transport of suspended and bedload sediment at eight ...transport of suspended and bedload sediment...

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

Prepared in cooperation withU.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Transport of Suspended and Bedload Sediment at Eight Stations in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin, Idaho

Open-File Report 00–472

This report has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards.

Transport of Suspended and Bedload Sediment at Eight Stations in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin, IdahoBy Gregory M. Clark and Paul F. Woods

Open-File Report 00–472

Prepared in cooperation with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Boise, Idaho2001

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GALE A. NORTON, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Charles G. Groat, Director

Any use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is foridentification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Additional information can be obtained from:

District ChiefU.S. Geological Survey230 Collins RoadBoise, ID 83702-4520http://idaho.usgs.gov

This report is available online in PDF format

http://idaho.usgs.gov/public/reports.html

and can be viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader. The URL is:

CONTENTS

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sediment characteristics and transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Suspended sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Bedload sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

References cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

FIGURES

1. Map showing locations of eight stations measured for suspended- and bedload-sediment transport within the Coeur d’Alene River Basin, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2–18. Graphs showing:2. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, Canyon Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, Ninemile Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, Pine Creek below Amy Gulch near Pinehurst, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Pinehurst, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment, and (B) suspended silt and clay

and suspended sand, Coeur d’Alene River near Harrison, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710. Sediment-transport curves for total suspended sediment at eight stations, Coeur d’Alene River

Basin, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment, Canyon

Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment,

Ninemile Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment, Pine

Creek below Amy Gulch near Pinehurst, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2114. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment, South

Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2215. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment, South

Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Pinehurst, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

iii

16. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment, North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

17. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distribution of bedload sediment, Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

18. Sediment-transport curves for bedload sediment for seven stations, Coeur d’Alene River Basin, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATED UNITS

Multiply By To obtain

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per secondfoot (ft) 0.3048 meter

inch (in.) 2.540 centimetermile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometerton per day (t/d) 0.9072 metric ton per day

Abbreviated units:

µm micrometermm millimeter

iv

Transport of Suspended and Bedload Sediment at Eight Stations in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin, Idaho

By

Gregory M. Clark

and

Paul F. Woods

Abstract

The Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency within the Spokane River Basin of north-ern Idaho and eastern Washington included exten-sive data-collection activities to determine the nature and extent of trace-element contamination within the basin. As part of the investigation, the U.S. Geological Survey designed and imple-mented a sampling program to assess sediment transport in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin. Sus-pended and bedload sediments were sampled at four stations at or near base flow and at eight sta-tions during low, moderate, and high discharge conditions between February 1999 and April 2000.

The concentrations and loads of suspended and bedload sediment at all stations were directly related to stream discharge. To quantify these rela-tionships, a power function was used to develop sediment-transport curves at all stations. Although the transport curves for most of the stations indi-cate a good log-log relationship between stream discharge and suspended- and bedload-sediment discharge, there was a fair amount of scatter about the best-fit regression at most stations. For sus-pended-sediment discharge, the scatter can be pri-marily attributed to a hysteresis effect in the con-centration of suspended sediment as stream dis-charge rises and falls. The effects of hysteresis on bedload-sediment discharge were difficult to assess because of a paucity of samples collected over the stream hydrograph.

At most of the stations, and at the stream dis-charges sampled, the transport characteristics for fine- and sand-sized suspended sediment were similar. However, at the two main-stem Coeur

d’Alene River stations, Rose Lake and Harrison, the suspended-sediment load was primarily com-posed of fine-grained sediment at stream dis-charges of less than 15,000 cubic feet per second. These two stations are characterized by relatively slow water velocities, which appear to be insuffi-cient to transport sand-sized sediment at lower stream discharge.

