A Gardener’s Guide to Hardy and Woody Plants

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Hardiness Zones: based on coldest minimum temperature

H A R D I N E S S Z O N E M A P

Zone 1:below -46° C(below -50° F)

Zone 2:-46° to -40° C(-50° to -40° F)

Zone 3:-40° to -34° C(-40° to -30° F)

Zone 4:-34° to -28° C(-30° to -20° F)

Zone 5:-28° to -22° C(-20° to -10° F)

Lethbridge

Fernie Swift CurrentRegina

CalgaryBanff

Grande Prairie

Edmonton

MedicineHat

Saskatoon

Prince Albert

WinnipegBrandon

Dauphin

Red Deer

Great Falls

Helena

Missoula

Bozeman

Billings

Idaho Falls

Boise

Coeur d’Alene

Sun Valley

Twin Falls

Casper

Cheyenne

Bismarck

Fargo

Rapid CitySioux FallsPierre

Grand ForksMinotWilliston

Sheridan

Cranbrook

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G L O S S A RY o f T E R M SAcidic Soil – soil with a pH below 7 required for Azalea, Blueberry, Yew, Rhododendron and evergreens

Acorn – nut of an Oak tree

Alkaline Soil – soil with a pH above 8 found in southern Alberta

Berm – small hill used in landscaping for planting on and as a noise barrier

Berry – sweet fleshy fruit containing several seeds; such as Blueberry, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape

Broad–leaved Evergreen – plant with leaves that persist over winter such as PJM Rhododendron

Canes – fruiting shoots of Raspberry or flowering stems of Roses

Canopy – upper spreading branch layer of a tree

Catkin – spike-like, unisexual flowers of Birch and Willow

Chinook – drying, warm westerly wind causing rapid and tremendous temperature fluctuations

Chlorosis – leaf yellowing

Compound Leaves – leaves composed of several leaflets such as on Ash, Sumac and Mountain Ash

Coniferous – cone-bearing plant such as Cedar, Pine and Spruce

Cordate Leaves – heart-shaped leaves such as of Annabelle Hydrangea, Common Lilac and Linden

Cross pollination – pollination of the flowers of one plant by another to produce fruit such as Cherry and Plum

Cultivar (Cv.) – cultivated variety; capitalized and within single quotation marks such as Juniperus sabina ‘Arcadia’

Deciduous – dropping or shedding of leaves in autumn

Deltoid Leaves – triangular leaves of Plains Cottonwood

Dioecious – unisexual flowers with male and female flowers on separate plants such as Buffaloberry, Sea Buckthorn, Willow, Juniper and Yew

Dissected Leaves – deeply divided or finely cut leaves such as of Golden Plume and Sutherland Elder

Drupe – single seed, stone fruit of Plum and Cherry

Evergreen – plant retaining its foliage year-round such as most Conifers do

Family – group of genera resembling each other in appearance such as pea family

Fastigiate – with erect branches such as Columnar Blue Spruce & Pyramidal Mt. Ash

Floriferous – having many flowers such as Explorer and Morden Roses

Foliage – leaves of plants

Foundation Planting – planting of shrubs at the base of houses to hide unsightly walls and soften lines

Frost Crack – occurs on southwest side of a tree trunk, especially on Amur Cherry

Genus – group of closely related species such as Syringa; capitalized and italicized

Hardiness – ability of plant to survive low winter temperature; Zone 4 plants are semi-hardy in chinook areas

Hedge – barrier or fence formed by closely planting together a row of shrubs such as Caragana or Cotoneaster

Hybrid – plant produced by crossing two species and designated by ‘x’ between the genus and species such as Prunus x cistena

Indigenous – plant native to a certain area

Jam – fruit preserve by boiling with sugar & pectin from Raspberry and Plum

Lanceolate – lance-shaped leaves of Willow

Leaflet – one part of a compound leaf such as on Ash trees

Lenticels – narrow openings in tree trunks for gaseous exchange; noticeable and attractive on Birch, Pin Cherry and Ivory Silk Lilac

