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TransporTaTion & LogisTics:
Education, Training, and Employment
opportunities for the seattle area’s Workforce
AUTHOR
nicole Jones
Senior Policy Analyst
Seattle Jobs Initiative
CONTRIBUTOR
stephanie Kellner
Researcher/Program Developer
Port Jobs
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Industry Employment: Past and Present 3
The Great Recession 8
Worker Characteristics 9
The Aging Workforce 9
Race and Ethnicity Demographics 11
Labor Productivity 12
Concentration Of Industry Subsectors 15
Educational Attainment 16
Occupational Trends 17
Middle-Wage Jobs 19
Employment and Wages 19
Educational Attainment and Requirements 21
Education and Training Programs 25
Workforce Supply and Demand 27
Other Program Offerings 28
Employer Perspective 30
Findings From Employer Interviews 30
Identification of Local Employers 31
Conclusion 33
Appendix A 34
Appendix B 34
Appendix C 35
Appendix D 36
Notes 42
INTRODUCTION
Competing in today’s increasingly globalized economy, characterized by the reduction of trade
barriers and the spread of new technologies, requires local economies to have well-developed
transportation and logistics systems to support the fluid movement of goods and materials. The
Seattle metro area and Washington State represent such economies. Seattle is home to a thriving
Transportation & Logistics industry that accounts for approximately 25 percent of Washington State’s
gross domestic product, while 40 percent of all jobs in Washington are either directly or indirectly tied
to international trade.1
Transportation & Logistics has emerged as a primary supplier of employment and output for
Washington State’s economy due to the two major ports located in Seattle and Tacoma. The Port
of Seattle is home to a thriving seaport and airport vital to the economy’s international trade,
transportation, and travel industries. The seaport is the tenth largest in North America and its cargo
activity supports more than 21,000 jobs.2 Additionally, the airport is the nation’s fifteenth busiest (in
terms of passengers) and 21st busiest in terms of cargo.3 The Port of Tacoma is also a key player
in the movement of cargo. Port activities account for more than 43,000 jobs in Pierce County, and
113,000 jobs in Washington State.4 Together, the ports of Seattle and Tacoma add a tremendous
amount of economic value to the metropolitan area and Washington State.
Transportation & Logistics has long been a sector of focus for Seattle Jobs Initiative (SJI), a workforce
development agency focused on providing education and training programs for low-income individuals
of Seattle in an effort to bring them out of poverty and into living-wage careers. SJI is continuously
1
seeking to identify growing industry sectors which provide participants with opportunities for living-
wage jobs. This report seeks to identify those opportunities within the Transportation & Logistics
industry sector of the Seattle metropolitan area. Transportation & Logistics is part of a broader
Trade, Transportation, & Utilities industry supersector, as classified by the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). Because of SJI’s presence in the automotive and diesel mechanics
programs at area community colleges, this report will specifically dissect the Transportation & Logistics
industry sector rather than examine the entire Trade, Transportation, & Utilities industry supersector.
SJI is not invested in programs leading to careers in the trade sectors (retail and wholesale) because,
more often than not, they lead to jobs with high turnover and low pay, such as cashiers and stock
clerks. Rather, SJI seeks to understand emerging trends within Transportation & Logistics to better
develop programs leading to gainful employment for our participants.
This report will analyze the Transportation & Logistics industry’s past, present, and future labor
market trends in terms of employment, output, and job openings. Additionally, the occupational
demand for trade and logistics jobs and their corresponding wages will be analyzed to identify the
attainable, living-wage jobs available for low-skill, low-income individuals. The report will further
examine education and training programs for in-demand occupations, especially those that are
entry-level and/or middle-wage, within the industry. And lastly, employer interviews will provide a
qualitative, personal account of employer hiring practices to further assist SJI and other workforce
development agencies in the successful implementation of employer engagement strategies.
2
SOURCE: QCEW Employees & Non-QCEW Employees - EMSI 2013.3 Class of Workers
INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT: PAST AND PRESENT
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical
agencies to categorize business establishments in an effort to collect, analyze, and publish statistical
data related to the US economy.5 The hierarchical structure of the NAICS system ranges from very
broad to very detailed industry levels. The broad industry supersectors as defined by NAICS is
displayed in chart 1. Of the major industry supersectors in the Seattle metropolitan area, Trade,
Transportation, & Utilities stands out as the dominant provider of employment. As indicated in
chart 1, it accounts for over 17 percent (326,968 jobs) in the Seattle-Bellevue-Tacoma metropolitan
statistical area. And since 2012, employment has grown at a rate of four percent. Government jobs
also account for about 17 percent of jobs, but this has decreased slightly (1 percent) since 2012.
cHarT 1:
Major industry Employment – seattle Msa, 2013
326,968Trade, Transportation & Utilities
Government
Professional Services
Health Care & Education
Manufacturing
Leisure & Hospitality
Other Services
Financial Activities
Construction
Information
Agriculture
Mining
311,639
247,053
222,910
189,190
167,165
99,122
92,203
91,612
89,629
4,450
703
CHANGE
FROM 2012
4%
-1%
3%
2%
4%
3%
3%
0%
4%
0%
-2%
0%
CHANGE FROM 2012
3
4
Overall, Trade, Transportation, & Utilities is the largest supplier of jobs in the Seattle metro area*
and that trend does not seem to be changing in the foreseeable future.
Trade, Transportation, & Utilities is further broken into four industry sectors:
retail Trade6 – Comprised of establishments engaged in retailing merchandise and
rendering services incidental to the sale of merchandise.
Wholesale Trade7 – Comprised of establishments engaged in wholesaling merchandise
and rendering services incidental to the sale of merchandise. This includes the outputs of
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and certain information industries, such as publishing.
Transportation & Warehousing8 – Includes industries that provide transportation
of passengers and cargo, warehousing and storage for goods, scenic and sightseeing
transportation, and support activities related to modes of transportation. These modes of
transportation are air, rail, water, road, and pipeline.
Utilities9 – Comprised of establishments engaged in the provision of the following utility
services: electric power, natural gas, steam supply, water supply, and sewage removal.
* For the purposes of this report, Seattle metro area will refer to the Seattle-Bellevue-Tacoma metropolitan statistical area.
5
The Transportation & Logistics industry sector provides about 3.5 percent (60,000 jobs) of the
total jobs in the Seattle metro area as of 2012. As shown in chart 3, on the following page, this
share has declined slightly since 1992 (4.5 percent), but has overall remained consistent. The slight
decline is a result of employment growth among the entire Seattle metro workforce of more than
30 percent from 1992 to 2012. The number of workers employed by the Transportation & Logistics
SOURCE: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics - Complete Employment Statistics
cHarT 2:
sector Employment – seattle Msa, 1992–2012
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1992 20122011201020092008200720062005200420032002200120001999199819971996199519941993
TransportationWholesale TradeRetail Trade
**
** Utilities is combined with Transportation due to its small share of employment.
As shown in chart 2, Retail Trade accounts for the majority of employment within the industry
- over 50 percent - and that has changed little over the last twenty years. In fact, employment
within all three sectors has changed little, if at all, from 1992 to 2012. Though the Transportation &
Warehousing industry sector accounts for the smallest share of employment, it is arguably the most
important. Retail and Wholesale Trade rely on Transportation & Warehousing for efficient movement
of goods which in turn allows for the Trade, Transportation, & Utilities industry supersector to be the
largest supplier of jobs in the Seattle metro area. Because the Transportation & Warehousing industry
sector facilitates trade activity, this report will use the term Transportation & Logistics to refer to this
sector of the larger Trade, Transportation, & Utilities supersector.
6
industry sector has stayed relatively the same, but the sheer volume of employed persons in the
workforce has increased.10 Likewise, the percent of the US workforce employed within this industry
has changed little from roughly 3.7 percent of total employment over the twenty-year span. The
Transportation & Logistics industry has proven to be a stable source of employment for its workforce
and has not been a victim of economic shocks - at least in terms of employment.
SOURCE: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics - Complete Employment Statistics
cHarT 3:
Transportation share of Total Employment – 1992–2012
5.0%
4.5%
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1992 20122011201020092008200720062005200420032002200120001999199819971996199519941993
Washington Seattle MSAUS
US, 3.7%
Seattle MSA, 3.5%
Washington, 3.2%
Within the Transportation & Logistics industry sector, employment growth has been lackluster in
the Seattle metro area compared to Washington State and the United States. As shown in chart 4,
on the following page, Washington State and the US have experienced employment growth of 10
and 19 percent, respectively, from 1992-2012, while Seattle MSA employment has grown just three
percent over the twenty-year span. Even though employment has not grown at a high rate in Seattle
during the last twenty years, it has remained stable (chart 2). charts 3 and 4 together highlight
Transportation & Logistics’ steady employment trend, but slight decline in overall share of total
employment within the Seattle metro area during the period from 1992 to 2012.
