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CE 7630

Transportation Problems

John K. Abraham

CE 7630 Problem??

A problem for an individual or a group of individuals is the difference between the

desired state for a given situation and the actual state.. The difference usually

cannot be eliminated completely..

2

CE 7630

Co ngestion

In adequ atecap acity

Fixed Object Cr ashes Re ar End Crashes

Sa fety

Ser vice for User

Air p ollution

Noise

po or landuse de velopmen t

Impact on affecte d fact ors

in crea sed po pulatio n

p opulation dispe rsion

Impac t on affcet ing fact ors

Poo r Tr ansport ation

ProblemHierarchy

CE 7630 Transportation Service Problems

! Congestion– Low speeds, long trav el times

! Inadequate Capacity– Demand more than capacity – An aspect of congestion

! High User Cost– Purchase cost, depreciation, repairs, tires, gas,

parking, taxes and fees! Lack of safety for user

– Crashes! Transit related

– Lack of privacy– Discomfort

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CE 7630

Coo

lidge

Cro

oks

I-75

Big Beaver

Traffic Counts Performed May 16,2000

Between 4PM and 5PM

3919

2751

3400

2927

The roadway is about 30-35% overloaded

CE 7630

Big Beaver Corridor - Travel Time Studies

COOL

IDGE

CROO

KS

LIVE

RNOI

S

ROCH

ESTE

R

2 minutes 4 minutes 11 minutes4:30 PMTotal = 17 minutes

3 minutes 7 minutes 14.5 minutes4:50 PM Total = 24.5minutes

11 minutes 19 minutes 24 minutes5:20 PM Total = 54minutes

3 minutes 9 minutes 14 minutes6:00 PM Total = 26minutes

4

3.3 milliondrivers

3.8 millionvehicles

727 milescongested

5

CE 7630More of Our Increased Driving Is Encountering Congestion

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

1982 1987 1992 1999

Very LargeLargeMediumSmall

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

1982 1987 1992 1999

Very LargeLargeMediumSmall

Congested US Urban Driving, 1982-1999

Ur ban Ar eaSize

191,000traffic

crashes

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CE 7630

“MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES ARE THE LEADING KILLER OF AMERICANS OF EVERY AGE BETWEEN 1 AND 29.”

“SAFETY AGENDA FOR THE NATION”NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL

CE 7630HIGHWAY SAFETY IS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE

! 42,000 PEOPLE KILLED IN TRAFFIC CRASHES NATIONALLY EACH YEAR

! 2,830 PEOPLE KILLED IN WORLD TRADE CENTER TERRORIST ATTACK

! 801 PEOPLE KILLED ON WI HIGHWAYS IN 2000

! 63,890 PERSONS INJURED IN WI! $631 MILLION IN PROPERTY DAMAGE

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CE 7630TRAFFIC FATALITIES and VEHICLE MILES of TRAVEL

1945-2000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00YEAR

FATA

LITI

ES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

VM

T (B

illio

ns)

VMT FATALITIES

CE 7630THREE PRIMARY CASUES OF CRASHES

! ROADWAY CONDITIONS! VEHICLE DEFECTS! DRIVER BEHAVIOR

– SPEED– ALCOHOL / DRUGS– INATTENTIVENESS– LACK OF BELTS – NOT A CAUSE OF THE

CRASH BUT CONTRIBUTES TO INJURY AND DEATH

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CE 7630 HIGHWAY SAFETY

! ENFORCEMENT

! ENGINEERING

! EDUCATION

CE 7630

Engineering" Planning, design

and construction" Operation and

maintenance• Mowing, plowing• Pavement repairs

" Rail crossings" Pavement markings" Signing and lighting" Work zones" Access management" ITS technologies

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CE 7630 Education

" Classroom visits and instruction

" Presentations to community groups

" Manuals, brochures " Safety literature" Statewide campaigns

• Death Defying Acts• Put Brakes on Fatalities

" Media coverage" Newsletter articles" Collect, analyze and

share crash data

CE 7630

" Enforce traffic laws" Enforce criminal laws" Assist local law

enforcement" Operate statewide

programs• Training Academy• Chemical testing • Communications

" Inspections• School/commercial buses• Ambulances• Trucks• Human service vehicles

" DMV licensing and registration

" Regulation of motor vehicle dealers

Enforcement

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CE 76301930

1997

CE 7630 Problems – Affected by Transportation

! Energy Consumption– Petroleum dependency

! Air Pollution! Crime! Noise! Poor Appearance

– The visual aspect! Excessive ROW acquisition! Urban Sprawl! Socio-economic

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CE 7630

CE 7630

Biosphere

Atmosphere

Ecosphere

LithosphereHydrosphere

The Environmental System

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CE 76304. ECOSPHERE

4.1 AQUATIC ECOSPHEREAlteration of ecosystem s in unforeseeable ways.Disappearance of vulnerable species and proliferation of tolerant ones.Reduction of bacterial treatment of organic matter by nitrification.Reduction of available nutrients to aquatic species.Reproductive impediments.

