Transportation: Canada’s Transportation: Canada’s Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Chapter 27Chapter 27

DefinitionsDefinitions

Transportation: movement of people Transportation: movement of people and things from one place to anotherand things from one place to another

Mobility: freedom of movementMobility: freedom of movement Intercity: movement between cities. Intercity: movement between cities.

For example: an intercity bus For example: an intercity bus between Winnipeg and Reginabetween Winnipeg and Regina

Intracity: movement within a city. Intracity: movement within a city. For example: an intracity bus moves For example: an intracity bus moves people from their home to schoolpeople from their home to school

Commuter: person who travels daily Commuter: person who travels daily between home and the place of workbetween home and the place of work

Deregulation: removal of regulations Deregulation: removal of regulations controlling certain parts of an industry. controlling certain parts of an industry. For example: deregulation of the airline For example: deregulation of the airline industry removed rules controlling routes industry removed rules controlling routes travelled and the price of seatstravelled and the price of seats

Bulk Cargoes: things like wheat, coal, Bulk Cargoes: things like wheat, coal, gravel and iron ore shipped in loose form gravel and iron ore shipped in loose form rather than in packages. They are usually rather than in packages. They are usually of low value and must be shipped as of low value and must be shipped as cheaply as possible.cheaply as possible.

Unit Train: train that carries large Unit Train: train that carries large amounts of only one cargo along a amounts of only one cargo along a route. For example, coal is carried route. For example, coal is carried from the interior of BC to Vancouver from the interior of BC to Vancouver for shipment to Japan.for shipment to Japan.

Piggyback System: system whereby Piggyback System: system whereby truck trailers are transported on truck trailers are transported on railway carsrailway cars

Container: metal box of standard Container: metal box of standard size used for moving freight. The size used for moving freight. The container is loaded at the point of container is loaded at the point of shipment and remains sealed until it shipment and remains sealed until it reaches its destination. Along the reaches its destination. Along the way, it may be moved by truck, train, way, it may be moved by truck, train, plane or shipplane or ship

Canal: waterway dug across land on Canal: waterway dug across land on which boats and ships travelwhich boats and ships travel

Lock: enclosed section in a canal Lock: enclosed section in a canal that permits vessels to be raised or that permits vessels to be raised or lowered to different water levels lowered to different water levels outside this compartment, either by outside this compartment, either by letting water in or out of the letting water in or out of the compartment or, in a lift lock, by compartment or, in a lift lock, by raising or lowering the water-filled raising or lowering the water-filled compartment itselfcompartment itself

Pipeline: line of pipes for carrying Pipeline: line of pipes for carrying gas, oil, or other liquidsgas, oil, or other liquids

Figure 27-4, page 395Figure 27-4, page 395

Describe the amount and coverage Describe the amount and coverage of ground transportation in Zone A.of ground transportation in Zone A.• There is continuous ground There is continuous ground

transportation in Zone A using road and transportation in Zone A using road and rail.rail.

Why is this pattern not surprising to Why is this pattern not surprising to you?you?• Because over 90% of Canada’s Because over 90% of Canada’s

population is concentrated within this population is concentrated within this zonezone

Describe the pattern of surface Describe the pattern of surface transport in Zone B. Why do gaps transport in Zone B. Why do gaps exist?exist?• Gaps are obvious in Zone B on the map Gaps are obvious in Zone B on the map

because there is ground transportation because there is ground transportation to only a few towns where there is to only a few towns where there is sufficient economic activity and sufficient economic activity and population to justify building a highway population to justify building a highway or a railroad. or a railroad.