7
SOURCE: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics - Complete Employment Statistics
cHarT 4:
Transportation & Logistics change in Employment – 1992–2012
20%
18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Seattle MSA Washington US
8
SOURCE: Washington State Employment Security Department - Employment Estimates Seattle MSA
cHarT 5:
recession and post-recession industry growth/Decline
-30%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
Mining Construct. Professional
& Business
Services
Manu-
facturing
Financial
Activities
Leisure &
Hospitality
Other
Services
Govt. Information Education
& Health
Services
-25%
-15%
0
-5%
15%
10%
5%
Trade,
Transport.,
& Utilities
-30%
-20%
-10%
20%
Post-RecessionRecession
THE GREAT RECESSION
While the Trade, Transportation, & Utilities industry supersector is benefiting from positive employment
growth as of late, it - along with several other industries - suffered during the Great Recession.
Generally, it is agreed upon that the recession began in December of 2007 and ended by June of 2009.11
During the Great Recession, Trade, Transportation, & Utilities declined at a rate of approximately
7 percent. Relative to other industries, the decline in employment was not significant. As shown
in chart 5, the Mining & Logging and Construction industries were hit the hardest with declines
in employment of 27 percent and 25 percent, respectively. With the recession’s end in 2009, the
Trade, Transportation, & Utilities industry supersector of the Seattle metro area has recovered with
a roughly 8 percent increase in employment. Only the Manufacturing and Professional Business
Services supersectors have experienced that kind of growth following such a significant decline. Not
only does the Trade, Transportation, & Utilities industry sector hold the highest concentration of jobs,
but it has proven to be a steady force of job growth for the Seattle metro area.
9
SOURCE: Quarterly Workforce Indicators - Employment by Age
cHarT 6:
Transportation & Logistics average Employment by age: seattle Msa
14-18 19-21 22-24
1992 2012
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-99
WORKER CHARACTERISTICS
THE AGING WORKFORCE
After World War II, the US experienced a significant spike in the number of infants born.
Approximately 77 million babies were born from 1946 to 1964 and these infants became known as
the Baby Boomer generation.12 As the Baby Boomers enter into retirement age, younger workers will
need to be hired to fill the void. chart 6 specifically looks at the share of workers by age employed
by the Transportation & Logistics industry sector from 1992 to 2012 in the Seattle metro area.
Over the twenty-year span, Transportation & Logistics workers have indeed become older. In 1992,
approximately 70 percent of the workforce was under the age of 45 and only 30 percent were 45
or older. By 2012, only 47 percent of the workforce was under the age of 45 while the amount of
workers older than 45 increased to 53 percent.
Even though more and more workers in the industry are approaching retirement age, chart 7 reveals
that employers are not hiring younger employees like they were twenty years ago. In 1992, over 62
percent of all new hires were under the age of 35. As of 2012, workers aged 35 and under comprised
10
SOURCE: Quarterly Workforce Indicators - New Hires by Age
cHarT 7:
Transportation & Logistics new Hires: seattle Msa
14-18 19-21 22-24
1992 2012
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-99
2,500
50 percent of all new hires. The Millennial generation, born between 1978 and 2000, is the largest
generation to date in US history with a population of approximately 95 million.13 Transportation &
Logistics employers should focus its efforts on tapping into this supply of young workers to replace
the aging workforce currently present within the industry sector.
Jobs within manufacturing and transportation industry clusters are often perceived in a negative light
by many high school and college graduates. Even more disconcerting are the perceptions of parents
and educators who view these jobs as low-paying and labor intensive.14 To engage Millennials into
manufacturing and transportation careers, Deloitte and Touche has created a talent requisition model
to meet the expectations of Millennials that will in turn benefit the workforce as a whole. This model
consists of three basic strategies: develop, deploy, and connect employees. Employers should first
develop employees by providing them with real-life learning experiences to foster long-term career
growth. Next, employers should deploy employees to work with individuals to identify their strengths
and interests, find their best fit within the organization, and create a desirable job plan that will
assist in high performance outcomes. And lastly, employers need to connect employees with the
tools and guidance they need to build strong networks.15 Employing this type of model aligns with
the general characteristics and desires of the Millennial generation and will assist in attracting new,
young talent into the Transportation & Logistics industry sector.
11
RACE AND ETHNICITY DEMOGRAPHICS
Sixty-six percent of the population as a whole in the Seattle metro area identifies as white.16 Given
that statistic, it is not surprising that the majority of the Transportation & Logistics workforce is
comprised of white workers, as shown in chart 8. In 1992, fully 85 percent of its workforce was
white. By 2012, that share dropped by roughly 10 percent; however, white workers still hold the
majority of jobs within the industry sector. All other races and ethnicities each make up less than 10
percent of the entire Transportation & Logistics workforce. Though accounting for a small portion of
the sector’s workforce, Hispanic and Asian workers have doubled over the twenty-year span.
SOURCE: Quarterly Workforce Indicators - Employment by Race/Ethnicity
cHarT 8:
Transportation & Logistics average Employment by race/Ethnicity –
seattle Msa, 1992–2012
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Asian Black or
African
American
White All Other Hispanic
1992 2012
12
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
In trying to better understand the employment trends in local industry sectors, statistics on jobs,
openings, projections, unemployment rates, and earnings are common indicators used to quantify
whether or not an industry is viable and worth an investment of education and training dollars.
However, there is another important statistic that is often overlooked in industry trend reports:
labor productivity. Labor productivity is the relationship between employment and output within a
given industry.17 This is important for workforce development policies as it shows the technological
advancement and dollar value associated with an industry’s output. Industries with a high dollar
amount of output do not always translate to high levels of employment. Some industries have
become so advanced in their production processes that they have no need for a large volume of
employees. Conversely, industries with high employment and low output may be on the cusp of a
serious economic downturn. Industries having a balance of both employment and output are desirable
for a career investment. Industries having low employment and high output will likely not be hiring
much in the future while industries with low output and high employment are likely inefficient and
may be on the cusp of mass layoffs to compensate for the lack of revenue generated.
chart 9 on the following page displays the employment and output of the Transportation & Logistics
industry subsector in Washington State. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used as a proxy for output.
GDP is calculated as the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in
a given period of time. Additionally, chart 9 uses real GDP to compute output. That is, the value of
goods and services using a constant set of prices.18 To adjust for inflationary trends over the fifteen-year
timeframe, 2005 is used as the base year for dollar imputations. Overall, employment within the state’s
Transportation & Logistics industry sector has remained relatively constant while output has steadily
risen from roughly $6.3 billion to $9.3 billion (46 percent), during the period from 1997 to 2012.
Other industries, like Manufacturing, have experienced gains in output coupled with a sharp decline in
employment in Washington State. This is mostly due to the fact that manufacturing jobs have become
so advanced in their technologies used during the production process that the need for vast quantities
of assembly workers is no longer needed as they were in previous years.19 By contrast, the seemingly
stable employment of the Transportation & Logistics industry sector demonstrates that a significant
number of employees are necessary to its production processes and have been for the last fifteen years.
13
SOURCE: Bureau of Economic Analysis - Real GDP by Industry and Employment by Industry
cHarT 9:
Transportation & Logistics Employment and output Figures –
Washington, 1997–2012
(output measured in millions of 2005 dollars)
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$0
2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000199919981997
OutputEmployment
The Transportation & Logistics industry sector consists of eight industry subsectors: air, water, pipeline,
rail, truck, and transit & ground transportation. It also encompasses other transportation & support
activities and warehousing & storage. These subsectors, as defined by NAICS, are detailed below:20
air Transportation: transportation of passengers and/or cargo using aircraft, such as
airplanes and helicopters.
Water Transportation: transportation of passengers and/or cargo using watercraft, such
as ships, barges, and boats.
rail Transportation: transportation of passengers and/or cargo using railroad rolling stock.
Truck Transportation: road transportation of cargo using motor vehicles, such as trucks
and tractor trailers.
Transit & ground passenger Transportation: encompasses a variety of passenger
14
transportation activities, such as urban transit systems, chartered bus, school bus, and
interurban bus transportation.
pipeline Transportation: uses transmission pipelines to transport products, such as crude
oil, natural gas, refined petroleum products, and slurry.
Warehousing & storage: operates warehousing and storage facilities for general
merchandise, refrigerated goods, and other warehouse products.
other: includes support activities for transportation, scenic and sightseeing transportation,
couriers and messengers, and postal service industry subsectors.
The employment and output trends for each of these subsectors in Washington State are illustrated
in chart 10. The Air, Water, and Pipeline Transportation industry subsectors have experienced
declines in employment as well as increases in output from 1997 to 2011. Rail Transportation has
declined slightly (1 percent) in terms of employment and only increased output four percent during
the fourteen-year span. Employment in Warehousing & Storage increased 21 percent and output
grew from $428 million to $765 million (79 percent). Likewise, employment in Transit & Ground
Transportation increased 39 percent and output grew from $228 million to $377 million (65 percent)
from 1997 to 2011. Warehousing & Storage and Transit & Ground Transportation have emerged as
the leaders in terms of both employment and output growth for Washington.