At most of the stations, and at the stream dis-charges sampled, the bedload was primarily com-posed of material greater than 2 millimeters in diameter, the break between sand and gravel. A predominance of sand-sized bedload was noted at only a few stations, and generally only during low stream discharge. The particle-size distribution of bedload sediment at most stations became propor-tionately coarser as stream discharge increased. During the peak of snowmelt runoff for water years 1999 and 2000, gravel-sized material be-tween 2 and 64 millimeters in diameter comprised more than 70 percent of the bedload transport at most stations. However, at the station on the Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, the bedload was pre-dominantly composed of fine-grained material of less than 1 millimeter in diameter for all measured stream discharges. The slow water velocities at Rose Lake accounted for the predominance of fine-grained sediment transport.

INTRODUCTIONIntroduction

Mining and ore-processing activities conducted over the past 100 years in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River Basin have produced extensive deposits of trace-element-contaminated sediments throughout the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River valley and its trib-utaries, the channel and flood plain of the main stem

1

Coeur d’Alene River, and the lakebed of Coeur d’Alene Lake. Snowmelt runoff and occasional floods continue to transport and redistribute trace-element-contaminated sediments throughout the 6,680-mi2 Spokane River Basin of northern Idaho and eastern Washington (fig. 1, back of report).

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently initiated a Remedial Investiga-tion/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) of the Spokane River Basin under the authority of the Comprehensive Envi-ronmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), which requires EPA to evaluate contaminant release, fate, and transport. The Remedial Investigation phase involves data collection to charac-terize site conditions, development of conceptual mod-els, determination of the nature and extent of trace-ele-ment contamination, and risk assessment for human health and the environment. The development and eval-uation of remedial action alternatives is the focus of the Feasibility Study. In March of 1998, the EPA asked the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to identify hydrologic and water-quality studies the USGS might perform in support of the RI/FS of the Spokane River Basin. The study described in this report was conducted by USGS as Task 7 (evaluation of suspended- and bedload-sedi-ment transport within the Coeur d’Alene River Basin and affected areas, Subtask B) of Interagency Agree-ment DW14957278–01–0 with EPA.

The objective of the study was to provide an assessment of sediment-transport characteristics within the Coeur d’Alene River Basin. Such an assessment was needed to estimate sediment concentrations and transport rates and to characterize sediment transport as related to particle size and discharge conditions. Suspended and bedload sediments were sampled at eight USGS gaging stations between February 1999 and April 2000.

APPROACH

Listed below are USGS station numbers and names for the eight stations where suspended and bed-load sediments were sampled for this study. The num-ber in parentheses preceding the USGS station number indicates the locations of the stations on figure 1.

(2) 12413150 South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton, Idaho

(4) 12413470 South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Pinehurst, Idaho

(5) 12413125 Canyon Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho

(8) 12413030 Ninemile Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho

(13) 12413445 Pine Creek below Amy Gulch near Pinehurst, Idaho

(16) 12413000 North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville, Idaho

(18) 12413810 Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, Idaho

(19) 12413860 Coeur d’Alene River near Harrison, Idaho

Suspended- and bedload-sediment samples were collected at four different discharge conditions. Base-flow discharge was sampled at South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Pinehurst, North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville, Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, and Coeur d’Alene River near Harrison. The other three discharge conditions (low, moderate, and high) were sampled at the eight stations during non-steady discharges (storm hydrographs). During the low, moderate, and high discharge conditions, sampling was conducted once on the ascending limb, once at the peak, and once on the descending limb. Discharge mea-surements in support of the sediment sampling were made using standardized USGS methods for collection of streamflow data, computation of discharge, and quality assurance procedures which are thoroughly described in six USGS Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Reports (Buchanan and Somers, 1968, 1969; Riggs, 1968; Carter and Davidian, 1968; Kennedy, 1983, 1984).

Suspended-sediment samples were collected using width- and depth-integrating techniques to obtain representative samples. When streams were wadeable, suspended-sediment samples were collected using a DH–81 handheld sampler. When streams were not wadeable, samples were collected using a D–74 or D–77 reel-mounted sampler. Edwards and Glysson (1988) provide detailed descriptions of the methods of collection and different sampling devices used to sam-ple suspended sediment.

