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Transportation Engineering

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Course Student-ResearchCompilation Report

Presented toEngr. Vicente Duallo

Department of EngineeringEastern Visayas State University

rmoc City Campusrmoc City

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!n Partial "ulfillment

of the Re#uirement for the Degree of 

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

APOLINARIO LUBERIO III

JOHN LAURENCE H. MAGNO

ANRO S. REBU!AS

ELEGHEN RAM SACA!

ALRIN T. TUMAMPO

$arch %&'(

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Components of Transportation Systems

1Urban Transportation Problems 1Design of Surfaces and Guideways 2

Advantages and disadvantages of Concrete roadAdvantages and disadvantages of Aspalt road

!and Use Transport "nteraction # Tra$c Analysis Tecni%ues& Annual Average Daily Tra$c'AADT (

)Tra$c *low)Pedestrian +eicle *low and ,otion Studies

References )

Co"ponents o# transportation s$ste"s wic was discussed by te class pastmeeting- refers to te transportation facilities and infrastructures. Tis covers bus

stations- par/ing spaces- subway train stations- roads- etc.- owever- government

autorities from around te world ta/e into consideration- te global impacts of 

motor)veicle emission- and as put an e0ort into addressing te increasing

demand of easy and fast transportation- as well as mitigating te environmental

aards of emitted carbon dioide. 3rgonomic transportation refers to te

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transportation activities of commuters wic do not utilie motoried veicles. "n

dense urban centers- li/e ,anila- government as put an immense e0ort as to

resolve tra$c congestions as well as addressing te e0ects of veicle gas

emissions4 to encourage commuters to wal/ or to bi/e en route for wor/.

In Mexico, te EcoBici; te bicycle saring system launced in *ebruary2515 by te government of ,eico City.  As of September 2516 3co7ici stands at289 stations wit #-555 bicycles.  Tese stations are located at te economic centersof ,eico4 covering 21 s%uare /ilometers of dedicated bi/e lanes around ,eicoCity. Users of te system are re%uired to purcase an :*"D card at a cost of #55pesos ;US<65= wic will provide tem wit access to te bicycles for one year. *ortourists- a 8 day card can be obtained for 655 pesos- a 6 day card for 1>5 pesos-and a single day card for ?5 pesos. @n December 2512- te system epanded froman area covering 9.> s%uare /ilometers to one covering 21 s%uare /ilometers- wicwould bring te estimated number of users from 65-555 in September 2512 to155-555. And indeed- statistics from August 2516 sowed ?(-8>5 membersregistered4 daily ridersip averaged 2(-555- versus 1#-555 in December 25124

montly ridersip averaged #55-555.

Also anoter successful development in mass transportation is te BRT, also

/nown as Bus Rapid Transit System- is a bus)based mass transit system. A 7:T

system generally as specialied design- services and infrastructure to improve

system %uality in accordance4 to remove te typical causes of delay. To be

considered 7:T- buses sould operate for a signicant part of teir Bourney witin a

fully dedicated rigt of way ;busway= to avoid tra$c congestion. "n addition- a true

7:T system will ave most of te following elements&

Alignment in te centre of te road ;to avoid typical curb)side delays=.Stations wit o0)board fare collection ;to reduce boarding and aligting delay

related to paying te driver=.Station platforms level wit te bus oor ;to reduce boarding and aligting delaycaused by steps=.7us priority at intersections ;to avoid intersection signal delay=.

Ur%an Transportation Pro%&e"s

 Transportation engineering is a maBor subdivision of urban planning. "ts

importance reects on te crucial distribution of goods and labor force in te urban

centers4 te staples in economic activity. Te tecnical forecasting or land use

forecasting is one of te maBor activities being conducted in urban transportation

planning. *ailure to recognie and identify future demands on urban spaces result to

a catastropic damage not Bust in te nancial system as well as %uality of living in

te area.