SOURCE: Bureau of Economic Analysis - Real GDP by Industry and Employment by Industry
cHarT 10:
Washington state change in Employment and output – 1997–2012
Air Pipeline Water
Change in Employment Change in Output
-25%
0%
25%
50%
100%
Rail Truck Other Ware-
housing
Transit &
Ground
75%
15
SOURCE: EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker - QCEW Employees & Non-QCEW Employees
cHarT 11:
Location Quotient and industry growth of Transportation &
Logistics industry subsectors – seattle Msa, 2003–2013
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50 4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Support
Activites
13,510
Water
3,259
Other
Transportation
861
Warehousing
& Storage
7,120
Transit &
Ground
5,409Rail
2,034
Air
10,133
Truck
11,567
Couriers &
Messengers
6,907
LO
CA
TIO
N Q
UO
TIE
NT
(25%) 0% 75%25% 50%
INDUSTRY GROWTH 2003–2013
CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRY SUBSECTORS
To further understand the trends among the Transportation & Logistics industry subsectors, the
industry location quotient (LQ) was used. Industry LQ is a valuable way to measure how concentrated
an industry is within a particular geography relative to a larger geographic area, such as the state
or nation.21 chart 11 depicts the LQ’s of Transportation & Logistics’ eight subsectors for the Seattle
metropolitan area in 2013. It also displays the growth rates of these subsectors over the last ten
years on the X-axis. The size of each bubble represents the size of the industry subsector in terms of
employment in 2013. Water Transportation holds the highest concentration of employment relative
to the rest of the nation compared to any other Transportation & Logistics subsector in the Seattle
metro area. Even though employment is relatively small (3,259), it is still almost four times higher
than the rest of the nation with an LQ of 3.84. Additionally, the subsector has grown at a rate of 14
percent over the ten-year span. Truck Transportation has higher employment in 2013 combined with
a 5 percent increase since 2003. However, its LQ is only 0.64. Air Transportation holds a significant
share of jobs relative to the rest of the industry and it is well represented in the Seattle metro area
with a LQ of 1.74; yet, employment has declined 15 percent since 2003.
16
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
The educational attainment of the Transportation & Logistics workforce is primarily comprised of
incumbent workers possessing some level of postsecondary education. As shown in chart 12,
27 percent of the workforce held a bachelor’s degree or higher and another 35 percent had some
college attainment or an associate’s degree in 2012. Nearly 40 percent of the entire Seattle
metropolitan area’s workforce holds a bachelor’s degree or higher. Conversely, only about 20 percent
hold a high school diploma.22 Not only does the Transportation & Logistics industry sector provide
opportunities for individuals with less than a bachelor’s degree, but the educational attainment of
incumbent workers has changed little during the past twenty years. With the majority of its workforce
possessing a high school diploma, some college, or an associate’s degree, the Transportation &
Logistics industry provides ample employment opportunities for lower-skill workers.
SOURCE: Quarterly Workforce Indicators - Employment by Educational Attainment
cHarT 12:
Educational attainment of Transportation & Logistics Workforce –
seattle Msa, 1992–2012
1992 2012
3531268
1
2
3
4
3529279
1
2
3
4
Bachelor’s
degree or
higher
26%
High school
or equivalent
31%
Some college
or AA degree
35%
Some college
or AA degree
35%
High school
or equivalent
29%
Bachelor’s
degree or
higher
27%
Less than high
school
9%
Less than high
school
8%
17
OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS
The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by Federal statistical agencies
to categorize workers into occupational groupings for the purposes of collecting, calculating, or
disseminating data.23 There are 23 major occupational groups as of 2010. The occupational grouping
of Transportation & Material Moving occupations is directly employed by the Transportation &
Logistics industry sector; however, the sector also employs workers from other occupational groups
(e.g., Maintenance, Office & Administrative Support, and Construction) that contribute indirectly to
the movement of goods and materials. Table 1 distinguishes between the occupations that directly
and indirectly support the Transportation & Logistics industry sector. The occupations are ranked
by total employment in the industry for the Seattle metro area and include their projected annual
openings through 2016. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, “annual openings” is the sum of
annual new jobs and replacements over a projection period.24 Table 1 also lists the projected growth
from 2013-2016, total jobs in the region, and wage percentiles for each occupation.
The top occupations (in terms of number employed in the industry) that directly assist in the movement
of goods and materials are Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers and Laborers and Freight, Stock,
& Material Movers. Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers employ 14,547 workers in the region and
are expected to grow at a rate of 3 percent with annual openings of 434 over the next three years.
Similarly, Laborers and Freight, Stock, & Material Movers employ 24,765 workers and are projected to
grow another 5 percent through 2016 with annual openings of 1,213. Though it provides a wealth of
jobs and annual openings, the wages of Laborers are relatively low compared to Truck Drivers with a
median wage of $13.84 per hour. On the contrary, Truck Drivers make $20.43 an hour on the median.
Occupations that are indirectly related to the movement of goods and materials are primarily located
within administrative support, maintenance, and management occupations. Of those, Aircraft
Mechanics & Service Technicians and Cargo & Freight Agents are the top occupations in terms of the
amount of workers employed within Transportation & Logistics. In 2013, Aircraft Mechanics employed
1,780 workers with projected annual openings of 205 through 2016. Additionally, incumbent workers
earn a median wage of $27.10 per hour and job growth is expected to be three percent during the
three-year span. Cargo & Freight Agents employ 1,327 workers and that number is expected to
increase 10 percent by 2016. However, there are only 80 projected annual openings during that
timeframe. Cargo & Freight Agents earn a $24.60 an hour on the median.
18
TaBLE 1. Transportation & Logistics Top Occupations Ranked by Number Employed in Industry –
Seattle MSA
occUpaTionsEmployed
in industry (2013)
Total Jobs (2013)
growth (2013-2016)
annual openings
25th Median
DIRECT
Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 7,788 14,547 3% 434 $17.48 $20.43
Laborers and Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 5,646 24,765 5% 1,213 $11.00 $13.84
Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 3,509 10,354 0% 241 $12.48 $15.94
Sailors & Marine Oilers 1,753 2,068 5% 130 $21.21 $22.94
Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity 1,676 4,997 3% 146 $22.46 $25.36
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client 1,586 4,721 2% 126 $15.66 $18.41
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 1,578 5,951 4% 246 $14.33 $18.45
Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels 1,308 1,561 6% 92 $27.93 $34.68
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators
1,267 3,426 2% 95 $21.95 $27.96
Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs 1,158 2,822 5% 85 $9.59 $11.20
Airline Pilots, Copilots, & Flight Engineers 1,079 1,126 (1%) 43 $49.30 $63.45
Flight Attendants 1,050 1,053 (2%) 20 $16.44 $19.33
Ship Engineers 691 788 5% 50 $27.69 $34.81
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers, Hand
647 1,967 6% 80 $18.74 $24.19
Packers & Packagers, Hand 631 7,578 4% 337 $9.58 $10.16
Misc. Transportation Workers 536 633 3% 26 $15.25 $19.89
Railroad Conductors & Yardmasters 362 410 7% 23 $25.26 $31.50
Misc. Material Moving Workers 335 511 4% 11 $27.56 $31.42
Locomotive Engineers 334 338 8% 21 $14.63 $16.77
Cleaners of Vehicles & Equipment 319 3,407 1% 115 $10.41 $12.06
INDIRECT
Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 1,780 4,926 3% 205 $20.93 $27.10
Cargo & Freight Agents 1,327 1,368 10% 80 $18.81 $24.60
Customer Service Representatives 1,189 24,114 7% 1,259 $14.30 $17.51
Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 1,130 9,326 1% 268 $13.31 $16.55
Bus and Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists 997 3,438 0% 87 $22.95 $26.64
First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers 993 14,946 5% 647 $21.52 $27.55
Stock Clerks & Order Fillers 991 22,481 2% 681 $10.74 $13.93
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 981 2,277 4% 78 $15.64 $21.21
Reservation & Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks 854 980 3% 29 $12.75 $18.18
Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers 794 2,246 2% 67 $35.71 $46.73
SOURCE: EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker - QCEW Employees & Non-QCEW Employees
19
MIDDLE-WAGE JOBS
EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES
The focus of Seattle Jobs Initiative’s labor market research over the past several years has been
on identifying middle-wage jobs in Seattle/King County and the Puget Sound area. Representing
about a quarter of all jobs in the local labor market, middle-wage jobs are those that are accessible
with some training or education beyond high school, but not necessarily a four-year degree, and
that pay a living-wage of $17 an hour on the median. Table 2 identifies these occupations, both
indirect and direct, within the Transportation & Logistics industry sector of the Seattle metropolitan
area. In SJI’s 2008 report, “Skills Required: Preparing the Puget Sound for Tomorrow’s Middle-Wage
Jobs,” middle-wage jobs were categorized as those occupations where no more than 40 percent of
incumbent workers possess a bachelor’s degree. The logic of this definition is that if the majority
of incumbent workers hold less than a bachelor’s degree within a given occupation, then these are
accessible middle-wage jobs.25 The wage percentiles shown in Table 2 are the twenty-fifth percentile
and median. The twenty-fifth percentile is generally agreed upon to be an entry-level wage among
labor market researchers.26 The twenty-fifth percentile of wages simply means that 25 percent of
incumbent workers earn less than a particular wage and 75 percent earn more.