Bedload samples were collected between 3 and 10 times at each station using a Helley-Smith sampler with a 3.0-in. by 3.0-in. nozzle suspended from a bridge crane. Bedload samples were collected using equal-width increment sampling methods described in Edwards and Glysson (1988). This method involves dividing and sampling the stream channel in evenly

2

spaced sections to accurately represent bedload trans-port across the entire channel. Duplicate samples were collected during each station visit and were analyzed separately. During data analysis, the results for the duplicate samples were reported as an average.

Suspended- and bedload-sediment samples were analyzed at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory’s sediment laboratory. Suspended-sediment samples were analyzed for total concentration and particle-size fraction less than 63 µm. Bedload-sediment samples were analyzed for total mass and particle size from 63 µm to 64 mm. Guy (1969) provides a detailed description of the techniques used for the analysis of sediment samples.

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND TRANSPORT

Sediment Characteristics and Transport

Streams transport sediment by maintaining the finer particles in suspension with turbulent currents and by rolling or skipping coarser particles along the streambed. The discharge of fine-grained particles is typically controlled by the available supply of such par-ticles with the supply often less than the stream can transport (Colby, 1956). These fine-grained sediments generally move downstream at about the same velocity as the water. In contrast to fine-grained sediments, the supply of coarser grained sediments in streams is gen-erally greater than the stream can transport. Thus, the discharge of coarser grained sediments is typically controlled by the ability of the stream to transport them (Guy, 1970). The sediment that moves on or near the stream bottom by sliding, rolling, or bouncing is termed bedload (Edwards and Glysson, 1988). Bedload may move only occasionally and remain at rest much of the time. As a result of these differences in transport mechanisms, a great deal of variation can be expected in the concentration and grain-size characteristics of sediments at different locations in a stream and with changes in stream discharge. To evaluate the effects of stream discharge on sediment characteristics, transport and sediment-size distribution curves were developed to describe the relationship between sediment dis-charge and stream discharge. Results are described in the following sections.

Suspended Sediment

In general, the concentrations of both fine- and coarse-grained sediments within a stream channel increase with increasing stream discharge (Edwards and Glysson, 1988). To describe the relationship between suspended-sediment discharge and stream discharge, a power function was used to develop trans-port curves for sediment discharge. This technique involves fitting a curve to points on a scatter diagram as described in Colby (1956). On a log-log scale, stream discharge at the time of sample collection is plotted as the independent variable with suspended-sediment dis-charge as the dependent variable. Suspended-sediment discharge, in tons per day, was calculated using the fol-lowing equation:

(1)

where

Qs is suspended-sediment discharge, in tons per day;

Qw is stream discharge, in cubic feet per second;Cs is suspended-sediment concentration, in milli-

grams per liter; andk is a conversion factor of 0.0027.

The best-fit equation that is derived from the relationship between stream discharge and suspended-sediment discharge can be used to estimate an average suspended-sediment discharge for a given stream dis-charge over a period of a day, month, or year. Because the estimated value is an average, computed sediment discharges during short time periods are subject to appreciable error because of variations in the relation between stream discharge and sediment discharge. This type of error should be generally compensating as the time period of estimation is increased.

The relation between stream discharge and suspended-sediment discharge for the eight stations measured in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin is shown in figures 2–9 (back of report). Although the best-fit regression line at most of the stations indicates a good log-log relationship between stream discharge and total suspended-sediment discharge (correlation coefficient, r, ranged from 0.82 to 0.97), there is a fair amount of scatter about the regression line at all of the stations. This scatter can be partly attributed to a hysteresis effect in the concentration of suspended-sediment as

Qs Qw Cs k××=

3

stream discharge rises and falls. When stream dis-charge is rising, materials stored within the stream channel or in riparian and terrestrial zones become mobile as they are subjected to increased stream veloc-ities. The magnitude of the hysteresis effect can be affected by antecedent conditions as well as the magni-tude of the discharge event generating hysteresis. Because of the mobilization of stored sediments, samples collected during the rising part of the stream hydrograph typically have larger concentrations of suspended sediment as compared to samples collected at similar discharge during the falling part of the stream hydrograph. In figures 2–9, points to the left of the best-fit regression line generally represent samples collected when stream discharge was rising; points to the right of the line generally represent samples col-lected when stream discharge was falling. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the effect of hysteresis on suspended-sediment discharge in Canyon and Ninemile Creeks. At both stations, samples collected during rising stream discharge had more suspended-sediment transport as compared to samples collected during falling stream discharge. Hysteresis is evident as two loops in the stream-sediment discharge relationship during the snow-melt events occurring from March 15 to March 29, 1999, and from March 29 to May 31, 1999.

