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TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE
ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Thredbo 9
9th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport
Lisbon, Portugal 5 – 9 September Lisbon, Portugal 5 – 9 September 20052005
RAIL URBAN PROJECTS: A WAY FOR IMPROVING PUBLIC RAIL URBAN PROJECTS: A WAY FOR IMPROVING PUBLIC
TRANSPORT PATRONAGETRANSPORT PATRONAGE
Dr. Rocío Cascajo Prof. Andrés Monzón
Conference theme A: Design and Innovation of Competitive Public Transport to foster Patronage
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Increase of motorised mobility
Introduction
City centre’s liveable conditions deteriorated
Cycle of urban decline unsustainable transport schemes
Congestion in urban areas
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Introduction: The cycle of urban decline
Users choose to travel by car
More cars create more traffic More traffic jams
More air pollution, noise, accidents
Life in urban districts becomes
less pleasant
Residents leave urban areas
and scatter
Access to urban business districts
become more difficult
Jobs move out of urban areas to outer suburbs
Reduced speed, efficiency and benefits
of ground PT
Decline in the use of PTLess PT supply
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Introduction
Balance between economic, social and environmental issues Minimise negative impacts produced by transport
Improve PT
patronage
Towards a sustainable urban transport
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Rail urban projects
Sustainable mobility + urban population growth great development of trams, metros and light rail systems overall the world
Tram and light rail systems in Europe (ERRAC, 2004)
Systems Lines Track length (km)
EU-15 107 448 4.793 (59%)
New Member States 30 349 2.240 (28%)
Beyond EU-25 33 144 1.027 (13%)
Total 170 941 8.060
Metro systems in Europe (ERRAC, 2004)
Systems Lines Track length (km)
EU-15 27 117 2.072 (88%)
New Member States 3 7 93 (4%)
Beyond EU-25 6 14 181 (8%)
Total 36 138 2.346
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Case studies (I)
City LYON MAD MAN STU T&W VAL VI
Project Metro Metro Metro / Tram S-Bahn Metro / S-
Bahn Tram Metro
Areas concerned City City city and suburbs
city and suburbs
city and suburbs
city and suburbs city
Length (Km.) 15.0 7.0 31.0 16.0 55.5 9.7 8.2
% new project/ total network 54.5% 4.1% 84.7% 14.5% 94.1% 7.3% 13.3%
Total investment (M€ 2002) 524.4 283.0 270.0 352.0 1233.0 124.2 2487.0
Investment/Km. (M€/Km.) 35.0 40.4 8.7 1.88 22.2 12.8 303.3
Operation since 1992 1995 1992 1992 1984 1994 1991
METRO
TRAM/ LIGHT RAIL SYSTEM
S-BAHN(Suburban Rail)
LyonMadridVienna
StuttgartTyne&Wear
ManchesterValencia
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Line of project studied
Principal main line station
5 Km. distance
Other lines of network
Central area = Z1
Case studies (II)
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
LINE D (driverless):• Construction phase: 1984 – 1992• In operation since: 1992
Main effects:
• Some transfer form PV to the metro
• High level of mobility and accessibility
• Integrated network
• Changes in land uses by zones
• Bus network reorganisation
Case studies: LYON
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Metro line 6, from Ciudad Universitaria to Laguna; 6 stations, 7 km, in operation since 1995
Main effects:
• Improvement of intermodality
• Redistribute effect
• Demand increase
• Improvement in the network connectivity
Case studies: MADRID
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
METROLINK (phase 1):
• In operation since: 1992
Main effects:
• aumento de la oferta y la competitividad del TP: servicio fiable, con alta frecuencia, eficiente, mejorando el acceso al centro de la ciudad
• Improvement in the image of the city
Case studies: MANCHESTER
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Extension of the S-Bahn line S1; 16 Km. length and 6 new stations.
• In operation since: 1992
Main effects:
• Less congestion in road network
• Improvement in the PT supply, PT competitiveness increase, rise in the users demand
• Travel time savings and improvement in accessibility
• Development of residential and industrial areas
Case studies: STUTTGART
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Airport extension opened 1991
Network phased opening 1980-84
Sunderland extension opening 2002
N
Construction of the metro network until 1991, total length 55.5 Km.
• In operation since: 1980 (1st phase), 1984 (2nd phase) and 1991 (airport extension)
Main effects:
• Increase in PT trips
• Decrease of radial trips in private vehicle
• Reduction in the average travel time in the PT network
• Improvement in the accessibility to urban centres
Case studies: TYNE & WEAR
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Effects:
• Increase in the users demand
• network effect: increase in the metro network connectivity
• Improvement in the urban quality
• Improvement of the public transport image
Tram line 4, 9.7 km, in operation since 1994.
Case studies: VALENCIA
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Central stretch of the metro line U3, 14 stations and 8.2 Km. In operation since 1991.