For middle-wage occupations directly supporting the movement of goods and materials, Heavy &
Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers tops the list along with Sailors & Marine Oilers and Bus Drivers. All of
these occupations provide a living wage, require less than a bachelor’s degree, are projected to grow
through 2016, and provide at least 125 openings annually during the three-year span.
Topping the list of indirectly related Transportation & Logistics middle-wage jobs are Aircraft
Mechanics & Service Technicians, Customer Service Representatives, and Bus and Truck Mechanics &
Diesel Engine Specialists. As noted earlier, Aircraft Mechanics provide individuals with opportunities
for a living wage combined with positive employment growth over the next three years. Customer
Service Representatives are well represented in the Transportation & Logistics industry sector and
are needed in just about every other industry as well. With a little over 24,000 jobs (and growing)
in the Seattle metro area, Customer Service Representatives provide the workforce with ample
opportunities for a stable career that pays over $17 an hour on the median. Bus and Truck Mechanics
& Diesel Engine Specialists are not expected to grow much over the next three years; however, they
do provide workers with a decent amount of jobs and a median wage of $26.64 an hour.
20
TaBLE 2. Middle-Wage Jobs with Projected Annual Openings – Seattle MSA
(Ranked by Number Employed in Industry)
occUpaTionsEmployed
in industry (2013)
Total Jobs (2013)
growth (2013-2016)
annual openings
25th Median
DIRECT
Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 7,788 14,547 3% 434 $17.48 $20.43
Sailors & Marine Oilers 1,753 2,068 5% 130 $21.21 $22.94
Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity 1,676 4,997 3% 146 $22.46 $25.36
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client 1,586 4,721 2% 126 $15.66 $18.41
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 1,578 5,951 4% 246 $14.33 $18.45
Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels 1,308 1,561 6% 92 $27.93 $34.68
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators
1,267 3,426 2% 95 $21.95 $27.96
Flight Attendants 1,050 1,053 (2%) 20 $16.44 $19.33
Ship Engineers 691 788 5% 50 $27.69 $34.81
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers, Hand
647 1,967 6% 80 $18.74 $24.19
Misc. Transportation Workers 536 633 3% 26 $15.25 $19.89
Misc. Material Moving Workers 335 511 4% 11 $27.56 $31.42
Tank Car, Truck, & Ship Loaders 255 294 3% 12 $23.98 $32.85
Crane & Tower Operators 222 1,044 3% 39 $32.07 $36.66
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors 138 154 (1%) 4 $16.64 $18.66
Airfield Operations Specialists 52 97 4% 5 $24.90 $33.14
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, & Hostlers 46 48 (6%) 2 $16.76 $20.85
Motorboat Operators 35 48 17% 5 $19.36 $26.23
Air Traffic Controllers 29 361 4% 19 $50.26 $74.92
Locomotive Firers 14 14 0% 1 $20.24 $22.08
INDIRECT
Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 1,780 4,926 3% 205 $20.93 $27.10
Customer Service Representatives 1,189 24,114 7% 1,259 $14.30 $17.51
Bus and Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists 997 3,438 0% 87 $22.95 $26.64
First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers 993 14,946 5% 647 $21.52 $27.55
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 981 2,277 4% 78 $15.64 $21.21
Reservation & Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks 854 980 3% 29 $12.75 $18.18
Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers 794 2,246 2% 67 $35.71 $46.73
Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 682 23,002 4% 544 $16.16 $19.75
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 452 16,190 4% 508 $15.14 $18.73
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, & Executive
372 23,782 3% 539 $15.86 $19.07
SOURCE: BLS Training Requirements 2010, EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker, ACS 1-Year Estimates 2011
21
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND REQUIREMENTS
As mentioned previously, middle-wage jobs are those that require education and training beyond
high school but not necessarily a bachelor’s degree. To look at this specification more closely, Table
3 breaks down the educational attainment of occupations directly related to the Transportation
& Logistics industry sector within the Seattle metropolitan area and compares it to national
requirements for each middle-wage job. Data from the 2011 1-year estimates provided by the US
Census Bureau were used to quantify the educational attainment of incumbent workers in the Seattle
metro area. Data on educational requirements, work experience, and on-the-job training were
provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Combining these data sources allows for more accuracy in
depicting local educational attainment levels versus national education requirements.
For those middle-wage jobs where incumbent workers possess some college education, Sailors &
Marine Oilers provide the most jobs (1,783 - Table 2). On a national scale, the typical education
required for entry into this occupation is less than a high school diploma combined with short-term
on-the-job training. For almost every occupation listed in Table 3, the typical requirements are less
than the actual attainment levels of incumbent workers in the Seattle metro area. At first glance, it
would appear that a middle-wage job can be obtained with no more than a high school diploma. But
to be competitive in the Transportation & Logistics workforce of the Seattle metro area, workers will
need more education and training beyond a high school diploma. There are two occupations requiring
a bachelor’s degree nationally - Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels and Ship Engineers.
Given that incumbent workers in these occupations in the Seattle metro area possess some college
education, a four-year degree is not necessary to gain employment.
Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers provide the most middle-wage jobs (7,788 within the industry
and 14,547 total) where incumbent workers possess a high school diploma or equivalent and
some kind of on-the-job training. A high school diploma, one to five years of work experience, and
short-term on-the-job training is needed to compete for a job as a truck driver in the Seattle area.
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators are also middle-wage jobs that provide the industry with a
22
good supply of jobs (1,578 within the industry and 5,951 total) and have relatively low education
credentials for employment. Only a high school diploma, less than a year of work experience, and
short-term on-the-job training are needed to be competitive with other applicants. Even though most
middle-wage jobs within the Transportation & Logistics industry sector only require a high school
diploma or less, the majority of incumbent workers in the Seattle metro area possess education
credentials beyond that.
TaBLE 3. Educational Requirements vs. Requirements for Direct Transportation & Logistics
Middle-Wage Jobs – Seattle MSA
DirEcT occUpaTion MedianEducation required
Work Experience
Typical oJT* needed
SEATTLE MSA ATTAINMENT: SOME COLLEGE, NO DEGREE
Sailors & Marine Oilers $22.94 Less than high school
None Short-term
Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity $25.36 High School None Moderate-term
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client $18.41 High School None Moderate-term
Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels $34.68 Bachelor's degree
None None
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators
$27.96 High School 1 to 5 years None
Flight Attendants $19.33 High School None Moderate-term
Ship Engineers $34.81 Bachelor's degree
None None
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers, Hand
$24.19 High School 1 to 5 years None
Misc. Transportation Workers $19.89 High School None Short-term
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors $18.66 High School 1 to 5 years None
SEATTLE MSA ATTAINMENT: HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA OR EQUIVALENT AND ON-THE-JOB TRAINING
Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers $20.43 High School 1 to 5 years Short-term
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators $18.45 Less than high school
Less than 1 year
Short-term
Misc. Material Moving Workers $31.42 Less than high school
None Short-term
Tank Car, Truck, & Ship Loaders $32.85 Less than high school
None Short-term
Crane & Tower Operators $36.66 Less than high school
1 to 5 years Long-term
Airfield Operations Specialists $33.14 High School None Long-term
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, & Hostlers $20.85 High School None Moderate-term
Motorboat Operators $26.23 High School None Short-term
Air Traffic Controllers $74.92 Associate's degree
None Long-term
Locomotive Firers $22.08 High School None Short-term
SOURCE: BLS Training Requirements 2010, EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker, ACS 1-Year Estimates 2011
23
As noted previously, Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians are the top provider of middle-wage
jobs indirectly related to the Transportation & Logistics industry. The national education requirements
and the actual attainment of incumbent workers are the same. Both measurements suggest that
some college education, but not a degree, is needed for entry into a career as an aircraft mechanic
(Table 4). Customer Service Representatives, however, require a high school diploma and short-
term on-the-job training nationally but incumbent workers in the Seattle metro area possess sub-
baccalaureate credentials. With the exception of Logisticians and Aircraft Mechanics, all of the
occupations where incumbent workers hold some kind of college credential only require a high school
diploma nationally. Therefore, individuals looking to begin a career in one of these occupations will
need more than a high school diploma to be competitive in the Seattle metro labor market.
All of the indirect occupations in Table 4 where incumbent workers possess a high school diploma
and on-the-job training align with the national education requirements. Bus and Truck Mechanics &
Diesel Engine Specialists were identified previously as being a top provider of industry middle-wage
jobs in the Seattle metro area. A high school diploma combined with long-term on-the-job training
are needed to be competitive for employment opportunities within this occupation. Overall, the
indirect middle-wage jobs within the Transportation & Logistics industry sector suggest a high school
diploma, require little to no work experience, and moderate- to long-term on-the-job training to
obtain competency.