Comparisons of the suspended-sediment curves for the eight stations analyzed in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin are shown in figure 10 (back of report). Ninemile Creek, Pine Creek, and the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville tend to have steeper slopes to their sediment-transport curves as compared to stations on Canyon Creek and the South Fork and main-stem Coeur d’Alene Rivers. Steeper slopes indicate a more dramatic response in the transport of suspended sedi-ment to changes in stream discharge. An examination of figure 10 also indicates that at the stream discharges measured, Ninemile Creek transports significantly more suspended sediment per unit discharge than does Canyon Creek. Similarly, the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton transports significantly more suspended sediment per unit discharge as compared to the downstream site at Pinehurst. This is due in part to the intervening inflow from Pine Creek, which dilutes suspended-sediment concentrations in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. Differences in channel geometry also explain part of the sediment-transport differences between the Silverton and Pinehurst stations; the smaller cross-sectional area at the Silverton station pro-duces higher, more erosive stream velocities. A large

decrease in suspended-sediment transport per unit dis-charge also occurs between the Pinehurst station and the two main-stem Coeur d’Alene River stations at Rose Lake and Harrison. Again, dilutional inflow from the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River explains part of the decrease. Additionally, deposition of sediment within the main-stem Coeur d’Alene River is engen-dered by the backwater conditions created by water-level management of Coeur d’Alene Lake.

The relationship between the fraction of sus-pended-sediment discharge composed of fines (parti-cles of 63 µm diameter and smaller) and the fraction composed of sand at the eight stations is also shown in figures 2–9. For most of the stations, there is not a large difference in the transport characteristics of fine- and sand-sized material. At the Rose Lake and Harrison sta-tions, however, the transport curves indicate that when stream discharge is less than about 15,000 ft3/s, most of the suspended sediment is composed of fine-grained material (figs. 8 and 9). These two stations are charac-terized by relatively slow water velocities, which appear to be insufficient to transport sand-sized sedi-ment at lower stream discharge. Not until stream dis-charge approaches about 20,000 ft3/s does the dis-charge of sand-sized material at Rose Lake and Harri-son become equivalent to the discharge of fine-grained material.

Bedload Sediment

Unlike suspended-sediment transport, transport of bedload material is not always evident. For instance, only three stations (South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton and near Pinehurst and Pine Creek) had measurable bedload during low-flow sampling from March 15–16, 1999. In the main-stem Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake and near Harrison, bedload trans-port was either negligible or nonexistent on most of the sampling dates. For the Coeur d’Alene River near Har-rison, a bedload-transport curve could not be devel-oped. When bedload discharge does occur, it is often extremely variable both spatially within the stream channel and temporally during steady stream-discharge conditions. Because of this variability, transport curves fitted for bedload transport generally have a larger degree of uncertainty than do curves for suspended-sediment transport. To develop transport curves for bedload discharge in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin,

4

the following equation (Edwards and Glysson, 1988) was used:

(2)

where

Qb is bedload discharge, in tons per day;k is a conversion factor of 0.381;

W is total stream width, in feet;M is total mass of bedload sample collected from

all sections, in grams; andT is the total time the sampler was on the bed, in

seconds.

As with suspended sediment, the best-fit equa-tions shown in figures 11–17 (back of report) can be used to estimate average bedload discharge for a given period of time. However, because of the paucity of samples at some stations and the variability at most of the stations, the bedload-discharge estimates obtained would be subject to appreciable error. The range in cor-relation coefficients for the bedload-transport equations was from 0.52 to 0.98. Additional samples collected at higher stream discharge would provide better definition and more confidence in the bedload-discharge transport curves.