Lobe – round division of a leaf such as Bur Oak, Golden Currant & Toba Hawthorn

Mass Planting – planting in a group for mass effect such as with Potentilla

Micro-climate – isolated mini-climate within a yard due to protection from sun and wind exposure

Monoecious – unisexual flowers with male and female flowers on the same plant such as Birch, Pine & Spruce

Nut – single seed, dry hard fruit of Bur Oak & Ohio Buckeye

Ornamental Fruit – decorative fruit; not palatable such as on Dogwood, Barberry, Hawthorn, Ninebark and Mountain Ash

Ornamental Plant – plant grown for the decorative beauty of its flowers, fruit, leaves or bark

Ovate Leaves – egg-shaped leaves of many trees and shrubs

Pendulous – drooping or weeping branches such as Cutleaf Weeping Birch, Weeping Caragana and Weeping Spruce

pH – a measurement which refers to acidity or alkalinity, with 7 being neutral

Pome – fleshy fruit with a papery core such as Apple and Pear

Prickles – sharp protrusions on Roses, Raspberry canes and Gooseberry

Rugose – wrinkled leaves of some Explorer and hardy shrub roses

Saline Soil – soil with a high pH above 7 caused by sodium/salt

Salt Tolerant – shrubs such as Siberian Salt Bush, Sea Buckthorn and Silver Buffaloberry resistant to saline soil

Samara – double-winged seed of Maple

Self-fertile – plant capable of pollinating itself and of producing fruit such as Gooseberry and Saskatoon

Serrated – saw-toothed leaves such as Elm and Snowbird Hawthorn

Shrub – multi-stemmed, woody plant less than five meters in height

Species – group of interbreeding plants such as C. alba; italicized but not capitalized

Specimen – feature plant used alone for its valued characteristics such as color

Spine – sharp, modified leaf protrusion such as on Pygmy Caragana & Barberry

Standard – single stem, top-grafted form such as Walker Caragana

Sunscald – damaged bark on southwest side of tree trunk, especially on Mayday

Swale – low-lying, wet area suitable for Willow and other moisture loving plants

Tendril – spirally coiling, clinging plant structure for support on vines such as Engelmann Ivy

Texture – visual fineness or coarseness created by the size of the leaves

Thicket – thick growth of shrubs such as False Spirea and Wolf Willow

Thorn – sharp, modified, woody stem protrusion found on Pear, Sea Buckthorn and Hawthorn

Topiary – art of trimming plants into shapes such as pom-poms on Mint Julep Juniper

Tree – single trunk, woody plant over five meters high

Trellis – frame of latticework used to support vines and climbing roses

Variety (var.) – naturally occurring botanical variety of a species; italicized but not capitalized such as Pinus contorta var. latifolia

Vine – climbing plant such as Clematis, Grape and Hops

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ASH Fraxinus species Hardiness Zone 2-3

These hardy trees have ashen gray bark color and attractive leaflets, which turn golden yellow in late summer. Ash are commonly used as shade or street trees as they tolerate a range of soil conditions. Ash prefers full sun.

Species/Cultivars Ht. Sp. Features

Foothills Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Heuver’

15 m 8 m Seedless male selection developed by Calgary nurseryUniform growth habit and resistant to sunscald

Manchurian Ash Fraxinus mandshurica

10 m 5 m Oval canopy of compact leaflets turn gold in fallThis tree is liked by nursery growers and designers

Northern Gem Ash Fraxinus x ‘Northern Gem’

10 m 7 m Hybrid cross between Manchurian and Black AshBroad oval form makes it a good shade tree

Northern Treasure Ash Fraxinus x ‘Northern Treasure’

10 m 5 m Hybrid cross between Manchurian and Black AshUpright form makes it a good street tree

Patmore Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Patmore’

15 m 6 m Seedless selection is more uniform than Green Ash speciesWidely planted boulevard and street tree

Prairie Spire Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Rugby’

15 m 4 m Seedless male selection is a good median treeMore upright branching and narrower than other Green Ash

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Patmore Green Ash

Rosy Lights Azalea

Manchurian Ash fall color

AZALEA, Northern Lights Series Rhododendron x ‘Northern Lights’ Hardiness Zone 4

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 mClusters of double spring flowers are found on this deciduous shrub. Available in various flower colors, foliage turns bronzy-red in fall. Azaleas prefer a protected, partial shade location and acidic, moist soil.