4.2 LAND ECOSPHEREDamages over the vegetation modifying:

hydric cycle s.the level of un derg rou nd wat er r esou rces.soil erosio n.air pu rification capaci ty of t he ec osphe re.food so urces (ag ricultu re).entert ainm ent a nd to urism.

Reduction of the vital space.Reduction of the genetic potential of species.Reduction of the food supply and alteration of the food chain.Consumption of resources.

4.3 HUMAN ECOSPHEREOdors.Noise.Cardiovascular and respiratory problems.Susceptibilit y to infection.Drops in life expectancy.Injuries, incapacity , hospitali zation, death.Damage to structures:

loss of us eful life. (a mortiz ation)loss of p rope rty val ues.corrosi on of met al struc ture s (b ronze , steel, etc. ).destruc tion of histo rical an d cultu ral monu ments .

1. ATMOSPHERELarge scale diffusion of pollutants.High growth on a short term basis of the concentration of pollutants because of local conditions (e.g. smog).Photochemical reactions caused by ultraviolet rays, notably over ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.Climatic changes (global warming).Acid rain.Synergetic effects when pollutants are combined (e.g. smog and greenhouse gases).2. HYDROSPHEREDiffusion of pollutants in a dissol ved or colloidal state.Acidifi cation and loss of neutralizing potential of ground and underground water.Drops of pH following snow melting (aquatic organism are particularly vulnerable).Growth in the solubility of several metals because o f acidification.Additions of organic compounds, aluminum, manganese, calcium, magnesium and potassium by runoffs .Contamination of ground and underground water by nitrates.3. LITHOSPHEREAcid depositions.Liberation of toxic metalli c ions (aluminum, cadmium, etc .) through acidification.Loss of nutrients , notably calcium and magnesium.Inhibition of the miniralization of ni trogen.Modifications in the compositions and the depth of decomposition gradient.Inhibition of decomposition.Loss of the soil flora and fauna.Fixation by plants of heavy metals (e.g. lead) and contamination.Removal and consumption of land.Extraction of raw materials like mineral products and energy.

The Environmental Impacts of Transportation

CE 7630Emissions of Major Air Pollutants in the US by Transportation (in million short tons), 1970-1998

0000 25252525 50505050 75757575 100100100100 125125125125 150150150150 175175175175

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxide

Sulphur oxidesSulphur oxidesSulphur oxidesSulphur oxides

V OCV OCV OCV OC

Particulates (PM- 10)Particulates (PM- 10)Particulates (PM- 10)Particulates (PM- 10)

Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides

LeadLeadLeadLead

1998199819981998199019901990199019801980198019801970197019701970

(in thousand metric tons)

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CE 7630Key Air Quality Impact/Concern

! Public Health Impact - Ambient Air & Concentrated Air Toxics Exposure

! Air and Natural Area Environmental & Aesthetic Degradation

! Chronic effect on Climate Change (global warming) and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (CFCs)

CE 7630

Average Temperature at the Earth's Surface (Land-based Series, Celsius) and World Carbon Emissions From Fossil Fuel Burning, (in millions of tons) 1866-2000

13131313

13. 213. 213. 213. 2

13. 413. 413. 413. 4

13. 613. 613. 613. 6

13. 813. 813. 813. 8

14141414

14. 214. 214. 214. 2

14. 414. 414. 414. 4

14. 614. 614. 614. 6

14. 814. 814. 814. 8

186 6

1 873 1 880 188 7

1894

1901

1908

1915

192 2

1929

1 936 194 3

195 0

1 957 1 964 197 1

197 8

1 985 1 992 199 9

0000

1000100010001000

2000200020002000

3000300030003000

4000400040004000

5000500050005000

6000600060006000

7000700070007000

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CE 7630Noise Generated by a Passenger Car

0000

10101010

2020202030303030

40404040

50505050

60606060

70707070

8080808090909090

0000 20202020 40404040 60606060 80808080 100100100100 120120120120Speed (km / hr)

Nois

e (d

B)

CE 7630

120

100

0

203040

50

6070

80

90

110

Desert10Broadcasting studio

Quiet room

Busy street through closed windows

Busy street through open windowsNoise level near a motorway

Busy crossroads

Truck, motorcycle, underground trainPneumatic drill at 1 meter

Aircraft at take off

dB (A)Noise Levels (in decibels)