At all stations, the largest measured bedload dis-charge occurred during large stream discharge at the end of May 1999 or mid-April 2000. The largest mea-sured bedload discharge was about 2,700 t/d at a stream discharge of 20,000 ft3/s on April 14, 2000, in the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville. Within and between station comparisons of the bedload-sedi-ment rating curves (fig. 18, back of report) indicate similarities and differences with the curves for sus-pended sediment (fig. 10). Similar to the transport of suspended sediment, the transport of bedload sediment in Ninemile Creek, Pine Creek, and the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville appear especially sen-sitive to changes in stream discharge as evidenced by the steep slope of their transport curves. Also similar to the transport of suspended sediment, Ninemile Creek transported significantly more bedload sediment per unit discharge during 1999 than did Canyon Creek. In contrast to the transport of suspended sediment, Pine Creek transported significantly more bedload sediment per unit discharge as compared to stations on the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton and near Pine-hurst.

In general, the particle-size distribution of bedload-sediment samples at most stations was proportionately coarser as stream discharge increased (figs. 11–17). At most of the stations and for most of the stream dis-charges sampled, the bedload was primarily composed of material greater than 2 mm in diameter, the break between sand and gravel (Guy, 1969). A predominance of sand-sized and smaller bedload was noted at only a few stations, and generally only during low stream dis-charge. During the peak of snowmelt runoff, gravel-sized material between 2 and 64 mm diameter com-prised more than 70 percent of the bedload transport at all stations except Canyon Creek and the Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake. At all of the stream dis-charges measured, the bedload in the Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake was predominantly composed of fine-grained material less than 1 mm in diameter (fig. 17).

REFERENCES CITEDReferences Cited

Buchanan, T.J., and Somers, W.P., 1968, Stage mea-surements at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investiga-tions, book 3, chap. A7, 28 p.

——— 1969, Discharge measurements at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A8, 65 p.

Carter, R.W., and Davidian, J., 1968, General proce-dure for gaging streams: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A6, 13 p.

Colby, B.R., 1956, Relationship of sediment discharge to streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 170 p.

Edwards, T.K., and Glysson, G.D., 1988, Field meth-ods for measurement of fluvial sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86–531, 118 p.

Guy, H.P., 1969, Laboratory theory and methods for sediment analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. C1, 58 p.

——— 1970, Fluvial sediment concepts: U.S. Geolog-ical Survey Techniques of Water-Resources In-vestigations, book 3, chap. C1, 55 p.

Kennedy, E.J., 1983, Computation of continuous records of streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey

Qb k W M××( ) T⁄=

5

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A13, 53 p.

——— 1984, Discharge ratings at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water- Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A10, 59 p.

Riggs, H.C., 1968, Some statistical tools in hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 4, chap. A1, 30 p.

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Figures 1–18

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Figure 1. Locations of eight stations measured for suspended- and bedload-sediment transport within Coeur d'AleneRiver Basin, Idaho.

5 10 15 Kilometers015 Miles1050

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Gaging station and number$Explanation

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9

Figure 2. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, Canyon Creekabove mouth at Wallace, Idaho

10 1,00020 50 100 200 500

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Stream Discharge, in cubic feet per second

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r=0.761

-4 1. 77

3/15/99

3/21/99

3/29/99

3/26/99

4/19/99

5/24/99

5/31/99

Qfines (t/d) = 1.10e (Q)

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Sand (>63 micrometers)

Silt and Clay (fines < 63 micrometers)

Total Suspended Sediment A

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200

500

10

QSS (t/d) = 8.43e (Q)

r=0.92

-6 3. 20

10 1,00020 50 100 200 5000.1

100

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

Qsand (t/d) = 1.11e (Q)

r=0.891

-5 2. 93


r=0.938

-6 3. 51

10 1,00020 50 100 200 5000.01

100

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

Figure 3. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, Ninemile Creekabove mouth at Wallace, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay


