treatment of dyslipidemia to reduce cardiovascular … of dyslipidemia to reduce cardiovascular risk...

29
Karen Aspry, MD, MS, FACC, FNLA Director, Lipid and Prevention Program Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute Asst. Professor of Medicine, Brown University Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients NLA Spring Clinical Lipid Update Phoenix, Arizona ‐ February 2017

Upload: truongmien

Post on 26-Apr-2018

224 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Karen Aspry, MD, MS, FACC, FNLADirector, Lipid and Prevention ProgramLifespan Cardiovascular InstituteAsst. Professor of Medicine, Brown University  

Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients  NLA Spring Clinical Lipid UpdatePhoenix, Arizona ‐ February 2017

Page 2: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Disclosures

Research Contracts   IONIS, Amgen 

Page 3: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Epidemiology of ASCVD in HIV Pathogenesis of ASCVD in HIV Effects of Newer vs. Older ART on Dyslipidemia ASCVD Risk Assessment in HIV Lipid Treatment in HIV Statin‐Anti‐Retroviral Drug Interactions Diet and Lifestyle Treatment in HIV

Outline

Page 4: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Prevalence of HIV in the U.S.Steady Increases Since the Advent of ART

CDC MMWR, M&M Supplements, June 2012

ART

Page 5: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Feinstein, MJ et al. Patterns for cardiovascular mortality for HIV‐infected adults in the U.S. Amer Jour Cardiol 2016;117:214‐220.

Proportionate CVD Mortality in HIV Increasing Share of Deaths vs. Control Groups 

Page 6: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Incidence of MI in HIV Infection Higher MI Rates Across the Range of Global Risk

Paisible, Anne‐Lise et al. HIV infection, cardiovascular risk factor profile, and risk of AMI.JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2015; 68(2):209‐216 

All CVRFs Optimal

1+ CVRFs Not 

Optimal

1+ CVRFs Elevated

1 Major CVRFs 

2 Major CVRFs 

3+ Major CVRFs 

Missing CVRFs 

Adjusted AMI Rates in the VA HIV Registry by HIV Status 2003‐09, N=81,322  

HIV+HIV‐

Page 7: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Current Model of ASCVD Risk in HIVTraditional, Viral, ART and Host Factors Contribute

Modified From: Vachiat, A et al.

HIV and Ischemic Heart

Disease JACC 2017;

69:73–82.Atherosclerosis

Protein S deficiency

+ TF

,from Gut

HCV  

Monocyte Activation T‐Cell ActivationCholesterol Efflux

DysregulatedLipid and Glucose

Metabolism

Immune DysregulationCo‐Infection with HCV, Others

Microbial Translocation from Gut

Harmful side effects of some ARTs and HIV proteins on adipocyte and 

hepatocyte function 

Higher prevalence of traditional risk 

factors: Smoking, Hypertension, DM2, Poor diet, Inactivity

IL‐6 TNF CRP LP‐PLAC2 MCPNeutrophil trapsLDL oxidation

D‐dimer Fibrinogen Factor VII   Von‐Willebrand Tissue FactorProtein S Deficiency

Platelet Activation

Inflammation Pro‐Thrombotic Effects

Dyslipidemia

Lipodystrophy

Insulin Resistance

HIV

HIV

Page 8: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Molecular Basis of Dyslipidemia in HIVExperimental Models Show Effects of HIV and ART  

HIV  • HIV accessory protein Nef down‐regulates ABCA1, inhibiting cholesterol efflux from macrophages and HDL‐P formation  

• HIV viral protein vpr down‐regulates PPAR‐Υ, inhibiting fat cell differentiation and triggering lipolysis and VLDL synthesis

ART Effects

• Older Protease Inhibitors (PI’s) dysregulate SREBP‐1c, LPL, LRP, LDLR synthesis, Apo‐B degradation, PPAR‐Υ, and Glucose transporter‐4, causing adipocyte dysfunction, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia

• Older NRTIs inhibit mtDNA‐polymerase‐Υ and FA oxidation, triggering lipoatrophy, lipolysis, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia

HIV Effects

ART Effects

Page 9: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, Li R, Chmiel JS, Dobs A, Palella F, Visscher B, Evans R, Kingsley LA. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2978–2982.

Blood Lipids in HIV Infection Pre‐/Post ART Pattern of Reduced Lipids Followed by Non‐HDL‐C

Changes in Blood Lipids in 50 HIV Seroconverters Pre‐ and Post‐ART

Mean interval 7.8 yr

Mean interval 1.3 yr

Low ‘nadir’ CD4 counts and 

high HIV titers predict chronically 

lower HDL‐C

Page 10: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Advanced Lipid‐Inflammatory Markers in HIV Increases in LDL‐P, Inflammatory Markers Common

Increased LDL‐particle numbers Increased small, dense LDL‐particle numbers Decreased large HDL‐particle numbers Increased oxidized LDL Increased LP‐PLA2 Increased hsCRP Increased IL‐6 Increased sCD14, sCD163 

Funderburg, NT et al. Lipid abnormalities and inflammation in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016;13:218‐225.

