troy and the trojan war - canada's capital university · pdf file10/16/2015 1 the trojan...
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The Trojan War
TROY AND THE TROJAN WAR
Main source for the story
Homer
Paris takes Helen back to Troy
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Helen
Menelaus, King of Sparta
Agamemnon assembles the fleet
AgamemnonAll the kings of Greece
Homeric Greece Hero vs hero
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The death of Achilles
The Trojan Horse
Pre‐1870 Hissarlik
Frank CalvertHeinrich Schliemann
I think thisis Troy. That’s my
theory.
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Priam’s Troy
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Trench at Troy Troy
Priam’s TreasureThe “sauce boat” (Early Bronze Age 3000‐2000 BCE) = almost 1000 years
too early!
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Oh Heinrich!You shouldn’t have…
You definitelyshouldn’t have.Thief!
Troy VI
The Walls of Troy VI Troy VIIa
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Ahhiyawa?(Achaeans)
Problems of stratigraphy
Homer’s Troy?
Minyan Ware 1900‐1600 BCE
Shaft Graves of Mycenae
Mycenaean weapons from Troy VI/VIa
Ahhiyawa?(Achaeans)
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Spears and arrows
COULD THERE HAVE BEEN A TROJAN WAR?
Ancient superpowers Ancient Egypt
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Amarna letters
To the King my lord, my sun, my god, the breath of my life... your slave and dust under your feet. At the feet of the King my lord, my sun, my god, the breath of my life, I bowed down seven times seven times. I heard the words of the tablets of the King my lord, my sun, my god, the breath of my life, and the heat of your slave and the dust under the feet of the King, my lord, my sun, my god, the breath of my life, is exceeding glad that the breath of the King my lord, my sun, my god has gone out to his slave and to the dust under his feet.
Who is your servant but a dog? and they prostrate themselves before the Pharaoh Seven times and seven times on both back and belly.
From the king of Mitanni to the king of Egypt
A Letter from Tushratta to the King of EgyptEA 17 To Nibmuaria [1], King of Egypt, my brother, say: Thus says Tushratta, King of Mitanni [2],
your brother. It is well with me. May it be well with you; with Kelu‐Heba [3], my sister, may it be well; with your household, your wives, your sons, your nobles, your warriors, your horses, your chariots, and throughout your land may it be very well.When I sat upon my father's throne [4], I was still young, and Tuhi did evil to my land, and
he killed his lord. And, therefore, he did not treat me well, nor the one who was on friendly terms with me. I, however, especially because of those evils, which were perpetrated on my land, made no delay; but the murderers of Artashumara, my brother [5], along with all that they had, I killed.Because you were friendly with my father, for this reason I sent and spoke to you, so that
my brother might hear of this deed and rejoice. My father loved you, and you loved my father still more. And my father, because of his love, has given my sister to you. And who else stood with my father as you did? The very next year, moreover, my brother's . . . the whole land of Hatti. As the enemy came to my land, Teshub [6], my lord, gave him into my hand, and I destroyed him. And not one of them returned to his own land.Behold, one chariot, two horses, one male servant, one female servant, out of the booty
from the land of Hatti I have sent you. And as a gift for my brother, five chariots (and) five teams of horses I have sent you. And as a gift for Kelu‐Heba, my sister, one set of gold pins, one set of gold earrings, one gold idol, and one container of "sweet oil." I have sent her.Behold, Keliya, my sukkal [7] along with Tunip‐ibri, I have sent. May my brother quickly
dispatch them so that they may quickly bring back word so that I may hear my brother's greeting and rejoice. May my brother seek friendship with me, and may my brother send his messengers so that they may bring my brother's greeting and I may receive them.
Hittite king Suppiluliuma is equal to the Pharaoh of Egypt
The messages I sent to your father (Amenhotep III) and the wishes he expressed to me will certainly be renewed between us. O King, I did not reject anything your father asked for, and your father never neglected none of the wishes I expressed, but granted me everything. Why have you, my brother, refused to send me what your father during his lifetime has sent me?Now, my brother, you have acceded to the throne of your father, and similarly as your father and I
have sent each other gifts of friendship, I wish good friendship to exist between you and me. I have expressed a wish to your father. We certainly shall make it come true between us. Do no refuse, my brother, what I wished to receive from your father. It concerns two statues of gold, one standing, the other sitting, two silver statues of women, a chunk of lapis lazuli and some other things. They are not gifts in the true sense of the word, but rather, as in the majority of similar cases, objects of a commercial transaction. If my brother should decide to deliver these, may my brother deliver them. If my brother should not decide to deliver them, as soon as my chariots are ready to carry the cloth, I shall send it to my brother. What you, my brother may want, write to me and I shall send it to my brother.
Fragment from Suppiluliuma, king of Hatti to AkhenatenAnd now, as to the tablet you have sent me, why have you put the name of my brother above my
name? And who is it who troubles the good relations between us? Has such behaviour become custom? My brother, have you written to me thinking that we become allies? If you are my brother, why have you praised my name, when I am no better thought of than a cadaver? [ ] But your name [ ] I rub out [ ].
Egyptian warrior
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Egyptian chariot Egyptian weaponsSickle sword
Dagger
Ceremonial axe
THE HITTITES
Migration 3500‐2500 BCE
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Indo‐European languages Proto‐Indo‐European
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ‐Ru9djdmU
• A spoken sample of PIE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU5qI1MCzss
• Sheep and horses – not translated.
The Hittite language 16th – 13th
centuries BCEHittite scribes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoNWbYa3NTE
• About 2 min.
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The Tawagawala letter
Ancient Hatti – the capital of the Hittites
HITTITES AT WAR
The Hittite empire
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ypGkwWo6aU
• Approx 8 min clip
Hittite warrior
Spearman
Chariot warrior
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Hittite war chariot
Egyptian war chariotAxel at rear of cart
Hittite war chariotAxel at centre of cart
Hittite weapons
Ritual axe
Sickle sword
Axe head
Hittite warriors
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFyxR1tSeY0
• About 3 min
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MYCENAEAN WARFARE
Armour
Linen greaves
Linen shorts?
Linen? Linen andLeather kilt?
Linen armour
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Dendra Dendra armour (LH IIIA)
Boar’s tusk helmet
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Wild Boar Shields Figure of 8shield
Tower shield
Swords
Naue II cut‐and‐thrust
rapier
Swords in use
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Daggers Daggers in use
Spears and arrows in use Chariots
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Chariot reconstruction Tactics
Slingers and archers defend a city on the siege rhytonHeroes ride into battleand dismount in Iliad
Miletus – trouble makerThe Tawagawala letter – the Trojan
War?
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Was there conflict between Greece and Troy?
Ahhiyawa Achaiwoi Achaean Wilusa Wilios Ilion
Millawanda Milwatos Miletus
Treaty between Hatti and Wilusa
Muwatallis (c. 1296‐1272)Hittite king King Alaksandus of Wilusa
Let’s form analliance.
Sure.
Ruler of Millawanda(brother of king of Ahhiyawa) teams up with the ruler of
Arzawa c. 1260‐1250 BCE S’up?
Hattusili III, King of Hatti (Hittites)(1265‐1235 BCE)
Wanax of Ahhiyawa
My brother…
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The Tawagawala letter
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyKIlRqRb58
• This link is to Michael Wood’s “In Search of the Trojan War” BBC 6‐part series, episode 5 about the Hittites.
• The companion book by the same name is ISBN 0‐520‐21599‐0 published by University of California Press and can be found on amazon.ca, but also at Chapters, I believe.
Troy