With the help of an atlas, explain With the help of an atlas, explain why surface transport exists to each why surface transport exists to each of the following places:of the following places:

Inuvik, NWT: Inuvik is the take-off Inuvik, NWT: Inuvik is the take-off point to the Mackenzie Delta and the point to the Mackenzie Delta and the Arctic Ocean, where considerable oil Arctic Ocean, where considerable oil and gas exploration has occurred. It and gas exploration has occurred. It is the last settlement before these is the last settlement before these areas and the administrative centre areas and the administrative centre for the areafor the area

Yellowknife, NWT: This is a major Yellowknife, NWT: This is a major mining centre and territorial capitalmining centre and territorial capital

Fort McMurray, AB: Fort McMurray is Fort McMurray, AB: Fort McMurray is the centre of the oil sands industrythe centre of the oil sands industry

Lynn Lake, MB: Lynn Lake is a mining Lynn Lake, MB: Lynn Lake is a mining communitycommunity

Churchill, MB: Churchill is a port Churchill, MB: Churchill is a port facility. Prairie grain can be shipped facility. Prairie grain can be shipped from here for export to the markets from here for export to the markets of Europeof Europe

Moosonee, ON: Moosonee is the Moosonee, ON: Moosonee is the service centre for a series of service centre for a series of settlements on the shore of James settlements on the shore of James Bay. The railway to Moosonee also Bay. The railway to Moosonee also brings in tourists on the train known brings in tourists on the train known as the Polar Bear Expressas the Polar Bear Express

La Grande Riviere, PQ: the road was La Grande Riviere, PQ: the road was built to aid the construction of the built to aid the construction of the hydro-electric facilities built on La hydro-electric facilities built on La Grande Riviere in the 1970s and Grande Riviere in the 1970s and 1980s1980s

Churchill Falls, Nfld: The road was Churchill Falls, Nfld: The road was built here to service the construction built here to service the construction of the hydro-electric facility on the of the hydro-electric facility on the Churchill River. IT will also be a Churchill River. IT will also be a great help in the next few years in great help in the next few years in the building of a second huge hydro-the building of a second huge hydro-electric facility on this riverelectric facility on this river

What would cause new areas to be What would cause new areas to be added to Zone B in the future?added to Zone B in the future?• New land transportation facilities would New land transportation facilities would

be added in Zone B to service new be added in Zone B to service new resource development in the area. For resource development in the area. For example, a road has been proposed example, a road has been proposed from Yellowknife to Bathurst Inlet on the from Yellowknife to Bathurst Inlet on the Arctic Ocean. This road would be built Arctic Ocean. This road would be built to support the operations of the to support the operations of the diamond (and other) mines that exist diamond (and other) mines that exist and are being built in this area.and are being built in this area.

Why does surface transport not exist in Why does surface transport not exist in Zone C?Zone C?• No economic demand for it yetNo economic demand for it yet• Resources found in these areas that are Resources found in these areas that are

developed, such as the Polaris mine, rely on developed, such as the Polaris mine, rely on sea and air transportationsea and air transportation

• Existence of permafrost makes the building of Existence of permafrost makes the building of land transportation costly and difficultland transportation costly and difficult

• Exploration for resources does not occur Exploration for resources does not occur because transportation systems do not exist, because transportation systems do not exist, but such systems are not built because there but such systems are not built because there are not enough resources to justify building a are not enough resources to justify building a road or railwayroad or railway

What alternative transportation What alternative transportation methods must be used in these methods must be used in these areas?areas?• Water transportation can be used to Water transportation can be used to

move bulky cargoes during the brief move bulky cargoes during the brief navigational seasonsnavigational seasons

• Airplanes must be used at other timesAirplanes must be used at other times• Over shorter distances, land transport Over shorter distances, land transport

occurs using snowmobiles in winteroccurs using snowmobiles in winter

Movement of Goods!Movement of Goods!