Page 11: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Effects of ART on Blood LipidsNewer Classes/Formulations Are More Lipid Neutral

TDF  RAL RPV ABC EFV ATV/r or ATV/cobiDTG ETR DRV/r or DRV/cobi

Modified From:  from CVD in HIV‐infected patients: Predict It and Prevent It @ clinicaloptions.com/hiv

NRTIsTenofovir Abacavir

Integrase InhibitorsRaltegravirDolutegravir Elvitegravir

Non‐NRTIsRilpirivineEtravirine Efavirenz

Newer PIs Older PisDarunavir/r or cobiAtazanavir/r or cobi

Blood Lipid Effects

Page 12: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Effects of Modern ART on ASCVD RiskNewer Data Show Neutral or Favorable Effects

• Randomized Controlled Trials– START Trial – immediate ART (vs. delayed ART) was 

associated with a 57% decrease in serious AIDS and non‐AIDS related M & M, with no significant increase in ASCVD events 1

– SMART Trial – continuous ART (vs. interrupted ART) was associated with a decrease in AIDS‐related M&M, and a 50% decrease in ASCVD events 2

• Observational Studies and Cohorts– Viral suppression with modern ART favorably effects 

• CIMT progression, Flow‐Mediated Dilatation• ASCVD event rates 

1‐ N Engl J Med 2015; 373:795‐807 N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2283–2296.

Page 13: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Effects of ART + Lipid‐BP Control on MI Risk Kaiser Cohort Shows Decrease in MI Risk Over Time

MI Incidence and Rate Ratios In the Kaiser Permanente CAHIV Cohort Between 1996‐2011, N 24,000 vs. 257,000 Controls

Klein, DB et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015; 60(8):1278‐80.

Page 14: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Basic Lipid Treatment Algorithm in HIVSimilar to General Population

Check fasting lipid panel before cART and within 3‐6 mos of starting cART

Count # of CHD risk factors and if > 2 risk factors,Perform 10 – Year Risk Calculation

Modify diet and lifestyle factors, e.g., poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking

If lipids are above threshold for risk group despite lifestyle change, then:

Statin if LDL > target or 

If TG > 200 w/ Elevated Non‐HDL‐C

Consider Lipid Lowering Drug

Consider Lipid Lowering Drug

Consider Altering cART Regimen

Consider Altering cART Regimen

Fibrate or Omega‐3‐Fatty AcidIf 

Serum TG > 500 mg/dl

Page 15: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

NLA Risk Stratification in HIVCount HIV as An Additional ASCVD Risk Factor Risk Category Criteria

Treatment Goals

Consider Drug Therapy

Low • 0‐1 major ASCVD risk factor• Consider other risk indicators

Non‐HDL and LDL< 130< 100

Non‐HDL and LDL > 190> 160

Moderate • 2 major ASCVD risk factors• Consider risk scoring if 2+ RFs• Consider other risk indicators

< 130< 100

> 160> 130

High • > 3 major risk factors• DM 1 or 2 with 

‐ 0‐1 other major risk factor‐ No target organ damage

• CKD Stage 3B or 4• LDL‐C > 190 mg/dl• Risk score = High

< 130< 100

> 130> 100

Very High • ASCVD• DM 1 or 2 with

‐ 2+ risk factors or‐ organ damage

< 100< 70

> 100> 70

Jacobsen, T et al. NLA Recommendations for Patient‐Centered Management of Dyslipidemia J Clin Lipid 2014;8:473‐88.

Page 16: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Global Risk Assessment in HIVTraditional ASCVD Risk Scores Underestimate Risk

Regan, S et al. Evaluation of the ACC/AHA Risk Prediction Algorithm Among HIV‐Infected Patients. Abstract 751, CROI 2015

Observed vs. Predicted Risk via FRS and ACC/AHA Equationin the Partners HIV Cohort ‐ N=2,270, F/U 6 Years    

FRS Observed ACC/AHA

Observed

Page 17: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Rationale for Statins as 1st Line Drug in HIV Statins Best for Lowering Non‐HDL‐C in Dyslipidemia

Maki, K, Bay. J. Dicklin, M. Treatment options for the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2012;6:413‐26.

