Adult tapeworms (Cestodes) donot normally cause disease but

treatment is necessary for?

1a

1) Public health reasons and Zoonosiscontrol (Cysts can form in brain) 2) Prevent disease due to larval stages3) Minimize carcass inspection losses4) For Aesthesthetic reasons in dogs andcats

1b

Albendazole and Netobimin areeffective against?

2a

All adult stages of Fluke

2b

Anticestode use of Pyrantel (also aTetrahydropyrimide antinematode

drug) can be used in Horses at?

3a

2X concentration used forNematodes

3b

Bithionol is effective against?

4a

- is a chlorinated bis-phenol withbactericidal and anthelmintic

action- Active against Adult fluke

4b

Bromofenofos is effective against?

5a

- Is a derivative of Bithionol- Active against adult fluke

5b

Clinical Indications of Praziquantel

6a

- For control of Tapeworm inHorses, Sheep, Cats, Dogs

6b

Clorsulon is effective against?

7a

Adult fluke in cattle

7b

Closantel is effective against?

8a

Adult and Immature flukes andsome nematodes and nasal bots

8b

Contraindications of Praziquantel

9a

Don't use in young animals

9b

Diagnosis of a Tapeworm infectionis often difficult because?

10a

It relies on chance observation of apassed segment in the feces. Thissegment can then be viewed viamicroscope to determine whichspp is offending.

10b

Diamphenethide is effectiveagainst?

11a

- Exceptional activity againstIMMATURE fluke

but activity decreases as fluke ages.- No activity against adult Fluke

11b

Dichlorophen and Nitroscanate

12a

- Both good against: Taenia andDipylideum spp but have limited

efficacy against Ecchinococcus

12b

Drugs for Fluke are called?

13a

Antitremadol drugs

13b

Epsiprantel

14a

- Is closely related to Praziquantelbut has a lower margin of efficacy

against immature Cestodes

14b

Fasciola hepatica infection usually resultsin _______ or _________ disease.When do these form of diseasetraditionally present themselves, whatdevelopmental stages are responsible,which part of the liver do they destroy.

15a

Acute, Chronic

Acute disease presents: Autumn/Early winterChronic disease presents: Late winter/Early spring

Acute disease caused by the IMMATURE fluke migratingacross the liver PARENCHYMA and damaging it.

Chronic disease is caused by ADULT flukes in the BILEDUCTS. Causes thickening of the Bile ducts.

15b

Fasciola hepatica is endemic inmany wet regions of Scotland and

the UK and mainly effects?

16a

Ruminents (sometimes horses butw/o CS)

16b

How are cats usually infected withTapeworm?

17a

- By eating wild rodents

17b

How are dogs usually infected withTapeworms?

18a

- By eating undercooked sheep,horse or rabbit meat or viseracontaminated with tapeworm

segments

18b

Indications for Dichlorophen

19a

Dipylidium and Taenia spp only inDogs and Cats

19b

MOA of Benzimidazoles?

20a

1) Irreversibly binds parasite tubulin and preventsmicrotubulin formation. Once microtubles absent for 6-24hours parasite stops reproducing and starves also.

2) Inhibits parasites mitocondrial Fumarate ReductaseSystem, which blocks Citric Acid cycle

3) Reduces Glucose absorption4) Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and deprivesparasite of Energy

20b

MOA of Clorsulon?

21a

- Inhibits 3-phosphoglycerate kinase andphosphoglyceromutase effectively blockingGlycolytic pathway in flukes(ei Is a competative inhibitor of enzymesimportant for energy metabolism in flukes)- Is a Sulphonamide (ei antibiotic but alsoeffective in fluke control)

21b

MOA of Closantel (Salicylanides)?

22a

- Proton ionophores and alsouncouples oxidative phosphorylationand deprives parasite of energy- Also since it binds strongly toplasma proteins, its use is restrictedto nematodes that suck blood

22b

MOA of Diamphenthide

23a

Deacylation in the Liver into Activemetabolite, which concentrates inthe liver Parenchyma where theyoung fluke live for up to 7wo.

23b

MOA of Niclosamide

24a

- Acts by uncoupling oxidativephosphorylation and thusinterferes with ATP production- Does not work against allCestodes- Usually only used in Amphibians

24b

MOA of Nitroxynil

25a

Uncouples oxidativephosphorylation and deprives

parasite of energy

25b

MOA of Praziquantel

26a

- Acts by inducing a Ca2+ influx across themuscular tegument and causing an immediatemuscular spasm. - The tegument is also disrupted making it moreeasily disrupted by host proteolytic enzymes - Result: Entire worm is rarely passed in thefeces, instead it is degraded. Partially digestedsegments may be seen.

26b

Nitroxynil is effective against?

27a

Adult flukes At Higher Doses Immature flukesand some Ruminent Nematodes.

27b

Oxyclosanide is effective against?