Cultivars Flowers

Golden Lights Golden-yellow

Mandarin Lights Salmon-orange

Orchid Lights Lavender-purple

Rosy Lights Rosy-pink

White Lights Blush-white

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B E N E F I T S o f P L A N T SAesthetic Beautification

Provide Shade

Cool Surface Temperature

Screen Wind

Reduce Noise Pollution

Prevent Erosion

Provide Privacy

Screen Eyesores

Supply Oxygen

Utilize Carbon Dioxide

Absorb Air Pollution

Provide Food for Birds

Provide Habitat for Animals

Provide Fruit and Berries

Increase Property Value

LARCH Larix species Hardiness Zone 2-3

A unique conifer known for its clusters of very soft deciduous needles, Larch features green spring foliage with yellow fall color. Larch trees shed their needles in autumn, yet retain abundant small cones over winter. A good conifer for windy areas.

Species Ht. Sp. Features

Siberian LarchLarix sibirica

12 m 3 m Broad, pyramidal shape with charming conesFast growing tree is adapted to drier sites

Weeping LarchLarix decidua ‘Pendula’

4 m 2 m Interesting weeping branchesGood choice for rock garden or entry feature

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Siberian Larch conesSiberian Larch

Linear Oblong Lanceolate Ovate Cordate Rhomboidal Deltoid

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LILAC Syringa species Hardiness Zone 2-3

Among the most fragrant of shrubs, Lilacs display clusters of colorful flowers in spring. Lilacs vary from impressively large, to small compact shrubs. Some species perform well as a hedge, while one has a single trunk and becomes tree-like with age. Lilacs need full sunlight and well-drained soil for maximum blooming. Prune off dead seed-heads after flowering.

Dwarf Korean Lilac (Little-leaf Lilac) Syringa meyeri ‘Palibin’ Hardiness Zone 2-3

Ht. 1.25 m Sp. 1.5 mA compact dwarf shrub, with lavender, fragrant flowers and small leaves; it is ideal for a small space or hedge.

Hyacinth-Flowered Lilac Syringa x hyacinthiflora Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 3 m Sp. 2 mThese earlier blooming Lilac shrubs feature large single, fragrant flowers; heart-shaped leaves, purplish fall foliage, and a non-suckering growth habit.

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Common Lilac

Madame Lemoine LilacSensation Lilac

French Cultivars Flowers

AvalancheBeauty of MoscowBelle de NancyCharles Joly CongoKatherine Havemeyer Ludwig SpaethMadame LemoinePresident Grevy President LincolnSensation

Single, whiteDouble, pinkish-white Double, pinkDouble, reddish-purpleSingle, deepest purpleDouble, bluish-pinkSingle, purpleDouble, whiteDouble, bluish-purpleSingle, lavender-bluePurple, with a white edge

Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 3 m Sp. 2 mThe most fragrant Lilac, this shrub has heart-shaped leaves and a vigorous suckering habit. Used for unsheared, informal hedges, Common Lilac is an old-fashioned favorite. French Hybrids sucker less than the Common species, and offer many colors.

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Dwarf Korean Lilac

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Cultivars Flowers

Mount Baker Floriferous, white

Pocahontas Violet-purple

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ROSE Rosa species Hardiness Zone 2-3

Considered to be the queen of the flowers, hardy shrub roses feature colorful, fragrant blooms. Many species retain attractive rose hips over winter, which are high in vitamin C and may be steeped for tea. Roses require full sunlight and moist, well-drained soil. A wide variety of rose colors and sizes are available for Prairie gardens.

