transport and offloading of co2 by ship

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Transport and Offloading of CO 2 by Ship Peter Brownsort a , Robert de Kler b , Joris Koornneef c , Filip Neele b a Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage, Edinburgh; b TNO, Utrecht; c Ecofys, Utrecht Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage www.sccs.org.uk Transport of CO2 by ship is technically feasible, can be cost6competitive and may complement pipelines in the development of North Sea CO2 storage, particularly where a flexible system is advantageous. Literature Survey Conclusions 1 Ship transport of CO2 feasible using known technologies Existing experience only at small scale, but understanding of scale6up requirements generally good Published knowledge sparse for offshore offloading, EOR injection profiles and consequences, whole6chain optimisation No unusual regulatory or HSE issues Shipping cost6competitive for lower scales and greater distances Flexibility and low entry capital reduce financial risks Shipping allows flexibility - In collection points, from scattered emitters - In delivery points, serving different storage sites - In time, changes to industry sources, EOR injection profiles and project phasing - In capacity, sequential addition of ship capacity - In asset use, dual purpose, reuse for LPG Low entry CAPEX for shipping and flexibility combine to give lower financial risk than pipelines Technologies for shipping CO2 as a refrigerated liquid are understood, but optimal choice of process equipment, equipment location, shipping system, offloading system and the need for offshore storage all depend strongly on storage site characteristics. This study took 16 reservoir scenarios, derived safe operational conditions for injection, worked back to suitable engineering options, costed these and estimated specific shipping costs to compare the options. Liquefac)on Shore storage Ship Offloading Buffer storage Pla;orm Reservoir Process blocks of liquid CO2 ship transport system. Blue – considered in this project 1 – Brownsort, P.A. (2015). Ship transport of CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery – Literature Survey. Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage, Edinburgh. 2 – ZEP (2011). The Costs of CO2Transport. EuropeanTechnology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants, Brussels. Ship, HP pump, heatAexchanger Ship, LP pump, heatAexchanger SPM Pla;orm, HP pump Ship, offload pump, no process equip Storage barge, LP pump, heatA exchanger Pla;orm, HP pump SubAsea injec)on well Submerged HP flexible Submerged LP flexible Surface LP flexible SPM AboveAwater, refrigerated liquid, LP flexible Surface LP flexible Submerged LP flexible Selected Design Op)ons Op)on 1 – direct injec)on Op)on 2 – indirect injec)on Op)on 3 – indirect injec)on with storage Engineering design Three outline design options selected Duties, sizes and costs estimated for each option and each of 16 reservoir/injection scenarios using Aspen Plus V8.6 Scale 465 Mt/yr CO2, set by well characteristics Process equipment CAPEX (on ship/platform only) - Direct injection: €14619M - Indirect injection: €27633M Injection site characterisation CO2 conditions at injection must avoid risks of hydrate formation and fracturing of reservoir rocks. Operational windows, in terms of injection temperature and mass6flow rate were derived by modelling from reservoir scenario data. For shallow, depleted gas fields operational windows are limited without additional pressure management. Aquifers and deeper fields have broader windows. Limited by fracture risk Limited by high pressure ‘Sweet spot’ Mass flow, kg/s Injec)on Temperature, °C IsoAlines for BoXom Hole Temperature and Well Head Pressure (aquifer, 2000m, 100mD) Offshore offloading of CO2 Many single point mooring (SPM) options All would need adapting for CO2 Selection depends on: location, CO2 condition, flexible hose suitability, ship design Key factor is whether offshore buffer storage needed as it implies refrigerated liquid transfer Knowledge gap on suitability of flexible hoses - Likely limitation on use for submerged transfer of refrigerated liquid CO2 Logic flow chart proposed for focussing SPM options SPM Selec)on Guide Results Costs sensitive to reservoir conditions and constraints, particularly pressure Ship size has only small effect on costs (ship size 10 – 50 kt range) Total capital costs range 3106420 M€ for 400 km route to 4506550 M€ for 1200 km Specific shipping costs reduce with distance, as expected and in line with other studies 2 These results suggest shipping is cost6competitive at distances above c.700 km In all cases, the design option using an offshore storage and processing vessel has lowest cost as it allows use of fewer transport ships with higher effective use at the same level of supply reliability Shipping cost, /km/tonne CO2 System cost estimates Discounted cash flow model built to calculate costs from perspective of the shipper Allows variation of options, scenarios and designs Model gives shipping fee in €/tonne CO2 with project return (IRR) at 8% Shipping cost, /tonne CO2 Shipping distance 800 km Coral Carbonic – the first purpose6built CO2 carrier, Anthony Vader Project supported by CATO programme and SCCS CO26EOR Joint Industry Project Thanks for your interest! Contact: [email protected]

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Transport and Offloading of CO2 by Ship Peter Brownsorta, Robert de Klerb, Joris Koornneefc, Filip Neeleb a Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage, Edinburgh; b TNO, Utrecht; c Ecofys, Utrecht

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage www.sccs.org.uk

Transport)of)CO2)by)ship)is)technically)feasible,)can)be)cost6competitive)and)may)complement)pipelines)in)the)development)of)North)Sea)CO2)storage,)particularly)where)a)

flexible)system)is)advantageous.)Literature)Survey)Conclusions)1)•  Ship)transport)of)CO2)feasible)using)known)technologies)•  Existing)experience)only)at)small)scale,)but)understanding)of)

scale6up)requirements)generally)good)•  Published)knowledge)sparse)for)offshore)offloading,)EOR)

injection)profiles)and)consequences,)whole6chain)optimisation)•  No)unusual)regulatory)or)HSE)issues)•  Shipping)cost6competitive)for)lower)scales)and)greater)distances)•  Flexibility)and)low)entry)capital)reduce)financial)risks)