24
TaBLE 4. Educational Requirements vs. Requirements for Indirect Transportation & Logistics
Middle-Wage Jobs – Seattle MSA
inDirEcT occUpaTion MedianEducation required
Work Experience
Typical oJT* needed
SEATTLE MSA ATTAINMENT: SOME COLLEGE, NO DEGREE
Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians $27.10 Some College, No Degree
None None
Customer Service Representatives $17.51 High School None Short-term
First-Line Supervisors of Office & Admin. Support Workers $27.55 High School 1 to 5 years None
Reservation & Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks $18.18 High School None Short-term
Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers $46.73 High SchoolMore than 5
yearsNone
Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $19.75 High School None Moderate-term
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, & Executive
$19.07 High School None Short-term
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers $32.48 High School 1 to 5 years None
Logisticians $38.52 Bachelor's degree
1 to 5 years None
Misc. Information & Record Clerks $19.20 High School None Short-term
SEATTLE MSA ATTAINMENT: HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA OR EQUIVALENT AND ON-THE-JOB TRAINING
Bus and Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists $26.64 High School None Long-term
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance $21.21 High School None Moderate-term
Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $18.73 High School None Moderate-term
Billing & Posting Clerks $19.62 High School None Short-term
Rail Car Repairers $23.50 High School None Long-term
Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics $20.82 High School None Long-term
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers $21.44 High SchoolLess than 1
yearModerate-term
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, & Farm Products $34.45 High School None Long-term
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines $27.30 High School None Long-term
Maintenance Workers, Machinery $24.56 High School None Moderate-term
SOURCE: BLS Training Requirements 2010, EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker, ACS 1-Year Estimates 2011
25
EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
Table 5, on the following page, identifies the education and training programs provided by
institutions in the Seattle metropolitan area aligned with Transportation & Logistics occupations.
Programs are shown by community college, award level, and completions in 2012. Short-term awards
of less than one year are the most popular types of awards offered at area community colleges.
Specifically, Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot and Flight Crew programs awarded 435 short-term
certificates in 2012 through Green River Community College. Additionally, the Air Traffic Controller
program (also offered through Green River Community College) awarded 372 short-term certificates
in 2012. While the majority of local education and training programs specialize in air transportation
programs, Bates Technical College does provide a short-term program in Truck & Bus Driving and
awarded 129 certificates in 2012. Area education and training providers should focus their efforts on
creating more truck and bus driving programs given the growing demand for these occupations over
the next three years.
26
TaBLE 5. Education Programs for Transportation & Logistics Occupations – Seattle MSA
carEEr paTH insTiTUTion aWarD LEVEL2012
coMpLETions
Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot & Flight Crew
Green River CCAward of less than 1 academic year 435
Associates degree 9
Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot & Flight Crew
Clover Park Technical College
Associates degree 3
Aviation/Airway Management & Operations Green River CCAward of less than 1 academic year 110
Associates degree 4
Air Traffic Controller Green River CCAward of less than 1 academic year 372
Associates degree 125
Construction/Heavy Equipment/Earthmoving Equipment Operation
Bates Technical College Award of less than 1 academic year 54
Flagging & Traffic Control Bates Technical College Award of less than 1 academic year 19
Truck & Bus Driver/Commercial Vehicle Operator & Instructor
Bates Technical College Award of less than 1 academic year 129
Marine Science/Merchant Marine Officer Seattle Central Community College
Award of at least 1 but less than 2 academic years
18
Operations Management & SupervisionNorth Seattle Community College
Award of less than 1 academic year 5
Operations Management & SupervisionSouth Seattle Community College
Award of less than 1 academic year 3
Award of at least 1 but less than 2 academic years
1
Associates degree 1
Transportation/Mobility ManagementSouth Seattle Community College
Award of less than 1 academic year 10
Retailing & Retail OperationsTacoma Community College
Award of less than 1 academic year 58
Award of at least 1 but less than 2 academic years
6
Retailing & Retail OperationsPierce College at Fort Steilacoom
Award of less than 1 academic year 2
SOURCE: EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker - Education Programs
27
WORKFORCE SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Occupations aligning with regional completions (supply) at Seattle area education and training
institutions and having annual openings (demand) are displayed in Table 6. The column on the far
right shows the shortage or surplus of talent in the Seattle metropolitan area for a specific career
path. There are several factors that contribute to the supply of talent and regional completions is only
one of them. Unemployment and “brain drain” also contribute to the supply calculations, but they
cannot be accurately measured and are therefore not included in this analysis. The brain drain is a
term used to describe the emigration of educated or talented workers to other cities, counties, states,
or countries.27 Even without those calculations, some telling generalizations can be made about the
supply and demand of certain occupational categories.
TaBLE 6. Supply and Demand for Transportation & Logistics Career Paths – Seattle MSA
carEEr paTHannUaL
opEnings (2013-2016)
rEgionaL coMpLETions
(2012)
sUrpLUs or sHorTagE
Air Traffic Controllers & Airfield Operations Specialists 24 497 473
Aircraft Pilots & Flight Engineers 64 448 384
Truck & Bus Driver/Commercial Vehicle Operator & Instructor 1,072 129 (943)
Retailing & Retail Operations 120 66 (54)
Construction/Heavy Equipment/Earthmoving Equipment Operation 61 54 (7)
Operations/Transportation Management & Supervision 233 42 (191)
Marine Science/Merchant Marine Officer 92 18 (74)
ToTaL 1,666 1,254 (412)
SOURCE: EMSI 2013.3 Class of Worker - Education Programs
Overall, the Transportation & Logistics education and training programs are under-producing a
talented supply of workers. For example, training institutions are producing just 129 Truck & Bus
Drivers in 2012, but annual openings are projected to be 1,072 through 2016. This means there is
a shortage of 943 workers. While many incumbent workers in this field possess college credentials,
a high school diploma is all that is needed for a truck driver. However, one to five years of work
experience is also necessary to be competitive for these jobs in the local labor market. If more
institutions start creating truck driving programs, employers may overlook a lack of experience for
28
more highly-skilled workers. Programs related to air transportation activities are over-producing
qualified workers. With only 88 openings projected annually through 2016 and completions of over
850 in 2012, air transportation programs are effectively creating a surplus of qualified workers.
Ultimately, there is a shortage of skilled workers completing education and training programs related
to Transportation & Logistics careers. Some programs are under-producing and some are over-
producing. Finding the right balance will eventually help build a more balanced, skilled workforce.
OTHER PROGRAM OFFERINGS
Seattle Jobs Initiative and other local workforce development organizations offer low-income, low-
skill individuals education and training that leads to college credentials in growing industry sectors.
Specifically, SJI offers education and training programs for individuals seeking careers as automotive
or diesel mechanics. These careers are indirectly related to the Transportation & Logistics industry
(Table 4). Other area organizations, like Port Jobs, focus on education and training programs directly
related to the Seattle/King County Transportation & Logistics economy. Port Jobs is a 20-year old
workforce intermediary primarily funded by the Port of Seattle that readies workers for jobs in the
Port-related economy in Seattle/King County. Its mission is to make good jobs easier to get and good
employees easier to find in the trade, transportation, logistics and travel sectors. Port Jobs’ efforts
help support a vibrant Port economy.
29
Port Jobs’ main employment and training programs include:29
• airport Jobs is a high-volume employment center located at Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport. Airport Jobs is a primary recruiting source for Sea-Tac employers, providing businesses
with a single point of contact for recruiting, interviewing, and hiring assistance. It also provides
services, technology and resources that job seekers need to advance in their careers, including a
“Hotlist” of open jobs, which is updated daily. Since 2000, Airport Jobs has filled 13,190 positions
with airport companies.
• airport University offers credit-bearing courses to help entry-level job seekers and incumbent
workers gain the skills needed by airport employers. Classes are taught at Sea-Tac Airport and
build computer, customer service, leadership and job skills. Airport workers can earn Business
Technology certificates, allowing them to progress along career and college pathways in hospitality,
trade, transportation, logistics and tourism. Airport University is a partnership with Highline
Community College and the Seattle Community College District. Since 2005, 1,900 people have
completed Airport University classes.
• The apprenticeship opportunities project (aop) provides skill-building, financial support
and placement assistance to help low-income individuals, women, and people of color enter and
succeed in skilled trades apprenticeships and related jobs. AOP has placed 2,200 people in the
skilled trades since 1994.
These programs work to create opportunities for low-income, low-skill individuals to advance out
of poverty and into living-wage careers. The Port of Seattle has used its vast economic growth and
institutional influence to promote workforce development through supporting organizations like
Port Jobs. These programs combined with those offered by community colleges assist in providing a
talented and skilled workforce.