Cultivars Ht. Sp. Flower Petals Features

Austrian Copper 2 m 1 m Single, orange Orange petals with yellow blend

Blanc de Coubert 1.5 m 1.5 m Double, white Best fragrant white rose for prairies

F.J. Grootendorst 1.5 m 1 m Double, reddish-pink Carnation-like flowers

Hansa 1.5 m 1.5 m Double, purple Hardy rose with fragrant flowers and unique color

Harrison’s Yellow 1.5 m 1 m Double, yellow Also known as the Yellow Rose of Texas

J.P. Connell 1.5 m 1 m Double, lemon-yellow Re-blooming, light yellow cultivar

Persian Yellow 2 m 1.5 m Double, deep yellow Old-fashioned, tall rose

Pink Grootendorst 1.25 m 1 m Double, light pink Fringed petals resemble carnations

Prairie Dawn 1.75 m 1 m Double, pink Pillar type rose with fragrant flowers

Prairie Joy 1.5 m 1 m Double, pink Hedge type, disease resistant rose

Sir Thomas Lipton 2 m 1.5 m Semi-double, white Tall shrub with fragrant flowers

Therese Bugnet 1.75 m 1.5 m Double, pink Old-fashioned favorite with purplish canes

Topaz Jewel 1 m 0.75 m Double, yellow Re-blooming yellow rose

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Prairie Joy Rose

Topaz Jewel Rose

Blanc de Coubert Rose

Hansa Rose

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Prickly Rose Rosa acicularis Hardiness Zone 1-2

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 mExtremely hardy, wild rose with light pink, single flowers and prickly foliage. Edible rose hips, abundant in vitamin C, may be steeped for tea. It is the floral emblem of Alberta, which is why Alberta is known as Wild Rose Country.

Red-leaf RoseRosa rubrifolia Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 2 m Sp. 1.5 mSingle pink flowers and reddish hips, leaves and canes make this an excellent color contrast shrub. The numerous rose hips may be used for jelly or steeped for tea.

Wild Rose of Alberta Red-leaf Rose foliage and hips

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Purple Pavement RoseRosa x ‘Rotesmeer’ Hardiness Zone 2-3

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 mMauve-purple, semi-double, recurrent blooms are followed by red rose hips. Excellent disease resistance makes this compact shrub exceptionally useful for mass planting or a low informal hedge.

Woods RoseRosa woodsii Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 mWoods Rose is a native shrub with single pink flowers and very similar foliage to Prickly Rose. Kimberley Woods Rose is a naturally occurring variety from southeastern British Columbia. It is useful for reclamation projects.

Purple Pavement Rose Woods Rose

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PLUM Prunus salicina Hardiness Zone 3

Ht. 5 m Sp. 4 mPrairie plums are used for preserves, canning and eating fresh from the tree. Each variety requires specific pollinators within a city block. These small trees display showy white flowers in spring and orange fall leaf color. Plums require full sunlight and well-drained soil. Dried plums are called prunes.

RASPBERRY, Boyne RedRubus idaeus ‘Boyne’ Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 2 m Sp. 1 mJuicy, ruby-red fruit is the reward for growing this plant. Fruit for fresh eating or freezing is produced on second year canes, which must be cut down after harvest. Raspberries need full sunlight and moist soil. They are also used to make jam.

PEAR, Ussurian Pyrus ussuriensis Hardiness Zone 3

Small yellow fruit are used for jam and desserts, however, Ussurian Pear is grown primarily for ornamental value. In the spring, pear trees are covered with a blanket of gleaming white flower clusters. Pear also display long thorns and glossy, green foliage which turns orange in autumn. Fruit production increases if pollinated by another variety. Pear requires full sunlight and well-drained soil. Pear fruit are 5 cm.

SASKATOON (Serviceberry) Amelanchier alnifolia Hardiness Zone 2

The Prairies’ own famous fruit, Saskatoons are self-fertile; producing deep purple fruit used for fresh eating, pies, preserves, and syrup. Saskatoon shrubs are showy with white spring flowers and orange autumn leaf color. Maximize fruit production by planting in full sunlight. It is called Serviceberry in the United States of America.

