TrichinellaspiralisandTrichinosisDisease

Presentedby:SepahradZamani

Parasite:Trichinellaspiralis

•  PhylumàNematoda

•  ClassàEnoplea

•  OrderàTrichurida

•  FamilyàTrichinellidae

•  Ovoviviparous

•  Roundworm

•  Females2-4mmandmales1-1.5mm

(Foreytetal.,1999)

LifeCyclePigconsumescontaminatedmeatscraps

IngesNonofundercooked/rawporkcontainingencystedlarvae

NewbornlarvaeenterthecirculaNon

FormaNonofencystedlarvae

inmuscle

LifeCycle

•  Encystedlarvaeareingested.

•  Thepepsin andHCl dissolve the cyst and release the larvae,whichpassintothesmallintesNne,wheretheyinvadetheepithelium.

•  Thelarvaeundergofourmoltstobecomeadults.

•  Adultsmate in the small intesNne and produce larvae, which enter thecirculaNonandthenmusclecells.

•  The host muscle cell is transformed into a nurse cell to surround andencapsulatethelarvabycollagenandlayersofconnecNveNssue.

•  Adultslive10daystoseveralweeks

•  Larvaecanliveforseveralyears

•  Femalewormscanproduce500–1,500newbornlarvae

•  TheencystedlarvaeinmuscleistheinfecNveanddiagnosNcform

•  InfecNon occurs primarily among carnivores such as bears and

foxes,oromnivoressuchasdomesNcpigsandwildboar.

A. Adult worms that developed in the small intesNne; the small worms arenewbornlarvae(immatureL1),whichareinfecNvetomuscle.B.InfecNvemusclelarvainmusclecellsurroundedbyacollagencapsule(blue).C.InfecNvemusclelarva,stainingoflongitudinalsecNonofexcystedlarvae.

(MitrevaandJasmer,2006)

Disease:Trichinosis(Trichinellosis)

•  Food-borne

•  ZoonoNc

•  AnintesNnalandNssueinfecNoninhumansandothermammals

Differentphasesofthedisease

•  1)EnteralPhase(12hrs–48hrsa[eringesNon)

PenetraNonoflarvaeintointesNnalmucosaanddevelopmenttoadults

•  Symptomsàdiarrhea,nausea,abdominalpain,andvomiNng

•  PathologiesàpresenceoftheparasiteintheGItract

•  2)MigratoryPhase(2–6weeksa[erinfecNon)

•  NewbornlarvaeenterthecirculaNonandmigratethroughNssues.

•  Symptomsàtroublewalking,breathing,andchewing(depending

onthemuscle)

•  Pathologies à physical damage to Nssues as well as causing

allergic responses fromthehost. Inducesa type IhypersensiNvity

reacNon,leadingtoincreasedlevelsofmastcells,eosinophils,and

parasitespecificIgEproducNon.

•  3)ParenteralPhase:penetraNonoflarvaetomusclefibers

•  Once in the muscle fibers, they encyst undergo development,

becomeinfecNvewithin15daysandremainformonthstoyears

•  Symptomsàmusclepainand tenderness, swellingof theeyelids

orface,conjuncNviNs,weakness.

•  PathologiesàPhysicaldamageandNssueinvasion

Incasesofheavyinvasion,larvaecanmigratetovitalorgans,causingpotenNallydangerous,evenfatal,complicaNons,including:

•  MyocardiNs—aninflammaNonofthemyocardium,thethickmuscularlayerofyourheartwall

•  EncephaliNs—aninflammaNonofthebrain

•  MeningiNs—aninflammaNonofthemembranes(meninges)andcerebrospinalfluidsurroundingyourbrainandspinalcord

•  Pneumonia—aninflammaNonofthelungs,canbelethalduetorespiratoryarrest

Diagnosis

•  Bloodtests:eosinophiliaandIgEformaNon

•  Musclebiopsy:Asmallpieceofmuscleisremovedandexaminedunderamicroscopetolookforlarvae.

Treatment

•  Albendazole

•  Mebendazole

•  CorNcosteroids

Epidemiology

(Godsteinetal.,2009)

RiskFactorsforTrichinosis

•  ImproperfoodpreparaNon

•  Ruralareas

•  ConsumpNonofwildornon-commercialmeats

PrevenCon

•  Avoidundercookedmeat.

•  Cookgroundporkandbeeftoatleast160°F(71°C).

References

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