Effects:
• Some tram lines were removed
• Pedestranisation of some streets
• Urban regeneration along the line
• Increase in the number of trips in the corridor
• Modal shift in favour of PT
• Improvement of the accessibility
Case studies: VIENNA
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Improvements of PT patronage: Impact assessment
Based on the methodology adopted in TranSEcon (5FP-EU).
The impact of the project corresponds to the relative variation of the value of the indicator for scenario with project (WS) and its value for the reference scenario (RS).
RSinData
RSinDataWSinDataiationvarlativeRe
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Indicators for measuring benefits
2 groups of indicators:
i. mobility and trip behaviour: quantify the effect of the project on transport demand- Number of PT trips per day and O-D
- Number of private transport trips per day and O-D
- PT passenger-km per day and O-D
- Private transport passenger-km per day and O-D
ii. time savings: measure the impact of the new project on time savings - Average trip travel time on the PT network, in minutes
- Average trip travel time on the road network, in minutes
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Results: mobility and trip behaviour
Mobility and trip behaviour indicators
LYON MAD MAN STU T&W VAL VI
PT trips 5,52% 0,09% 8,06% 25,48% 41,37% 3,03% 7,20%
Car trips -4,71% -3,00% -0,84% -6,22% -4,17% -1,00% -7,05%
Passenger-Km. in PT 5,32% 1,08% 4,08% 35,99% 30,24% 41,51% 46,82%
Passenger-Km. in cars -4,73% 0,00% -0,56% -10,36% -4,15% -1,00% -7,28%
Mobility and trip behaviour indicators between scenarios
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
LYON MAD MAN STU T&W VAL VI
Rel
ativ
e va
riat
ion
PT trips Car trips Passenger-Km. in PT Passenger-Km. in cars
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Results: mobility and trip behaviour
Lyon: uniform improvement of the mobility and trip behaviour indicators, around a 5% between scenarios. Increase in PT trips and the number of passenger-Km. in PT network, whereas trips in private vehicle and the number of vehicle-km decrease.
Madrid: small increase of trips and passenger-km in PT (less than in Lyon), and decrease of trips in private vehicle by 3%.
Manchester: increase in the use of PT (4% growth in PT trips and 8% increase in passenger-km in PT). Insignificant reduction in the use of private vehicle (less than 1%).
Stuttgart: improvements on PT patronage in the new line corridor: 25% trips and 36% pax-km
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Results: mobility and trip behaviour
Tyne and Wear: highest increase in PT trips (around 40%): new metro network. Clear reduction in the use of private vehicle.
Valencia: 40% increase in PT passenger-km due to the connectivity with the metro network
Vienna: 47% increase in PT passenger-km and also the highest reduction in the number of trips in private vehicle the construction of the metro line U3 and its accompanying measures have produced the most important enhancements in terms of mobility and trip behaviour, thus improving the public transport patronage.
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Results: time savings
Time savings indicators LYON MAD MAN STU T&W VAL VI
Average travel time on PT network -4,55% -1,95% -0,33% -28,25% -24,10% -14,81% -22,29%
Average travel time on road network 0,00% -2,78% -0,34% -1,86% 0,00% -3,33% -15,65%
Time savings indicators
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
LYON MAD MAN STU T&W VAL VI
Rela
tive v
ari
ati
on
Average travel time (PT network) Average travel time (road network)
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Results: time savings
Global reduction of travel time thanks to the implementation of
the urban rail projects in all the case studies.
The highest time savings in public transports services
correspond to Stuttgart, whereas Vienna presents the maximum
time savings in the road network. It means that the improvement
in public transport patronage is also beneficial for car users.
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Key factors in the success of urban rail systems
Introduction of integrated ticketing in the PT system (Lyon, Madrid, Valencia)
Construction of Park and Ride facilities (Manchester, Tyne&Wear and Vienna)
Restriction of car parking in city centres (Lyon, Madrid, Stuttgart, Tyne&Wear and Vienna)
Modern image offered by the new generation of light rail systems contribute to an urban regeneration (Valencia, Vienna)
Pedestrianisation of streets (Vienna)
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Conclusions (I)
Some management policies (frequent services, integrated ticketing, and security) and some transport policies (PT integration, provision of Park & Ride facilities and car parking restrictions) are very important in order to increase the patronage of public transport.
Rail transport systems have great potential to improve modal split in urban areas, and they produce long term effects on mobility patterns improving sustainability standards.
Tram and metro projects should be integrated in urban transport policy packages: synergy effects on the whole city
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE - ETSI CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
Conclusions (II)
The success of urban rail systems is influenced by many factors and policy measures the integration of transport policies with urban, socio-economic and environmental policies benefits more than isolated policies
New trams can induce urban regeneration processes with mobilisation of economic resources improvement of commercial activities and the quality of life in the area