Cultivars Fruit Color & Features

Golden Spice Golden yellow, good for canning and spicing

Ure Greenish-yellow, prairie hardy, fruit good for canning

Cultivars Fruit Color & Features

Honeywood Larger late season fruit

Northline Productive cultivar

Pembina Larger flavorful fruit

Regent Sweet fruit

Smokey Mildly sweet fruit

Thiessen Largest fruit

Cultivars Fruit/Flesh Fruit Size Fruit Features/Pollinators

Brookgold P. salicina ‘Brookgold’

Gold/yellow 2.5 - 3 cm Early season, smaller freestone fruit for eating and canningPollinate with Nanking Cherry, ‘Bounty’ or ‘Dandy’

BrookredP. salicina ‘Brookred’

Red/orange 4 - 5 cm Late season, larger fruit good for eating and cookingPollinate with ‘Opata’, ‘Pembina’ or ‘Norther’

Opata Cherry PlumP. besseyi x salicina ‘Opata’

Purple/green 2 - 3 cm Late season, smaller fruit good for preserves Pollinate with ‘Brookred’ or ‘Pembina’

Pembina PlumP. salicina x nigra ‘Pembina’

Purple/yellow 4 - 5 cm Late season, larger clingstone fruit for eating freshPollinate with ‘Brookred’ or ‘Opata’

Golden Spice Pear

Pembina Plum

Red Raspberry

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FIR Abies species Hardiness Zone 2-4

True Firs are distinguished by means of their erect female cones, smooth gray bark, and pungent aroma. Fir trees are native to Alberta and grace the landscape with their narrow pyramidal form and soft flat, aromatic needles. Fir wood is used extensively for pulp production. Prefer partial shade and moist, acidic soil. May be used as specimen plants.

Trees reduce the effects of global cycling – 12 trees will, over their lives, absorb almost 2 tonnes (metric tons) of carbon, the same amount of carbon produced by an SUV going 20,000 km.

Trees conserve energy by reducing heating and cooling costs byup to 50%.

Trees act as the “lungs of the earth” by absorbing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and other atmospheric pollutants.

Tr e e C a n a d a Tr e e v i a

T R E E F O R M S

Trees give people a psychological boost – studies show that they make us feel good!

Trees can increase property values by 20%, help instill civic pride and boost tourism.

Trees give wildlife (mammals and birds), a place to live.

Trees reduce water run-off and keep streams clean – one large tree can lift 378 liters (100 gallons) of water out of the ground and discharge it into the air each day.

Columnar High-headed Canopy Pyramidal Weeping Multi-stemmed Upright Oval

DOUGLAS FIR Pseudotsuga menziesii Hardiness Zone 3

Ht. 16 m Sp. 4 mDouglas Fir is distinctive by its drooping female cones with unique 3-pronged bracts, smooth gray bark, and flat needles. A tall stately, native evergreen tree with a pyramidal form, Douglas Fir is suitable for a sizeable landscape. Douglas Fir is frequently used as a cut Christmas tree. Likes full sunlight and well-drained, yet moist soil.

Species & Variety Zone Ht. Sp. Habitat & Foliage

Balsam FirAbies balsamea

2-3 16 m 3 m Wide ranging across the northern part of the Prairie provincesSpire-like, narrow crown; also used as a cut Christmas tree

Dwarf Balsam FirAbies balsamea ‘Nana’

3-4 0.5 m 1 m Dwarf evergreen shrub with dark green, glossy needlesLikes shade from direct sunlight so plant on north side

Alpine FirAbies lasiocarpa

2-3 20 m 2 m Native to the Rocky Mountains so adaptable to high altitudesVery narrow, spire-like crown with bluish-green needles

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Douglas Fir cone Balsam Fir foliage

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DROPMORE SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera x brownii ‘Dropmore’ Hardiness Zone 2

Distinctive scarlet, trumpet-shaped flowers from summer to fall attract hummingbirds. This honeysuckle vine requires a support structure and flowers profusely in full sunlight. An old-fashioned favorite from Dropmore, Manitoba.

HOPS Humulus lupulus Hardiness Zone 3

This scrambling vigorous, perennial vine quickly climbs up a trellis or covers a rough surface. Hops has greenish-white flowers on female plants which may be used in beer-making. A golden leaf variety is also available for color contrast.