30
EMPLOYER PERSPECTIVE
FINDINGS FROM EMPLOYER INTERVIEWS
In an effort to gain an employer perspective of the Transportation & Logistics industry sector,
Port Jobs has recently completed some qualitative research specifically targeting Transportation &
Logistics employers. Port Jobs surveyed about 25 industry employers within the Seattle metropolitan
area to identify their hiring challenges, future needs, career path options, and partnerships with
workforce stakeholders. The survey sample includes air cargo companies, freight forwarders, marine
transportation companies, trucking companies, and distribution centers.30
Though many employers use web sites to post job ads, the overwhelming majority of employers
prefer applicants be referred by their employees or others in the industry. This dependence on
internal referrals can create a challenging environment for job seekers trying to enter into the
industry without any connections.31 Employers also look for candidates with prior work experience in
the industry rather than education credentials.32
Many employers expressed concern in hiring truck drivers and maintenance workers. Trucking jobs
generally require a clean driving record, the passing of strict drug tests, and up to three years work
experience for some positions. These qualifications have severely limited the pool of candidates.
Employers have also articulated difficulty finding maintenance workers specializing in everything from
small machinery repair to heavy machinery and diesel mechanics.33
Further, about 35 percent of employers acknowledged that turnover in their respective companies
is low and longevity is commonplace. Even though turnover is low, the workforce is aging and
approaching retirement, according to several employers. There is a need to hire young workers, but
they are not applying for the open positions.34
31
IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL EMPLOYERS
Many students completing education and training programs provided by Port Jobs, SJI, and other
workforce development organizations are often first-time students with limited skills and abilities in
navigating the college system and labor market. Table 7, on page 32, is a compilation of some of
the Transportation & Logistics employers within the King County labor market. Upon completion of
Transportation & Logistics programs, students can use this table as a starting point to identify small,
medium, and large employers in the King County region. Economic Modeling Specialists, International
(EMSI) compiles this list based on Equifax business-level data. The data is collected from credit
reports generated by Equifax and then crossed to specific industries for further analysis. The data is
for King County only as employers for the entire Seattle metropolitan area are not available.
Table 7 lists a sampling of Transportation & Logistics employers by number of employees, industry
subsector, annual sales, and location. The majority of Transportation & Logistics employers are
concentrated in establishments specializing in water and air transportation. This result is not
surprising given the high location quotients of these industry subsectors per chart 11 on page
15. Largely due to the economic impact of the ports of Seattle and Tacoma, the air and water
transportation industry subsectors are well represented in the Seattle area.
Of those businesses with more than 100 employees, Expeditors International boasts the highest
annual sales with over $13 billion. Expeditors International is a fortune 500 global logistics company
headquartered in Seattle specializing in air and ocean transportation supply chain solutions.35 For
those businesses employing between 50 and 100 employees locally, Weyerhaeuser SeaTac Fixed Wing
Operation tops the list in terms of annual sales at more than $60 million. Weyerhaeuser is an industry
leader in forest products and is headquartered in Federal Way. Within Washington State, it specializes
in timberlands, wood products, cellulose fibers, and homebuilding. The branch listed in Table 7 is
an aviation transportation facility located in SeaTac that supports its transportation and distribution
activities.36 Qayaq Marine Transportation boasts the highest sales with over $758 million annually.
Qayaq Marine Transportation is a small business boat dealer located in Seattle.37
As identified in the middle-wage jobs portion of this report, the air and water transportation industry
subsectors provide ample opportunity for living-wage careers. Those jobs are attainable to low-
income individuals and also align with robust, stable employers in King County. Seattle, in particular,
offers an array of water transportation employers due to the impact of the port-related economy.
32
TaBLE 7. Top Transportation & Logistics Employers in King County
BUsinEss naME inDUsTrY sUBsEcTorannUaL saLEs
(UsD K)ciTY
MORE THAN 100 EMPLOYEES
Expeditors International Ocean, Inc. Freight Transportation Arrangement $13,103,100 Seattle
Alaska Air Group, Inc. Air Transportation $4,317,800 SeaTac
Ssa Pacific, Inc Rail Transportation $1,610,000 Seattle
Foss Maritime Co. Water Transportation $407,100 Seattle
Crowley Marine Svc. Inc. Water Transportation $333,000 Seattle
Horizon Air Industries Air Transportation $300,000 SeaTac
Radiant Logistics, Inc Freight Transportation Arrangement $203,820 Bellevue
Northland Services, Inc Water Transportation $187,000 Seattle
Westoil Marine Services Water Transportation $98,733 Seattle
Burlington Enviromental Truck Transportation $67,563 Kent
50 to 100 EMPLOYEES
Weyerhaeuser SeaTac Fixed Wing Operation Air Transportation $61,083 SeaTac
Gaco Western Inc. Warehousing & Storage $40,000 Tukwila
Olympic Pipe Line Company Pipeline Transportation $39,750 Renton
Pacific Towboat & Salvage Co Inc Water Transportation $39,636 Seattle
Mtr. Western Transit & Ground Passenger Transportation $33,936 Federal Way
Seaport Sales & Service Co Water Transportation $31,250 Seattle
Aeroground Inc Freight Transportation Arrangement $28,142 SeaTac
Travelport Air Transportation $27,140 Seattle
Clipper Vacations Water Transportation $25,000 Seattle
Westwood Shipping Lines, Inc. Water Transportation $24,354 Federal Way
LESS THAN 50 EMPLOYEES
Qayaq Marine Transportation Llc Water Transportation $758,553 Seattle
Uni Sea Cold Storage General Warehousing & Storage $161,400 Redmond
Washington State Ferries Water Transportation $100,000 Seattle
Olympic Tug & Barge Inc. Water Transportation $93,000 Seattle
Hyundai America Shipping Agcy Freight Transportation Arrangement $81,061 Tukwila
American Relocation Services Freight Transportation Arrangement $74,466 Renton
Aero Copters Inc Air Transportation $73,035 Seattle
Southwest Airlines Air Transportation $64,400 SeaTac
DHL Express Air Transportation $63,684 Seattle
Expeditors Intl. Freight Transportation Arrangement $56,888 Kent
SOURCE: Equifax Business-Level Data
33
CONCLUSION
The Trade, Transportation, and Utilities industry supersector is the largest supplier of employment
in the Seattle metro area and it is projected to remain so into the foreseeable future. It, like other
industries, experienced sharp declines in employment during the recession years. However, it
has recovered and continued to grow since the recession’s end in 2009. Employment within the
Transportation & Logistics industry sector of the Seattle metro area, specifically, has not changed
much over the last twenty years. In spite of whatever outside shocks may affect the overall health of
the economy, employment in this industry sector is not prone to mass layoffs.
The continued expansion of the local Transportation & Logistics industry sector may be hampered
by a workforce that is getting older, and an inability to hire enough younger workers to fill the gap.
Employers are concerned about their hiring needs in the future and want more education and training
programs to be developed in an effort to provide a talented supply of skilled workers. For example,
Edmonds Community College has partnered with The Boeing Company and other aircraft employers
to create an Aerospace and Advanced Manufacturing program.38 Since its inception in 2011, more
than 1,700 students have completed the program.39 Through this partnership, the demand for aircraft
mechanics and similar occupations is being met. In the Seattle metro area, there is a significant
shortage of students completing Truck and Bus Drivers/Commercial Vehicle Operators programs.
Though these occupations do not require education beyond high school, creating programs offering
certifications will help students become more competitive upon entering the workforce.
Ultimately, the Seattle metro area’s Transportation & Logistics industry sector is one that is a sustainable
source of employment. However, with growing competition from the Port of Prince Rupert and Vancouver,
BC as well as harbor maintenance taxes on shippers who use US ports, the Seattle metro area’s
continued success hinges on world-class freight mobility to keep shippers from taking their business
elsewhere.40 With so many jobs reliant on this industry sector, it is imperative to produce a skilled and
talented workforce to keep up with the demands of globalization. This research has identified growing
occupational demand and supply shortages of talent as a means to combat the existing skills gap within
the Transportation & Logistics industry sector. Policy makers should use this information to implement new
and strengthen the current education and training programs in the Seattle metropolitan area.
34
appEnDiX a: MIDDLE-WAGE JOBS
There are three main data sources used to quantify middle-wage jobs: the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) provided
by the US Census Bureau, the education and training requirements provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and
employment and wage estimates provided by Economic Modeling Specialists, International (EMSI). Middle-wage jobs are those
that require education and training beyond high school, but less than a bachelor’s degree and pay a median hourly wage of
at least $17 per hour. The Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) is a sample of actual responses to the American Community
Survey administered by the US Census Bureau. Estimates for a single year include data on approximately one percent of the
US population. The 2011 one-year estimates were used to quantify the educational attainment associated with each Standard
Occupation Classification (SOC) code for the Seattle metropolitan statistical area. Additionally, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) provides information on education and training requirements by occupation that includes categories for education, work
experience, and on-the-job training. These estimates are conducted on a national level and provide insight into the typical
qualifications needed for entry into an occupation. And lastly, Economic Modeling Specialists, International (EMSI) provide
access to employment and wage estimates for each SOC code by geographic region over a specified timeframe.