Total Suspended Sediment

3/21/99

3/23/99

3/29/99

4/19/99

5/25/99

5/31/99

3/15/99

A

B



11

QSS (t/d) = 2.79e (Q)

r=0.886

-5 2. 20

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0001

10,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000


r=0.822

-5 2. 11

Qsand (t/d) = 1.48e (Q)

r=0.906

-7 2. 86

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0000.1

1,000

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

Figure 4. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, South ForkCoeur d’Alene River at Silverton, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay



B



12

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0000.1

1,000

0.2

0.3

0.40.5

0.7

1

2

3

45

7

10

20

30

4050

70

100

200

300

400500

700

QSS (t/d) = 3.13e (Q)

r=0.927

-10 3. 80


r=0.894

-11 4. 07

Qsand (t/d) = 5.78e (Q)

r=0.926

-10 3. 58

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0000.1

1,000

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

Figure 5. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, Pine Creek belowAmy Gulch near Pinehurst, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay



BSand (>63 micrometers)


13

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0001

10,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

QSS (t/d) = 5.81e (Q)

r=0.945

-7 2. 61


r=0.931

-7 2. 62

Qsand (t/d) = 4.25e (Q)

r=0.929

-7 2. 53

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0001

10,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

Figure 6. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, South ForkCoeur d’Alene River near Pinehurst, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay



B



14

1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,00010

10,000

20

30

40

50

70

100

200

300

400

500

700

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

7,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

QSS (t/d) = 1.69e (Q)

r=0.974

-12 3. 728

Qsand (t/d) = 2.68e (Q)

r=0.981

-12 3. 52


r=0.968

-13 3. 79

Figure 7. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, North ForkCoeur d’Alene River at Enaville, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

ent D

isc

ha

rge

, in

to

ns

pe

r d

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

ent D

isc

ha

rge

, in

to

ns

pe

r d

ay



B



1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,0001

10,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

20,000

40,000

15

QSS (t/d) = 9.95e (Q)

r=0.888

-10 2. 98

1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,00010

10,000

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

100,000

20,000

50,000


r=0.90

-9 2. 82

Qsand (t/d) = 1.79e (Q)

r=0.898

-14 3. 98

Figure 8. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, Coeur d’AleneRiver at Rose Lake, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay


A

B



1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,0000.1

10,000

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

100,000

20,000

50,000

Total Suspended Sediment

16

QSS (t/d) = 1.15e (Q)

r=0.829

-8 2. 75

1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,00010

10,000

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

30,000

5,000

20,000

1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000

Figure 9. Sediment-transport curves for (A) total suspended sediment,and (B) suspended silt and clay and suspended sand, Coeur d’AleneRiver near Harrison, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay


Total Suspended SedimentA

B



Qsand (t/d) = 9.23e (Q)

r=0.908

-16 4. 36


r=0.821

-7 2. 43

1

10,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

20,000

30,000

17


Figure 10. Sediment-transport curves for total suspended sedimentat eight stations, Coeur d’Alene River Basin, Idaho

Susp

end

ed

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,to

ns

pe

rd

ay

10,000

0.1

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

1,000

2,000

5,000

20,000

50,000

10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 50,00010,000 20,000

Canyon

Creek

Ninemile

Creek

SFCDR at

Silverton

Pine

Creek

SFCDR near

Pinehurst

NFCDR at

Enaville

CDR at

Rose Lake

CDR near

Harrison

18

0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 5000

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht

Particle Size, in millimeters

Figure 11. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, Canyon Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho

B

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay QBS (t/d) = 5.36e (Q)

r=0.987

-7 2. 60


A

10 1,00020 50 100 200 5000.01

10

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

Q=384 cfs

5/24/99

Q=206 cfs

4/16/00

Q=120 cfs

4/12/00

Q=332 cfs

4/14/00

Q=229 cfs

5/31/99

Q=137 cfs

3/26/99

Q=102 cfs

4/11/00

Q=97 cfs

3/21/99

19

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

QBS (t/d) = 5.35e (Q)

r=0.823

-8 4. 06


0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 500

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht


Figure 12. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, Ninemile Creek above mouth at Wallace, Idaho