What are bulk cargoes? See previousWhat are bulk cargoes? See previous Rank the various forms of transportation in Rank the various forms of transportation in

terms of their suitability to move cargoes.terms of their suitability to move cargoes.• ShipShip• Pipeline (for oil and gas)Pipeline (for oil and gas)• RailRail• RoadRoad• AirAir

What is a unit train? Why is it an What is a unit train? Why is it an efficient way to move bulk cargoes?efficient way to move bulk cargoes?• A unit train carries only one cargo along A unit train carries only one cargo along

a fixed route. It uses special cars a fixed route. It uses special cars designed to carry the particular cargo so designed to carry the particular cargo so that it can be loaded and unloaded that it can be loaded and unloaded quickly, and hence more cheaplyquickly, and hence more cheaply

Give three examples of unit-train Give three examples of unit-train routes and cargoes.routes and cargoes.• Labrador to the St Lawrence River: iron Labrador to the St Lawrence River: iron

oreore• Rocky Mountains to Vancouver: coalRocky Mountains to Vancouver: coal• Prairies to Vancouver and Thunder Bay: Prairies to Vancouver and Thunder Bay:

wheatwheat• Saskatchewan to Vancouver: potashSaskatchewan to Vancouver: potash

Name and describe two methods that Name and describe two methods that have been developed to allow easy have been developed to allow easy transfer of cargo from one method of transfer of cargo from one method of transportation to another.transportation to another.• Piggyback system: truck trailers that Piggyback system: truck trailers that

can be loaded onto rail flatbedscan be loaded onto rail flatbeds• Containers: large metal boxes that can Containers: large metal boxes that can

be moved by rail, truck, ship and airbe moved by rail, truck, ship and air

How do these methods combine the How do these methods combine the advantages of the different methods advantages of the different methods of transportation?of transportation?• These methods take away the necessity These methods take away the necessity

of unloading cargo and reloading it of unloading cargo and reloading it piece by piece. As well, the containers piece by piece. As well, the containers can be shipped to the customers’ door can be shipped to the customers’ door with very little chance of theft or with very little chance of theft or damagedamage

Outline the four different regions in Outline the four different regions in which ships are used to move cargo which ships are used to move cargo in Canada.in Canada.• West Coast:West Coast: Used for destinations in Used for destinations in

the Pacific Rimthe Pacific Rim• Outgoing cargoes include lumber, coal, Outgoing cargoes include lumber, coal,

potash and wheat: incoming cargoes potash and wheat: incoming cargoes include containers of freight and motor include containers of freight and motor vehiclesvehicles

East Coast:East Coast: Halifax, Saint John and Halifax, Saint John and Montreal are used for a variety of cargoes Montreal are used for a variety of cargoes that contain more container freight and that contain more container freight and less bulk cargoless bulk cargo

St Lawrence Seaway:St Lawrence Seaway: This series of This series of canals and locks link the St. Lawrence canals and locks link the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, and allow ships River and the Great Lakes, and allow ships from the Atlantic Ocean to reach Lake from the Atlantic Ocean to reach Lake Superior. It is important for the movement Superior. It is important for the movement of bulk cargoes from one part of the Great of bulk cargoes from one part of the Great Lakes basin to another. It is also used for Lakes basin to another. It is also used for importing container freight.importing container freight.

Canada’s Far North: Canada’s Far North: Freight must Freight must be moved by either air or water as be moved by either air or water as distances are great, the climate is distances are great, the climate is harsh, and land transport is not harsh, and land transport is not available. Water is used where available. Water is used where possible. The Mackenzie River, for possible. The Mackenzie River, for example, is used for shipment of bulk example, is used for shipment of bulk cargoes of oil products, building cargoes of oil products, building materials, machinery, and year-long materials, machinery, and year-long supplies of groceries for residentssupplies of groceries for residents

What types of cargo are carried by What types of cargo are carried by airplanes? Why?airplanes? Why?• Cargoes carried by airplanes tend to be Cargoes carried by airplanes tend to be

small, of high value, perishable, and/or small, of high value, perishable, and/or needed quickly. The considerable needed quickly. The considerable expense of air transport is weighed expense of air transport is weighed against these constraints.against these constraints.