Mixed Dyslipidemia TG LDL‐C HDL‐C Non‐HDL‐C

Statins ‐10 to ‐37 ‐26 to ‐63 + 5 to + 16 ‐44 to ‐60

Omega‐3‐fatty acids ‐19 to ‐44 ‐6 to + 25 ‐5 to + 7 ‐1 to ‐7

Fibrate ‐24 to ‐36 ‐5 to ‐31 + 10 to + 16 ‐17

Niacin ‐5 to ‐38 ‐3 to ‐17 + 10 to + 26 NR

Isolated Hypertriglyceridemia TG LDL‐C HDL‐C Non‐HDL‐C

Statins ‐21 to ‐52 ‐27 to ‐45 + 3 to + 22 ‐29 to ‐52

Omega‐3‐fatty acids ‐26 to ‐52 + 17 to + 49 + 9 to + 14 ‐10 to ‐14

Fibrate ‐46 to ‐62 + 3 to + 47 + 18 to + 23 NR

Page 18: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Improved endothelial function Reduced markers of immune activation Reduced markers of inflammation Slowed decline in GFR Slowed atherosclerosis progression

Rationale for Statins as 1st Line Drug in HIV Surrogate Endpoint Studies Support Statin Use  

Page 19: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Atorvastatin Effects on ASCVD Progression in HIVReduced Plaque Progression vs. Placebo

Lo et al. Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis The Lancet HIV, Volume 2, Issue 2, 2015, e52–e63

Change in Non‐Calcified Plaque Volume over 12 Months in 40 HIV+ Subjects with ASCVD by Cardiac CTA and LDL‐C < 130 Randomized to Atorvastatin 40mg vs. Placebo

Median and IQR

Atorvastatin

Placebo

Page 20: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Rosuvastatin Effects on CCA‐CIMT in HIVReduced CIMT Progression vs. Placebo‐SATURN Trial

Change in CCA‐CIMT over 96 Weeks in 128 HIV+ Subjects with LDL < 130 + Markers of Inflammation or Immune Activation Randomized to Rosuvastatin v. Placebo  

Rosuvastatin slows progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with treated HIV infection.Longenecker, Chris; Sattar, Abdus; Gilkeson, Robert; McComsey, Grace

AIDS. 30(14):2195‐2203, September 10, 2016.

Statin vs. placebo, P = 0.031

Page 21: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

• Subjects– 6,500 HIV infected individuals age 40‐75 years– On stable ART for 6+ months with CD4 > 100 cells/mm3– 10 Yr ASCVD risk < 7.5% and No ASCVD, DM, or LDL > 190 

• Intervention– Pitavastatin 4mg daily vs. Placebo– Follow up 6 Years

• Endpoints– Primary:  Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)– Secondary:  All‐cause mortality, AIDS‐related diagnoses– Sub‐Study:    Plaque volume / morphology by CCTA

Inflammatory biomarkersReprievetrial.org

Statins for Reducing MACE in Low Risk HIV  REPRIEVE to Test Statins in HIV with ASCVD Risk < 10%

Page 22: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

INTREPID Study – showed Pitavastatin 4mg is superior to Pravastatin 40mg at 52 weeks, decreasing LDL 30%‐32%, Non‐HDL‐C 27‐29%

ANRS Study – showed Rosuvastatin __mg is safe in patients taking PI’s boosted with ritonivir, and more efficacious than Pravastatin __mg  

ACTG 5087 Trial – showed Pravastatin plus Fenofibrate is safe at 48 weeks, though % of subjects achieving LDL‐C goal was low at 10%

Statin Efficacy‐Safety Trials in HIVPotent Statins More Efficacious, Combinations Safe

Page 23: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Statin Safety in HIV Patients on ARTStatin AUC Is Increased by Some Protease Inhibitors

Modified from NLA Recommendations for Paient‐Centered Management of Dyslipidemia‐Part 2: Page S81.

CYP Statin Protease Inhibitor Effects on Statin AUC Restrictions*

3A4 Lovastatin Large increases in AUC Do not use

3A4 Simvastatin Large increases in AUC Do not use

3A4 Atorvastastin Large increase in AUC with‐Tipranavir ‐ LopinavirModest increase in AUC with‐ Darunavir ‐ Fosamprenavir ‐ Saquinavir

Do not use 

RestrictDose < 20mg  

2C92C19

Rosuvastatin Possible large increase in AUC with ‐ TipranavirModest increase in AUC with‐ Lopinavir ‐ Atazanavir

Do not use 

RestrictDose <10mg

2C9 Fluvastatin Increase in AUC with ‐ Nelfinavir

RestrictDose

Min Pravastatin Large increase in AUC with ‐ Darunavir ‐Lopinavir

Restrict Dose

Min Pitavastatin Small increases or decrease in AUC Any Dose OK

Page 24: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Lipid Drug Safety in HIV Patients on ARTOther Lipid Drugs Mostly Safe In HIV

Modified from NLA Recommendations for Paient‐Centered Management of Dyslipidemia‐Part 2: Page S81.