In combining the PUMS, BLS, and EMSI estimates together, middle-wage jobs can be measured. Using the parameters set
forth by SJI’s definition of middle-wage jobs, the estimates were queried to return the number of middle-wage jobs specifically
located within the Transportation & Logistics industry sector of the Seattle metro area. Using both educational attainment
and requirement estimates helps to better understand the actual credentials needed to be competitive in the labor market.
Furthermore, using a mix of both national and local estimates assists in creating an accurate depiction of the middle-wage
opportunities available.
appEnDiX B: EMSI EQUIFAX BUSINESS-LEVEL DATA
The identification of Transportation & Logistics employers are found by using EMSI’s regional business tool. This tool uses the
industry’s 6-digit NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) code and then crosses it to the corresponding Equifax
data to determine the location of regional businesses associated with that particular industry. It provides employer information
on the number of local and corporate employees, annual sales figures, year established, website, and address.
The Equifax data is collected through credit reporting. Credit reporting is not conducted on a regular basis for all businesses.
Therefore, sales figures and other information are not always accurate. This discrepancy affects both business sales and
number of employees estimated. For example, Amazon.com is listed as having over 56,000 corporate employees and annual
sales of over $48 billion. However, its sales improved to over $61 billion in 2012 and it added another 32,00 employees. Even
though the numbers provided by Equifax data may be out of date at times, there are still conclusions to be drawn about
regional businesses. The purpose of the data is to determine businesses related to industry sectors in a given region and not to
accurately identify sales figures and employee counts.
35
appEnDiX c: Transportation & Logistics NAICS Codes Analyzed
inDUsTrY sUBsEcTor naics coDE inDUsTrY groUp
Air Transportation
481111 Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation
481112 Scheduled Freight Air Transportation
481211 Nonscheduled Chartered Passenger Air Transportation
481212 Nonscheduled Chartered Freight Air Transportation
481219 Other Nonscheduled Air Transportation
Rail Transportation482111 Line-Haul Railroads
482112 Short Line Railroads
Water Transportation
483111 Deep Sea Freight Transportation
483112 Deep Sea Passenger Transportation
483113 Coastal And Great Lakes Freight Transportation
483114 Coastal And Great Lakes Passenger Transportation
483211 Inland Water Freight Transportation
483212 Inland Water Passenger Transportation
Truck Transportation
484110 General Freight Trucking, Local
484121 General Freight Trucking, Long-Distance, Truckload
484122 General Freight Trucking, Long-Distance, Less Than Truckload
484210 Used Household And Office Goods Moving
484220 Specialized Freight (Except Used Goods) Trucking, Local
484230 Specialized Freight (Except Used Goods) Trucking, Long-Distance
Transit & Ground Passenger Trans-portation
485111 Mixed Mode Transit Systems
485112 Commuter Rail Systems
485113 Bus And Other Motor Vehicle Transit Systems
485119 Other Urban Transit Systems
485210 Interurban And Rural Bus Transportation
485310 Taxi Service
485320 Limousine Service
485410 School And Employee Bus Transportation
485510 Charter Bus Industry
485991 Special Needs Transportation
485999 All Other Transit And Ground Passenger Transportation
Pipeline Transportation
486110 Pipeline Transportation Of Crude Oil
486210 Pipeline Transportation Of Natural Gas
486910 Pipeline Transportation Of Refined Petroleum Products
486990 All Other Pipeline Transportation
Scenic & Sightseeing Transportation
487110 Scenic And Sightseeing Transportation, Land
487210 Scenic And Sightseeing Transportation, Water
487990 Scenic And Sightseeing Transportation, Other
36
inDUsTrY sUBsEcTor naics coDE inDUsTrY groUp
Support Activities for Transportation
488111 Air Traffic Control
488119 Other Airport Operations
488190 Other Support Activities For Air Transportation
488210 Support Activities For Rail Transportation
488310 Port And Harbor Operations
488320 Marine Cargo Handling
488330 Navigational Services To Shipping
488390 Other Support Activities For Water Transportation
488410 Motor Vehicle Towing
488490 Other Support Activities For Road Transportation
488510 Freight Transportation Arrangement
488991 Packing And Crating
488999 All Other Support Activities For Transportation
Postal Service 491110 Postal Service
Couriers & Messengers492110 Couriers
492210 Local Messengers And Local Delivery
Warehousing & Storage
493110 General Warehousing And Storage
493120 Refrigerated Warehousing And Storage
493130 Farm Product Warehousing And Storage
493190 Other Warehousing And Storage
appEnDiX D: Transportation & Logistics SOC Codes Analyzed
soc occUpaTionEMpLoYED in
inDUsTrY (2013)
% oF THE ToTaL JoBs
in inDUsTrY (2013)
53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 7,788 12.8%
53-7062 Laborers & Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 5,646 9.3%
53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 3,509 5.8%
49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 1,780 2.9%
53-5011 Sailors & Marine Oilers 1,753 2.9%
53-3021 Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity 1,676 2.8%
53-3022 Bus Drivers, School or Special Client 1,586 2.6%
53-7051 Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators 1,578 2.6%
43-5011 Cargo & Freight Agents 1,327 2.2%
53-5021 Captains, Mates, & Pilots of Water Vessels 1,308 2.2%
37
soc occUpaTionEMpLoYED in
inDUsTrY (2013)
% oF THE ToTaL JoBs
in inDUsTrY (2013)
53-1031First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine & Vehicle Operators
1,267 2.1%
43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1,189 2.0%
53-3041 Taxi Drivers & Chauffeurs 1,158 1.9%
43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 1,130 1.9%
53-2011 Airline Pilots, Copilots, & Flight Engineers 1,079 1.8%
53-2031 Flight Attendants 1,050 1.7%
49-3031 Bus and Truck Mechanics & Diesel Engine Specialists 997 1.6%
43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers 993 1.6%
43-5081 Stock Clerks & Order Fillers 991 1.6%
43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, & Ambulance 981 1.6%
43-4181 Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks 854 1.4%
11-3071 Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers 794 1.3%
43-9061 Office Clerks, General 731 1.2%
41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 700 1.2%
53-5031 Ship Engineers 691 1.1%
43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 682 1.1%
53-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, & Material Movers, Hand 647 1.1%
53-7064 Packers & Packagers, Hand 631 1.0%
11-1021 General & Operations Managers 624 1.0%
53-6099 Transportation Workers, All Other 536 0.9%
13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 498 0.8%
39-6011 Baggage Porters & Bellhops 494 0.8%
49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 452 0.7%
43-5021 Couriers & Messengers 391 0.6%
43-6014 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, & Executive 372 0.6%
53-4031 Railroad Conductors & Yardmasters 362 0.6%
53-7199 Material Moving Workers, All Other 335 0.6%
49-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers 335 0.6%
53-4011 Locomotive Engineers 334 0.5%
53-7061 Cleaners of Vehicles & Equipment 319 0.5%
13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 302 0.5%
13-1081 Logisticians 268 0.4%
43-4199 Information & Record Clerks, All Other 257 0.4%
53-7121 Tank Car, Truck, & Ship Loaders 255 0.4%
43-3021 Billing & Posting Clerks 245 0.4%
53-7021 Crane & Tower Operators 222 0.4%
53-6051 Transportation Inspectors 219 0.4%
38
soc occUpaTionEMpLoYED in
inDUsTrY (2013)
% oF THE ToTaL JoBs
in inDUsTrY (2013)
53-4021 Railroad Brake, Signal, & Switch Operators 216 0.4%
49-2091 Avionics Technicians 209 0.3%
43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 197 0.3%
53-2012 Commercial Pilots 194 0.3%
13-1111 Management Analysts 194 0.3%
53-7011 Conveyor Operators & Tenders 180 0.3%
41-4012Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical & Scientific Products 178 0.3%
13-1071 Human Resources Specialists 176 0.3%
49-3043 Rail Car Repairers 176 0.3%
37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 172 0.3%
13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Marketing Specialists 171 0.3%
43-6011 Executive Secretaries & Executive Administrative Assistants 169 0.3%
43-4151 Order Clerks 164 0.3%
11-2022 Sales Managers 149 0.2%
53-7063 Machine Feeders and Offbearers 147 0.2%
49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics 146 0.2%
53-1011 Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors 138 0.2%
51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 136 0.2%
53-6061 Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants 134 0.2%
11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 125 0.2%
53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers 124 0.2%
11-3031 Financial Managers 124 0.2%
49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 123 0.2%
51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 123 0.2%
11-9199 Managers, All Other 120 0.2%
13-1151 Training & Development Specialists 118 0.2%
11-3021 Computer & Information Systems Managers 115 0.2%
13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, & Farm Products 112 0.2%