@ne eample is te 7ostonEs most epensive- yet unsuccessful road proBect

called te Central ArteryFTunnel ProBect- famously called by te Americans as 7ig

Dig.H

7oston ad a world)class tra$c problem- an elevated si)lane igway called

te Central Artery tat ran troug te center of downtown4 is te ome of worst

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congestion in wic tra$c crawls for more tan 15 ours eac day. Te annual cost

to motorists from tis congestion ) in terms of an elevated accident rate- wasted

fuel from idling in stalled tra$c- and late delivery carges ) was estimated at <(55

million.

All of 7oston was industrialied and was fully developed tat it was able to

cater te title as te center of economic activities during te 7ritis coloniation inAmerica in 1>85s. 7ut no one epected population eplosion as well as motoried

transportation.

So- for most of te 1??5s and early 2555s- driving in 7oston was disrupted byte 7ig Dig- te most epensive ;rougly <1# billion= road proBect in te istory of te US. ,oreover- altoug te 7ig Dig and oter igway proBects alleviated someof te worst tra$c bottlenec/s- 7oston remains one of te most congestedmetropolitan areas in te US. Te comple and still)canging road networ/- witmany one)way streets and time)based tra$c restrictions- as led many 7ostontravelers to consider an up)to)date GPS navigation map system a necessity.

esign o# S'r#a(es an) G'i)e*a$sIigway pavement- is te durable material laid down on an area intended to

sustain veicular or foot tra$c- suc as road or wal/way. "n te past- gravel road

surfaces- cobblestone and granite sets were etensively used. 7ut tese surfaces

ave mostly been replaced by aspalt or concrete.

 Tese modern surface pavement ave components or layers- namely ;from

te bottom=4 is te subgrade- wic transfers te load to te eart- subgrade is

usually from te locally available land mass4 net is te sub-base course  and

base course is used in te eible pavement ;aspalt= to disperse te upcoming

load to large area troug te nite tic/ness- so as to increase te load bearing

capacity of te aspalt pavement and lastly- te surface course- te top layer

wic serves smoot riding surface for te tra$c- it is constructed wit te superior

%uality of aggregates because it as to wear te maimum intensity of loads.

 Te two pavement types4 te eible pavement or asphalt concrete

paement  and te rigid pavement wic is te !ortland cement concrete

paement.

Portland Cement Concrete

Pavement

Aspalt Concrete

Pavement

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Port&an) Ce"ent Pa+e"ent, A)+antages

"#urability and maintenance-free life$ Concrete pavements ave long service

life of forty years- wereas aspalt road last for ten years. ,oreover during tis

service life- concrete roads do not re%uire fre%uent repair or patcing wor/ li/e

aspalt roads.

"%ehicles consume less fuel$ A veicle- wen over a concrete road- consumes

1()25J less fuel tan tat on aspalt road.

"Resistant to automobile fuel spillage and extreme &eather$ Unli/e aspalt

roads- concrete roads do not get damaged by lea/ed oils from veicles or by

etreme weater conditions li/e ecess rain and eat."'reener process. Aspalt or bitumen- produces a lot of igly polluting gas wen

melted on pavement wor/s. Also- less fuel consumption on concrete road means

less pollution.

"Saing of natural resources$ Concrete or cement- is produced from abundantly

available limestone.

Port&an) Ce"ent Pa+e"ent, isa)+antages

"!aing cost$ Paving cost of concrete road is little iger tan tat of aspalt

paving.

"Maintenance problem$ "n case of concrete road brea/s- te wole concrete slabneeds to be replaced.

"(bsence of safety features$

Asp-a&t Pa+e"ent, A)+antages

"Economical$ Aspalt is still less costly compared to concrete. ,oreover- it ta/es

less time to build an aspalt road tan concrete4 aspalt dries faster.

"Easy maintenance$ :epairing of Bust a part of an aspalt road is easily possible.

Aspalt roads even can be remounted over te old layer.