Dropmore Scarlet HoneysuckleHops

MANDARIN HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera x ‘Mandarin’ Hardiness Zone 2

This vigorous vine is a UBC introduction. It has reddish-orange flowers with long throats to attract hummingbirds. ‘Mandarin’ prefers full sun yet tolerates light shade.

VIRGINIA CREEPER Parthenocissus quinquefolia Hardiness Zone 3

Attractive leaflets arranged in a palm shape turn brilliant crimson in autumn. Fall color on this vigorous vine is enhanced by full sunlight exposure. Virginia Creeper requires a support structure such as a trellis or fence.

Mandarin Honeysuckle Virginia Creeper fall foliage

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Arboreal Emblems of the Prairie ProvincesAlberta - Lodgepole PineSaskatchewan - Paper BirchManitoba - White Spruce

Plants with Fine-textured Foliage(dissected or linear leaves)Arctic WillowBlack Lace ElderBroomCoyote WillowCutleaf Weeping BirchFernleaf CaraganaPotentillaRose DaphneSea BuckthornSiberian Salt BushSpireaTolleson’s Weeping JuniperTurkestan Burning BushWalker Caragana

Plants with Glossyor Lustrous LeavesBur OakChokeberryDakota Pinnacle BirchHedge Cotoneaster Laurel-leaf WillowMongolian CherryNannyberryUssurian PearYew

Plants with Heart-shaped Leaves(cordate leaves)Annabelle HydrangeaFrench & Common LilacLinden

Plants with Maple-shaped Leaves(three-lobed leaves)CranberryCurrantMapleNinebark

Bush Fruit for the PrairiesBlueberryCherryCranberryCurrantGooseberryGrapeRaspberrySaskatoon/Serviceberry

Liqueurs Fruit SourcesCassis - Black CurrantKirsch - CherrySambuca - Elderberry

Fruit Trees for the PrairiesApple & Apple-CrabCherryPlumPear

Plants that Provide Food for BirdsAmur CherryApple & Apple-CrabBarberryBlueberryBuckbrush/CoralberryBuffaloberryCherryChokeberryChokecherryCotoneasterCrab AppleCranberryCurrantDogwoodElderberryGooseberryGrapeHawthornHoneysuckleJuniperMaydayMountain AshPearPlumRaspberryRoseRussian OliveSaskatoon/ServiceberrySea BuckthornSnowberryWayfaring Tree

Prickly, Spiny or Thorny Plants(to repel mammals)BarberryBlack CurrantGooseberryPrickly RosePygmy CaraganaRaspberryRussian OliveSea BuckthornSiberian Salt BushSilver BuffaloberryWoods Rose

Thicket Forming Plants(for soil erosion control)Common LilacCoyote WillowDogwoodFalse SpireaPussy WillowRaspberryRussian AlmondSaskatoon/ServiceberrySilverberry/Wolf Willow

Woody Ground Covers(low growing & spreading)BroomBuckbrushCommon JuniperCreeping/Horizontal JuniperRussian/Siberian CypressSnowberry

Plants Suitable for Wet SoilBirchCedar/ArborvitaeCranberryDogwoodFalse SpireaRed ElderWhite SpruceWillow

Fast Growing TreesAspenPoplarSiberian Larch Willow

Slow Growing TreesBristlecone PineBur OakOhio BuckeyeSwiss Stone Pine

Plants for Acidic Soil(low pH)Azalea/RhododendronBlueberryCedar/ArborvitaePineYew

Plants with Amber-Orange Fall Foliage ColorCurrantGooseberryOhio BuckeyePearPin CherryPlumRussian AlmondSaskatoon/ServiceberrySwedish Columnar AspenWestern Sand Cherry

Plants with Reddish Fall Foliage ColorAmur MapleAzaleaBlueberryBurning BushChokeberryCotoneasterCranberryDogwoodEmerald Carousel BarberryEngelmann IvyMountain AshNannyberrySumacTatarian MapleVirginia Creeper

Plants with Purplish Fall Foliage ColorCreeping/Horizontal JuniperHyacinth-flowered LilacMiss Kim LilacRhododendronWayfaring Tree

P L A N T S f o r S P E C I A L P U R P O S E S