15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 109 0.2%
15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 109 0.2%
15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Administrators 106 0.2%
47-4061 Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Equipment Operators 100 0.2%
15-1132 Software Developers, Applications 95 0.2%
43-3051 Payroll & Timekeeping Clerks 91 0.2%
33-9032 Security Guards 91 0.1%
43-9199 Office & Administrative Support Workers, All Other 84 0.1%
43-4171 Receptionists & Information Clerks 82 0.1%
39
soc occUpaTionEMpLoYED in
inDUsTrY (2013)
% oF THE ToTaL JoBs
in inDUsTrY (2013)
49-9099 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers, All Other 78 0.1%
15-1131 Computer Programmers 76 0.1%
51-4041 Machinists 75 0.1%
49-2093 Electrical and Electronics Installers & Repairers, Transportation Equipment 73 0.1%
49-9098 Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Workers 72 0.1%
41-2021 Counter & Rental Clerks 71 0.1%
49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 70 0.1%
43-5111 Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping 70 0.1%
17-2011 Aerospace Engineers 69 0.1%
17-2121 Marine Engineers and Naval Architects 69 0.1%
13-2051 Financial Analysts 69 0.1%
51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers 68 0.1%
33-9099 Protective Service Workers, All Other 68 0.1%
51-8093 Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, & Gaugers 66 0.1%
49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery 64 0.1%
49-9097 Signal & Track Switch Repairers 63 0.1%
41-2031 Retail Salespersons 63 0.1%
15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software 61 0.1%
13-1041 Compliance Officers 59 0.1%
13-1022 Wholesale & Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products 59 0.1%
53-7041 Hoist & Winch Operators 58 0.1%
43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll & Timekeeping 58 0.1%
51-2011 Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, & Systems Assemblers 57 0.1%
43-9021 Data Entry Keyers 57 0.1%
41-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers 56 0.1%
51-9122 Painters, Transportation Equipment 55 0.1%
11-2021 Marketing Managers 55 0.1%
53-2022 Airfield Operations Specialists 52 0.1%
41-2011 Cashiers 51 0.1%
53-3099 Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other 51 0.1%
11-3121 Human Resources Managers 50 0.1%
39-9011 Childcare Workers 49 0.1%
11-1011 Chief Executives 47 0.1%
53-3011 Ambulance Drivers & Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians 47 0.1%
43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 46 0.1%
35-2012 Cooks, Institution & Cafeteria 46 0.1%
53-4013 Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, & Hostlers 46 0.1%
29-9011 Occupational Health & Safety Specialists 41 0.1%
40
soc occUpaTionEMpLoYED in
inDUsTrY (2013)
% oF THE ToTaL JoBs
in inDUsTrY (2013)
39-9099 Personal Care & Service Workers, All Other 40 0.1%
15-1199 Computer Occupations, All Other 39 0.1%
17-2051 Civil Engineers 37 0.1%
53-5022 Motorboat Operators 35 0.1%
17-2199 Engineers, All Other 35 0.1%
15-1143 Computer Network Architects 35 0.1%
17-2112 Industrial Engineers 33 0.1%
15-1152 Computer Network Support Specialists 32 0.1%
13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other 30 0.1%
51-9111 Packaging and Filling Machine Operators & Tenders 30 0.0%
53-2021 Air Traffic Controllers 29 0.0%
51-2092 Team Assemblers 28 0.0%
47-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades & Extraction Workers 28 0.0%
47-2111 Electricians 28 0.0%
11-3061 Purchasing Managers 27 0.0%
11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Managers 27 0.0%
37-2012 Maids & Housekeeping Cleaners 27 0.0%
13-1051 Cost Estimators 26 0.0%
35-3031 Waiters & Waitresses 25 0.0%
43-4071 File Clerks 25 0.0%
15-2031 Operations Research Analysts 25 0.0%
47-2073 Operating Engineers & Other Construction Equipment Operators 24 0.0%
13-1141 Compensation, Benefits, & Job Analysis Specialists 24 0.0%
51-2099 Assemblers & Fabricators, All Other 24 0.0%
51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 24 0.0%
53-6031 Automotive & Watercraft Service Attendants 23 0.0%
51-9198 Helpers – Production Workers 23 0.0%
15-1141 Database Administrators 22 0.0%
49-3051 Motorboat Mechanics & Service Technicians 21 0.0%
47-2031 Carpenters 21 0.0%
33-9093 Transportation Security Screeners 21 0.0%
35-9021 Dishwashers 21 0.0%
23-1011 Lawyers 20 0.0%
27-3031 Public Relations Specialists 19 0.0%
15-1122 Information Security Analysts 19 0.0%
11-3131 Training & Development Managers 19 0.0%
41-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers 19 0.0%
53-4099 Rail Transportation Workers, All Other 19 0.0%
41
soc occUpaTionEMpLoYED in
inDUsTrY (2013)
% oF THE ToTaL JoBs
in inDUsTrY (2013)
13-2072 Loan Officers 19 0.0%
43-3071 Tellers 18 0.0%
35-1012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation & Serving Workers 18 0.0%
43-9011 Computer Operators 18 0.0%
13-2031 Budget Analysts 18 0.0%
43-3061 Procurement Clerks 18 0.0%
17-2072 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer 17 0.0%
47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 17 0.0%
17-3021 Aerospace Engineering & Operations Technicians 16 0.0%
39-1021 First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers 16 0.0%
35-3011 Bartenders 16 0.0%
49-9044 Millwrights 16 0.0%
15-1134 Web Developers 15 0.0%
47-4099 Construction & Related Workers, All Other 15 0.0%
27-3042 Technical Writers 15 0.0%
29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians & Paramedics 15 0.0%
51-6093 Upholsterers 14 0.0%
49-3093 Tire Repairers and Changers 14 0.0%
37-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping & Janitorial Workers 14 0.0%
53-4012 Locomotive Firers 14 0.0%
13-1075 Labor Relations Specialists 13 0.0%
43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 13 0.0%
39-9021 Personal Care Aides 13 0.0%
39-7011 Tour Guides and Escorts 12 0.0%
35-2019 Cooks, All Other 12 0.0%
33-3052 Transit & Railroad Police 12 0.0%
43-9051 Mail Clerks & Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service 11 0.0%
49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration Mechanics & Installers 11 0.0%
33-1099 First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers, All Other 11 0.0%
41-9099 Sales & Related Workers, All Other 11 0.0%
11-2031 Public Relations & Fundraising Managers 11 0.0%
49-3021 Automotive Body & Related Repairers 11 0.0%
NOTES
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11. Catherine Rampell, “The Recession Has (Officially) Ended,” New York Times, September 20, 2010, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/the-recession-has-officiallyended/.
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14. Deloitte, “Managing the Talent Crisis in Global Manufacturing,” (Deloitte Research, Deloitte & Touche, US, 2007), 4.
15. Ibid., 11.
16. Economic Modeling Specialists, “EMSI Analyst: Economy: Demographics: Seattle MSA, 2013-2016, 2013.3 Class of Worker, QCEW + non-QCEW Employees,” Economic Modeling Specialists, accessed on September 18, 2013, https://www.economicmodeling.com/.
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18. N. Gregory Mankiw, Macroeconomics, 6th ed. (New York: Worth Publishers, 2007), 20.
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20. “Industries at a Glance: Transportation and Warehousing,” http://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag48-49.htm.
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42
22. Economic Modeling Specialists, “EMSI Analyst: Economy: Seattle MSA, 2013-2016, 2013.3 Class of Worker, QCEW + non-QCEW Employees,” Economic Modeling Specialists, accessed on September 18, 2013, https://www.economicmodeling.com/.
23. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Standard Occupational Classification,” US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
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25. Mark Gardner, Juliet Scarpa, and Paul Sommers, “Skills Required: Preparing Puget Sound for Tomorrow’s Middle-Wage Jobs,” (Middle-Wage Jobs Reports, Seattle, Seattle Jobs Initiative, 2008), 4.
26. Jon Agnone and Tyler Corwin, “Changes in Entry-Level Jobs over the Past Decade,” (Entry-Level Jobs Reports, Seattle, Seattle Jobs Initiative, 2012), 2.
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30. Port Jobs and SkillUP, “On the Move: Building Pathways to International Trade, Transportation and Logistics Jobs in the Port-related Economy,” (working paper, Port Jobs, Seattle, 2013), 8.
31. Ibid., 9.
32. Ibid., 12.
33. Ibid., 13.
34. Ibid., 14.
35. Expeditors, “Core Services: Transportation,” Expeditors, accessed on September 23, 2013, http://www.expeditors.com/core-services/transportation/index.asp.
36. Weyerhaeuser, “Home Page,” Weyerhaeuser, accessed on September, 23, 2013, http://www .weyerhaeuser.com/.
37. Sales Spider, “Biz Center: Qayaq,” Sales Spider, accessed on September 23, 2013, http:// www.salespider.com/b-275963046/qayaq-marine-transportation-llc.
38. Edmonds Community College, “Programs/Degrees: Aerospace and Advanced Manufacturing,” Edmonds Community College, accessed on September 24, 2013, http://www.edcc.edu/aerospace/.
39. Economic Modeling Specialists, “EMSI Analyst: Education: 2013.3 Class of Worker, QCEW + non-QCEW Employees,” Economic Modeling Specialists, accessed on September 25, 2013, https://www .economicmodeling.com/.
40. Bill Virgin, “Playing for Keeps,” Seattle Business, August 2013, 27.
43