•  Shipping)allows)flexibility)-  In)collection)points,)from)scattered)emitters)-  In)delivery)points,)serving)different)storage)sites)-  In)time,)changes)to)industry)sources,)EOR)

injection)profiles)and)project)phasing)-  In)capacity,)sequential)addition)of)ship)capacity)-  In)asset)use,)dual)purpose,)reuse)for)LPG)

•  Low)entry)CAPEX)for)shipping)and)flexibility)combine)to)give)lower)financial)risk)than)pipelines)

Technologies)for)shipping)CO2)as)a)refrigerated)liquid)are)understood,)but)optimal)choice)of)process)equipment,)equipment)location,) shipping) system,) offloading) system) and) the) need) for) offshore) storage) all) depend) strongly) on) storage) site)characteristics.) )This) study) took) 16) reservoir) scenarios,) derived) safe) operational) conditions) for) injection,)worked) back) to)suitable)engineering)options,)costed)these)and)estimated)specific)shipping)costs)to)compare)the)options.)

Liquefac)on, Shore,storage, Ship, Offloading, Buffer,storage, Pla;orm, Reservoir,Process)blocks)of)liquid)CO2)ship)transport)system.))Blue)–)considered)in)this)project)

1)–)Brownsort,)P.A.)(2015).)Ship%transport%of%CO2%for%Enhanced%Oil%Recovery%–%Literature%Survey.)Scottish)Carbon)Capture)&)Storage,)Edinburgh.)2)–)ZEP)(2011).)The%Costs%of%CO2%Transport.)European)Technology)Platform)for)Zero)Emission)Fossil)Fuel)Power)Plants,)Brussels.)

Ship,,HP,pump,,heatAexchanger,

Ship,,LP,pump,,heatAexchanger, SPM,

Pla;orm,,HP,pump,

Ship,,offload,pump,,no,

process,equip,

Storage,barge,,LP,pump,,heatAexchanger,

Pla;orm,,HP,pump,

SubAsea,injec)on,well,

Submerged,HP,flexible,

Submerged,LP,flexible,

Surface,LP,flexible,

SPM,

AboveAwater,,refrigerated,liquid,,

,LP,flexible, Surface,LP,flexible,

Submerged,LP,flexible,

Selected,Design,Op)ons,

Op)on,1,–,direct,injec)on,

Op)on,2,–,indirect,injec)on,

Op)on,3,–,indirect,injec)on,with,storage,

Engineering)design)•  Three)outline)design)options)selected)•  Duties,)sizes)and)costs)estimated)for)each)

option)and)each)of)16)reservoir/injection)scenarios)using)Aspen)Plus)V8.6)

•  Scale)465)Mt/yr)CO2,)set)by)well)characteristics)•  Process)equipment)CAPEX)(on)ship/platform)

only))-  Direct)injection:)€14619M))-  Indirect)injection:)€27633M))

Injection)site)characterisation)•  CO2)conditions)at)injection)must)avoid)risks)of)

hydrate)formation)and)fracturing)of)reservoir)rocks.))•  Operational)windows,)in)terms)of)injection)

temperature)and)mass6flow)rate)were)derived)by)modelling)from)reservoir)scenario)data.))

•  For)shallow,)depleted)gas)fields)operational)windows)are)limited)without)additional)pressure)management.)

•  Aquifers)and)deeper)fields)have)broader)windows.)

Limited,by,fractu

re,

risk,

Limited,,by,high,pressure,,

‘Sweet,spot’,

Mass,flow,,kg/s,

Injec)on

,Tem

perature,,°C,

IsoAlines,for,BoXom,Hole,Temperature,and,Well,Head,Pressure,(aquifer,,2000m,,100mD),

Offshore)offloading)of)CO2)•  Many)single)point)mooring)(SPM))options)•  All)would)need)adapting)for)CO2)•  Selection)depends)on:)location,)CO2)condition,)

flexible)hose)suitability,)ship)design)•  Key)factor)is)whether)offshore)buffer)storage)needed)

as)it)implies)refrigerated)liquid)transfer)•  Knowledge)gap)on)suitability)of)flexible)hoses)-  Likely)limitation)on)use)for)submerged)transfer)of)

refrigerated)liquid)CO2))•  Logic)flow)chart)proposed)for)focussing)SPM)options)

SPM,Selec)on,Guide,

Results)•  Costs)sensitive)to)reservoir)conditions)and)constraints,)particularly)pressure)•  Ship)size)has)only)small)effect)on)costs)(ship)size)10)–)50)kt)range))•  Total)capital)costs)range)3106420)M€)for)400)km)route)to)4506550)M€)for)1200)km)•  Specific)shipping)costs)reduce)with)distance,)as)expected)and)in)line)with)other)studies)2)

•  These)results)suggest)shipping)is)cost6competitive)at)distances)above)c.700)km)•  In)all)cases,)the)design)option)

using)an)offshore)storage)and)processing)vessel)has)lowest)cost)as)it)allows)use)of)fewer)transport)ships)with)higher)effective)use)at)the)same)level)of)supply)reliability)))

Shipping)cost,))€/km/tonne)CO2)

System)cost)estimates)•  Discounted)cash)flow)model)built)to)calculate)

costs)from)perspective)of)the)shipper)•  Allows)variation)of)options,)scenarios)and)

designs)•  Model)gives)shipping)fee)in)€/tonne)CO2)with)

project)return)(IRR))at)8%)

Shipping)cost,))€/tonne)CO2)Shipping)distance)800)km)

Coral)Carbonic)–)the)first)purpose6built)CO2)carrier,)

Anthony)Vader)

Project)supported)by)CATO)programme)and)SCCS)CO26EOR)Joint)Industry)Project)

Thanks for your interest! ,Contact:,[email protected],