"Recyclable$ Aspalt is a recyclable material. "t can be used again and again by

melting it. Te aggregates can also be reused.

"Safe$ Aspalt roads provide better traction and s/id resistance for veicles.

Aspalt does not /eep ice and snow on its surface. Te dar/ color of aspalt reduces

glare- elps melt ice and snow- as well as providing ig contrast for lane mar/ings.

Asp-a&t Pa+e"ent, isa)+antages

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"#urability$ Ieavy rain and oter etreme weater conditions damage te aspalt

road- and te roads need to be repaired fre%uently.

")eather pollution$ ,elting of aspalt produces a lot of armful green ouse

gases. Also- costly petroleum is re%uired to produce aspalt.

Lan) UseTransportation Intera(tion

"t is found tat land use or te geograpical location of te infrastructures

serves as te basis of pedestrian movement as well as tra$c ow patterns. "n tis

ligt- te pysical caracteristics of te location greatly a0ect movement around

terein. 3ngineers ta/e into account te geograpical properties of te location of di0erent infrastructures during te planning pase of urban development. Planning

usually ta/es into account two parts of land use4

For"a& Lan) Use representations are concerned wit te %ualitative attributes

of space suc as its form- pattern and aspect wic are descriptive in nature.

Kereas- F'n(tiona& Lan) Use  representations are concerned *ith the economic

nature of activities such as production+ consumption+ residence and transport and are mainly a socio-

economic description of the space.

Transportation #ore(asting is te process of estimating te number of veiclesor people tat will use a specic transportation facility in te future. *or instance- a

forecast may estimate te number of veicles on a planned road  or bridge- teridersip on a railway  line- te number of passengers visiting an airport- or tenumber of sips calling on a seaport. Tra$c forecasting begins wit te collection of data on current tra$c. Tis tra$c data is combined wit oter /nown data- suc aspopulation- employment- trip rates- travel costs- etc.- to develop a tra$c demandmodel  for te current situation. *eeding it wit predicted data for population-employment- etc. results in estimates of future tra$c- typically estimated for eacsegment of te transportation infrastructure in %uestion- e.g.- for eac roadwaysegment or railway station.

 Tra$c forecasts are used for several /ey purposes in transportation policy-planning- and engineering& to calculate te capacity of infrastructure- e.g.- owmany lanes a bridge sould ave4 to estimate te nancial and social viability of proBects- e.g.- using cost)benet analysis  and social impact assessment4 and tocalculate environmental impacts- e.g.- air pollution and noise.

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Four-step models; Kitin te rational planning framewor/- transportation

forecasts ave traditionally followed te se%uential four)step model or urban

transportation planning ;UTP= procedure- rst implemented on mainframe

computers in te 1?(5s at te Detroit ,etropolitan Area Tra$c Study and Cicago

Area Transportation Study ;CATS=.

!and use forecasting starts te process. Typically- forecasts are made for teregion as a wole- e.g.- of population growt. Suc forecasts provide control totals

for te local land use analysis. Typically- te region is divided into ones and by

trend or regression analysis- te population and employment are determined for

eac.

 Te four steps of te classical urban transportation planning system model

are&

•  Trip generation determines te fre%uency of origins or destinations of trips ineac one by trip purpose- as a function of land uses and ouseolddemograpics- and oter socio)economic factors.

•  Trip distribution  matces origins wit destinations- often using a gravitymodel  function- e%uivalent to an entropy maimiing model. @lder modelsinclude te fratar model.

• ,ode coice  computes te proportion of trips between eac origin anddestination tat use a particular transportation mode. ;Tis modal model maybe of te logit form- developed by Lobel Prie winner Daniel ,c*adden.=

• :oute assignment  allocates trips between an origin and destination by a

particular mode to a route.