A

10 1,00020 50 100 200 5000.1

100

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

BQ=116 cfs

5/25/99

Q=61 cfs

4/11/00

Q=61 cfs

5/31/99

Q=132 cfs

4/14/00

Q=84 cfs

4/16/00

Q=75 cfs

3/22/99

Q=49 cfs

3/29/99

Q=70 cfs

3/21/99

20

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

QBS (t/d) = 1.26e (Q)

r=0.802

-7 2. 91


0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 500

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht


Figure 13. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, Pine Creek below Amy Gulch near Pinehurst, Idaho

A

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0001

1,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

Q=1,170 cfs

5/26/99

Q=1,330 cfs

4/15/00

Q=614 cfs

4/12/00

Q=902 cfs

3/26/99

Q=743 cfs

4/17/00

Q=274 cfs

3/16/99

Q=524 cfs

4/11/00

B

21

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

QBS (t/d) = 4.74e (Q)

r=0.709

-7 2. 45


Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht


0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 500

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Figure 14. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Silverton, Idaho

A

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0000.1

1,000

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

Q=700 cfs

3/26/99

Q=1,830 cfs

5/25/99

Q=1,460 cfs

4/14/00

Q=852 cfs

4/16/00

Q=665 cfs

4/12/00

Q=1,040 cfs

6/1/99

Q=423 cfs

3/29/99

Q=554 cfs

4/11/00

Q=516 cfs

3/24/99

Q=193 cfs

3/16/99

B

22

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

QBS (t/d) = 4.93e (Q)

r=0.865

-8 2. 70


Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht


0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 500

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Figure 15. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Pinehurst, Idaho

A

100 10,000200 500 1,000 2,000 5,0001

1,000

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500

Q=3,620 cfs

5/26/99

Q=2,280 cfs

3/26/99

Q=1,660 cfs

4/11/00

Q=2,170 cfs

6/2/99

Q=789 cfs

3/16/99

Q=1,160 cfs

3/30/99

Q=1,880 cfs

4/12/00

Q=3,520 cfs

4/15/00

Q=2,400 cfs

4/17/00

B

23

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay

QBS (t/d) = 5.16e (Q)

r=0.983

-15 4. 12


Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht


0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 500

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Figure 16. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Enaville, Idaho

A

1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,00010

1,000

20

50

100

200

500

2,000

3,000

BQ=20,000 cfs

4/14/00

Q=7,060 cfs

3/24/99

Q=5,750 cfs

6/2/99

Q=11,300 cfs

4/17/00

Q=11,100 cfs

5/26/99

24

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,in

tons

pe

rd

ay QBS (t/d) = 1.30e (Q)

r=0.519

-14 3. 61

Perc

ento

fb

ed

loa

de

qua

led

ore

xce

ed

ed

,b

yw

eig

ht


0.06 1000.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 500

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Figure 17. (A) Sediment-transport curves and (B) particle-size distributionof bedload sediment, Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, Idaho

A

Stream Discharge, in cubic feet per second1,000 100,0002,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000

1

100

2

5

50

B

Q=15,600 cfs

5/27/99

Q=28,100 cfs

4/15/00

Q=16,400 cfs

4/17/00

10

20

200

25

10 20,000 50,00020 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,0000.01

1,000

2,000

5,000

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

500


Figure 18. Sediment-transport curves for bedload sediment forseven stations, Coeur d’Alene River Basin, Idaho

Be

dlo

ad

-Se

dim

entD

isc

ha

rge

,to

ns

pe

rd

ay

Canyon

Creek

Ninemile

Creek

SFCDR at

Silverton

CDR at

Rose Lake

Pine

Creek

SFCDR near

Pinehurst

NFCDR at

Enaville

26

Clark, G

.M.,

and

Wo

od

s, P.F./

Tran

spo

rt of S

usp

end

ed an

d B

edlo

ad S

edim

ent at E

igh

t Statio

ns in

the C

oeu

r d’A

lene R

iver Basin

, Idah

o/

OF

R 00

–472

d on recycled paper

n recycled paper

Printed on recycled paperPrinted on recycled paper

transport of suspended and bedload sediment at eight ...transport of suspended and bedload sediment...

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