Drug Safety Precautions

Fenofibrate Generally safe Same as general

Omega‐3‐FA Generally safe Same as general

Niacin Generally safe Use with caution

Ezetimibe Generally safe Same as general

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Contraindicated with elevated TG,Risk of malabsorption of HIV drugs

Avoid Use

Page 25: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Other Causes of High TGs‐Non‐HDL‐CMany Are More Common in HIV+ IndividualsDiet/LifestyleCigarette Smoking Physical InactivityObesity   Alcohol ExcessCalorie Excess High Glycemic / High CHO Diet

ConditionsType 2 DM / Metabolic Syndrome Polycystic Ovarian SyndromeHypothyroidism Cushing SyndromeNephrotic Syndrome Renal FailureSepsis, Stress PregnancyLipodystrophy AcromegalyParaproteinemia Systemic Lupus ErythematosisGlycogen Storage Diseases

MedicationsOral estrogens, Tamoxifen Beta‐Blockers, ThiazidesRetinoic Acid, L‐Asparaginase Anti‐psychoticsAnti‐retroviral therapy Cyclosporine, Sirolimus, Interferon

From Watts. GF  et al.  Nature Reviews Cardiol 2013; 10:648‐61. 

Page 26: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

Smoking Cessation in HIV Patients Greatest Impact on Future Risk Per D:A:D Model 

HIV Medicine Volume 15, Issue 10, pages 595‐603, 19 MAY 2014 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12162

RR of CVD with increasing age in the D:A:D Cohort and the effects of stopping smoking, reducing cholesterol (by 1 mmol/L) or reducing systolic BP (by 10 mmHg) at age 50 years. If smoking cessationoccurs at age 50, the RR of CVD at age 65 drops from almost6‐fold to 3‐fold

Page 27: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

• Benefits of Diet Change in HIV– 2012 Systematic Review – Aggregate of 4 clinical trials– Significant reductions in serum TG’s of ‐0.46 mmol/L (95% 

CI ‐0.85 ‐ ‐0.07) • Barriers to Diet Change in HIV

– Psychological ‐ overeating to prevent / reverse wasting– Financial ‐ high cost of fish, fresh produce– Cultural – family eating and cooking patterns – Environmental – unstable living situations, food deserts

• Facilitators of Diet Change in HIV– Frequent provider contact and feedback– Support groups– Experiential learning 2 Capili, B et al. Jour Assoc Nurses 

AIDS Care 2014; 25(5): 450‐57.

1 ‐Stradling C et al. The Effects of Dietary Intervention on 

HIV Dyslipidaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. 

PLoS ONE 7(6): e38121.

Diet Change for Dyslipidemia in HIVBenefits, But Greater Barriers 

Page 28: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

• Qualitative Review 20141– 19 RCTs of aerobic +/‐ resistance training– Favorable effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and body 

composition (fat mass, waist circumference)– Inconsistent effects on blood lipids, markers of immune 

function– Functional aerobic impairment (FAI) noted

• Cochrane Review and Meta‐Analysis 20162

– 24 RCTs of aerobic +/‐ resistance training– Significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscle strength, psychiatric score and QOL

– Insufficient study of blood lipids

1 ‐.

1 Jaggers, JR. Health benefits of exercise for people living with HIV. Amer Jour Lifestyle 2014 vol. 10 no. 3 184‐1922 O’Brien et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2016) 16:182.  DOI 10.1186/s12879‐016‐1478‐2

Exercise for Dyslipidemia in HIV Improved Body Composition, Fat Mass

Page 29: Treatment of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular … of Dyslipidemia To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk ... • CKD Stage 3B or 4 ... ACTG 5087 Trial –showed Pravastatin plus

CVD risk is increased in HIV due to traditional, viral and ART factors Newer ARTs reduce AIDS M&M, and may not alter lipids or raise 

ASCVD risk Lipid screening and risk assessment are required in all with HIV, 

which can be considered an additional risk factor, especially since traditional risk scores underestimate risk

Statins are the drugs of first choice in HIV infection, and ezetimibe, fenofibrate, omega‐3‐FA’s and niacin are safe for add‐on therapy

Statin‐ART interactions exist but are less with newer ARTs, and can be avoided with Pitavastatin or carefully dosed Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin or Pravastatin 

Smoking cessation has the most potential for reducing CVD in HIV Diet Change improves non‐HDL‐C in HIV, though unique barriers 

exist, and Exercise improves related measures

Summary