28a

Adult fluke- is also easily distributed to the

liver, kidney, and intestines- Excreted in the bile

28b

Pharmacokinetics of Praziquantel

29a

A - Injectable, oral, topical, and spot ons- Well absorbed orally but has a high first passmetabolism, which result in only a small amtactually reaching circulation. So is primarilyapplied topically. D - T1/2 ~ 0.8-1.5 hrsM- via the LiverE - Via the Kidney

29b

Quick review of tapeworm lifecycle

30a

- All tapeworm have an Indirect lifecycle and control measuresoften include control in both the intermediate and final host. Anoplocephala infection in Horses (final host) cause by eatinginfested Mites (intermediate host) on pastures. - this is acommon cause of colic.Moniezia infection in Lambs and Calves (final hosts) caused byeating infested Mites (intermediate host) on pasture grasses -No ill effects are seenDipylidium, Taenia (and Eccinococcus) in cats (and dogs)caused by fleas and lice.

30b

Rafoxanide is effective against?

31a

- Is a salicylanide - Active against both Adult and

Immature flukes aged +6-8 weeks

31b

The risk of fluke disease various from yearto year and month to month. Because ofthis we have intensive monitoring systemsin place to assist farmers in choosing theappropriate anthelminic and level ofcontrol. Why is choosing the appropriateantitrematodal drug so impt?

32a

- Because few antitrematodal drugswill work against all the variousdevelopmental stages of fluke.

32b

SE for Dichlorophen

33a

SalivationVomitingAnorexia

Hyperanesthesia Hindlimb ataxia

33b

SE of Praziquantel

34a

Has a wide margin of safety but rarely see

- Localized tissue sensitivity where spot-ons or injectables were applied - Transient hypersalivation if licked off

34b

Spectrum of Praziquantel

35a

All Adult CestodesAll Intestinal forms of

Ecchinococcus

35b

To prevent fasciolosis?

36a

- All animals should be treated regularly dependingon the type of fluke, geographic area, prevalence inthat area, and the climatic conditions (wet or dryyear)- Can also restrict access to high risk areas duringhigh risk periods such as autumn and winter- Can control molluscs in wet areas via:1) Molluscides2) Fencing off or Draining wet areas

36b

Treatment for tapeworm occurs?

37a

~ Every 6 mths but also need to provide adequateFlea and Tick control or will need to treat moreoften. - In endemic areas, tx dogs every 6 wks to ensureno infective segments or eggs are passed- Pet Travel Scheme demands treatment 24-48hours prior to travel from the UK.

37b

Triclabendazole is effectiveagainst?

38a

- All stages of Fluke (Immature andadult stages), which hascontributed to Triclabendazole-resistant flukes starting to becomeprevalent on UK farms

38b

Tx of Fluke

39a

- Can be prophylactic ortherapeutic tx- For young animals with Acute dz,we traditionally repeat the dosageafter 5-6 wks

39b

Various Benzimidazoles(Fenbendazole, Albendazole,etc)

40a

Can also be used to controltapeworm in Ruminents, Dogs,

and Cats

40b

What are compoundendoparasiticides?

41a

Drugs formulated to target multipletypes of internal parasites at onetime.Ei contains both an antitrematodaldrug + a antinematodal drug, ORantinematodal + anticestodal drug.

41b

What are the advantages ofcompound endoparasiticides?

42a

Targets multiple parasites in oneapplication (nematodes, cestodes,

trematodes)

42b

What are the Antitrematodal drugsused to treat fluke infestations?

43a

Some Benzimidazoles (Albendazole, Netobimin)Triclabendizole - is a Benzimadazole used ONLYfor fluke controlSalicylanides (Closantel, Oxyclosanide,Rafoxanide)NitroxynilClorsulonDiamphenethine

43b

What are the disadvantages ofcompound endoparasiticides?

44a

- Should only be used on a Ad Hoc basis(ei during the particular season in whichthe parasites you are targeting actuallyinfest the animal.) - If used at any other time, are redundantand contribute to resistance.

44b

What are the drugs used to treatcestrodes?

45a

PRAZIQUANTEL (aka Droncit, Drontal, Milbemax, etc)

Then also : EpsiprantelDichlorophenNitroscanatePyrantel (which is a Tetrahydropyrimidine)Various BenzimidazolesNiclosamide

45b

What are the two types of Flukeswe are most worried about in the

UK?

46a

Fasicola hepaticaLancet fluke (Dicroleum

denticatium?)

46b

What is the intermediate host forFasciola Hepatica?

47a

Lumnea Truncata (mud snail)

47b

Which forms of the dz present insheep?

Which forms present in cattle?Does fasciola hepatica effect

horses?48a

Both Chronic and AcuteAcute

Horses are more resistant to flukebut occassionally will show CS of ill

thrift48b

Why do we formulate compoundendoparasiticides?

49a

To extend the range of activity of asingle application of drug

49b