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CE 7630 Problems Affecting Transportation

! Increased population growth and dispersion! Increased automobile ownership! Peak hour travel

CE 7630

Decrease, more than 1,000 loss

Little change, 1,000 loss to 1,000 gain

Moderate increase, 1,001 to 5,000 gain

Large increase, 5,001 to 10,000 gain

Very large increase, more than 10,000 gain

St. Clair

MacombOakland

Livingston

Washtenaw Wayne

Monroe

Job ChangeSoutheast Michigan, 2000 - 2030

Source: SEMCOG

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CE 7630

CE 7630

T>A

T<A

Transportation Supply, Demand and Travel Time

Transport supply (A)

Transport Demand (T)

Time of the Day

Trav

el ti

me

Morningpeak

Afternoonpeak

Traf

fic

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CE 7630

So Driving Is Outstripping Road Capacity

-10%0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

VMT Change Lane-Miles Change

UrbanRuralTotal

-10%0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

VMT Change Lane-Miles Change

UrbanRuralTotal

Change in US VMT & Lane-Miles , 1980-1997

CE 7630 Result: Congestion’s Going Up

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1982 1990 1997

ExtremeSevereHeavyModerate

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1982 1990 1997

ExtremeSevereHeavyModerate

US Conges ted Travel, 1982-1997

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CE 7630More of Our Increased Driving Is Encountering Congestion

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

1982 1987 1992 1999

Very LargeLargeMediumSmall

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

1982 1987 1992 1999

Very LargeLargeMediumSmall

Conges ted US Urban Driving, 1982-1999

Ur ban Ar eaSize

CE 7630

And We’re Paying More For It

$0$10$20$30$40$50

$60$70$80

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996$0

$10$20$30$40$50

$60$70$80

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

Cos t of US Urban Conges tion, 1987-1997, $1997

Billions of Dollar s

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CE 7630And Commuting Times Have Increased

0000

5555

10101010

15151515

20202020

25252525

30303030

1990199019901990 20002000200020000000

5555

10101010

15151515

20202020

25252525

30303030

1990199019901990 2000200020002000

Minutes

Average Length of US Comm ute, 1990-2000

CE 7630

While Sprawl Continues

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CE 7630

“I Wish My Home Were…”

"Larger"44%

"Closer to more places by walking"

19%

"Closer to work"16%

"Closer to shopping & restaurants"

12%

"Closer to the city"3%

"Closer to public transportation"

6%

"Larger"44%

"Closer to more places by walking"

19%

"Closer to work"16%

"Closer to shopping & restaurants"

12%

"Closer to the city"3%

"Closer to public transportation"

6%

Survey of 2,000 F amilies Who Have Purchased Homes

Within the Last 5 Years byNational Association of Realtors &

National Association of HomebuildersJanuary 2002

CE 7630

Hot Off the PressAnnual Texas Transportation Institute Mobility Study released recently recommends:

– “More capacity” – “More roads & more transit part of the equation”

– “Greater efficiency” – Access management, improved signalization, better transit info, ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems)

– “Manage the demand” – Time-shifting, tolls & pricing– “Dev elopment patterns” – Reduce auto dependency &

increase possibilities to walk, bike or take transit– “A vision of the future” – Consensus on better land

use arrangements “difficult to achiev e” but “discussion will help inform” and hopefully “mov e toward the v ision”

– “Realistic expectations” – Improv ing reliability is important

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CE 7630

Population e xplosion

World Population (in millions)

25 0 25 0 250 290 3 10 31 0 40 0 4 25 45 0 50 0 790 98 0 12601650

25 20

60 60

8 91 0

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

020

040

060

080

010

0012

5014

0015

0016

0017

5018

0018

5019

0019

5020

0020

50CE 7630

Population Pyramid of the United States, 2000

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 2

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

70-74

80-84

Millions

FemaleMale

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CE 7630

Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-1999 (in millions)

0000

5555

10101010

15151515

20202020

25252525

30303030

35353535

40404040

1 950 1953

1956

1959

1962

19 65 19 68 1971

1974

1 977 1980

1983

1986

1989

1 992 1 995 1998

GermanyGermanyGermanyGermanyJ apanJ apanJ apanJ apanUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesWorldWorldWorldWorld

2025 RTP Fiscal Analysis

$17 billionunmet needs

$24 billioninvestment

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CE 7630

Ramp MeteringCongestion Pricing

Alternative EnergyThe Automobile

Advanced Traffic Management

Total Automation

CE 7630