After te classical model- tere is an evaluation according to an agreed set of 

decision criteria and parameters. A typical criterion is cost)benet analysis. Suc

analysis migt be applied after te networ/ assignment model identies needed

capacity& is suc capacity wortwileM "n addition to identifying te forecasting and

decision steps as additional steps in te process- it is important to note tat

forecasting and decision)ma/ing permeate eac step in te UTP process. Planning

deals wit te future- and it is forecasting dependent.

Ann'a& a+erage )ai&$ tra##i(+ abbreviated ((#T- is a measure used primarily in

transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally- it is te total

volume of veicle tra$c of a igway or road for a year divided by 69( days. AADT

is a useful and simple measurement of ow busy te road is. Lewer advances from

tra$c data providers are now providing AADT by side of te road- by day of wee/

and by time of day.

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"n 1??2- AASIT@ released te AASIT@ Guidelines for Tra$c Data Programs-

wic identied a way to produce an AADT witout seasonal or day)of)wee/ biases

by creating an Naverage of averages.N *or every mont and day)of)wee/- a ,ontly

Average Day of Kee/ ;,ADK= is calculated ;># per year=. 3ac day)of)wee/Os ,ADK

is ten calculated across monts to calculate an Annual Average Day of Kee/

;AADK= ;8 per year=. *inally- te AADKs are averaged to calculate an AADT.

@ne of te most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for te

maintenance and improvement of Iigways.

"n te United States te amount of federal funding a state will receive is

related to te total tra$c measured across its Iigway networ/. 3ac year on une

1(- every state in te United States submits a Iigway Performance ,onitoring

System IP,S report. Te IP,S report contains various information regarding te

road segments in te state based on a sample ;not all of te road segments= of te

road segments.

Re#eren(es

'. ,hat is us Rapid ransit/0 1http233***.mta.info3mta3planning3s4s3*hatis.htm5. Select Bus

Service website. 67$etropolitan ransit 8uthority. Retrieved '% $arch %&'&.

%.  E$8R9 - he ,R! Center for Sustaina4le ransport. 0:lo4al R Data - ,orld*ide and ;ey

indicators per region0 1http233***.4rtdata.org35. Rdata.org. Retrieved %&'<-'&-%'.

=. 0Etapas Ciclov>a0+ "ideicomiso para el $e?oramiento de las V>as de Comunicaci@n del Distrito

"ederal 1"!$EV!C5+ accessed cto4er %&+ %&'=1http233***.fimevic.df.go4.mA3ciclovia3cartel.htm5

<. Ciclov>a Reforma0+ Transeunte 1http233transeunte.''=. org3temas3ciclovia-reforma35

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(. Belanc+ Steve 1%&&)-'%-%5. 0n Decem4er ='+ !ts fficial2 ostons ig Dig ,ill e Done01http233*ashingtonpost.com3*p-dyn3content3article 3%&&)3'%3%(38R%&&)'%%(&&&&.html/navhcmoduletmv5.

The Washington Post . Retrieved %&&)-'%-%.

.  6go*i+ Rodri#ue 1%&&)-'%-%(5. 0F$ Settlement in ig Dig Death0

1http233ene*s.earthlinG.net3article3nat/guid%&&)'%%(3<))&He(&I=caI'((%%&&)'%%(-<'%(%'J<%5. 8ssociated Press. Retrieved %&&)-'%-%(.

). * AASHTO Guidelines for Trac Data Programs. American Association of StateIigway and Transportation @$cials. 1??2.

H. Gauderman- K ames et al. ;255(=. NCildood Astma and 3posure to Tra$c and Litrogen Dioide.N;ttp&FFwww.epidem.comFptFreFepidemiologyFabstract.555519#>)255(11555)5555(.tm4BsessionidQ!G5dw1Rp5T>>SPyL:D2Dg7#RP9:w,dKIK!BpdpK(2CBI ##9885?(11>11?(92?>5?1)1=.

J. Gary A. Davis ;2558=. NAccuracy of 3stimates of ,ean Daily Tra$c& A :eviewN;ttp&FFtrb.metapress.comFcontentFv(5w6>(8p(166#91F=.