .

T and Th (3 and

Takav

Takavo }m ., stabi l ity, durabi li ty .Tantie, m . , the leg.

Thagai , f., defrauding, cheating ,robbery.

Thane , m . , Tanna, a place no t farfrom B om bay.

Tharav, m . ,decision , resolve.

Tharavavufi , v. tr., t o decide, fix ,

settle, appoin t .Theravavufi , v. tr t o fix, resolve.

appoin t .Todarmal, m. , pr . n . Raj a To

darmal a celebrated H inda of

Akbar’s tim e.

U bh -o ,-i, -ui

'

i , adj , standingupright ; nbho thavo , to stand up .

VOCABUL ARY .

U char, m. , pronunciation.

U depur,n . ,pr . n . ofcity, U daipur

(Oodeypore) .U dyafi sing, m . ,

pr . n . ofa prince .

U jas , m . ,l ight

, splendour , lu stre.

U jjen , n ., city ofU jjain.

U latpalat adj across ; subs. f. ,

U latp i‘

ilatlsdkshine nlag

‘

palag tap dsvdni na

revolution drap ie

padr'

,the accused refu sed to

cross-examine the witness .

U lt -o , -i,-

‘

l1fi,ad j , reverse, con

trary, opposite .

Umar, f. (A r.

Umarav,m . (A r. lA, p l. offl l) ,

a noble.

U nch- o , -i, -ufi , adj , high , lofty,n oble .

U nd-o,

-i , -ufi , adj , deep.U nt, m . a ma le camel .U paj, f. , profi ts, produce, nettgain .

U pades, m . ,teaching , doctrine.

Upar, p ostp . , over, upon .

U pay, m .,resource, remedy.

— no upayog karvo ,

to use .

U p l-o ,- i, -uii , adj , above, above

m entioned .U ravavufi

,v. tr. , to cause t o fly ;

t o waste, drive away,repel .

U tarvun, v. intr., to descend,

c ome down .

U thvufi , v. inf/r t o arise,rise,

stand up.

187

U tpann ,adj . (Sk . p ast p art ),

created ; ntp ann karvwr'

l, t ocreate .

U ttam , adj , very good , best.U ttar, adj ,

northern ; subs . m .,

th e n or th .

U ttar,m . , answer ; n ttar devo , t o

answer .U ttejan ,

n excitem en t , en conragem ent ; n . dp vun , to en

courage.

V (a) .

Vaehan , n . , word , saying.Vecbebe, p ostp . , be tween .

Vadbu,adj , m ore, greater , fur

ther vadhu tap as multavi rahi

hati, the further hearing of thecase was p ostpon ed .

Vadhare, adj and adv. ,m ore .

Vadharvui'

i , v. ir., to add, in crease.

Vadh elo , m ., pr . n . of Rajp i'

i t

fam ily (kings ofGujarat) .Vadhvufl , v. intr. , to increase,advan ce.

Vadhvufi , v. M.,t o fight, quarrel .

Vad-o ,-i,ufi , adj , great, el derly;

eldest.Vadufi karvun, to extinguish ;vadwii thavan, to go out, depart .Vagar, p ostp . , without , except ;vagarbhanelo , untaught .

Vagere ( corr. from A r.-Pers .

, o ’ l

W fl ’ 350

188 GUJARATl GRAMMAR .

Vahadya, ni gala, name of a lanein Bombay.

Vaheb , m .,pr . n . of an A rab

(Wah ib w t ) .Vaih indgadh , n . ,

pr . n . town and

fort ofVaihindgarb .

Vajabi, adj (Ar. necessary,proper, suitable .

Vaifr. m. (Ar. .ai a Wazir.m inister of s tate.

Vakht , m . (Ar. gig) , tim e .

Valagvui’

i, v. tr. , to em brace ; to

possess (ofa devil) .Valan, f. , a turn, bend ; v. levi, toturnVali, adv. , again further

,m ore

over.Vallabhasen , m . , pr . n ., CrownP rin ce ofChamund.

Valvuii , v. {anti-n to be profited , begained

,result.

valvufi , v. tr., to bend , fold , dress .

Vai'

i chavufi , v. (p ass. ofvanchvmi ,

q . t o be read .vafi chvui

'

i , v. ir. ,t o read.

vain, f., a voice .

fam ily , pedigree.

V aii éavali , f.,geneal ogy , fam ily

line , line of descent, gensalogical tree .

var, f. , period of t ime .

Varaka,m . , pr . 11 . (Ar.

Waraqah .Varas, n., a year (v. varsh) .

Varaso , m inheritan ce , heritage( corr. from A r. u ,

l, , heir,heritage) .

varevar, adv., from time to time,

cont inually.Varsh , n.

, a year (v.

raining.Vas, adj ,

subdued v. karvmi , tosubdue.

Vasnaro,m . , a dweller, inhabitan t

(f. vasvwfi ) .

Vasti,f., abode population .

Vastu , f., a thing .

Vasvufi , v. intr., to dwel l .Vasfil, f. , revenue (A r. t3, 0) ,vas zi lkarvwri , to collect revenue.

vat, f. , word , m atter s tory ,tale ; c onversation .

Vay, f. , age, period of life.

Vayakaran, n . ,grammar.

Vaz ir,m . (Ar ,g5Jo) , aWazir (Vizier) .

Vechvun , v. tin, to sell.V ehem ,

n . (Ar . imagination .

Vehemi, adj ,imaginative, imagi

nary.Vehevui

'

i , v. intr . , t o flow.

Vela,f. , time.

Ver, n . , enm ity, revenge v. levwfi ,

to take vengeance.

Veri , m . , an enemy .Vere, m., tax, impost , taxation .

Vepar, m .,trading , c ommerce ;

vepdrdhandho , m ., commercialbusiness.

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