transmission protection.ppt

8/20/2019 transmission protection.ppt

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Fundamentals ofDistance Protection

GE Multilin


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2 /GE /

October 3, 2015

Outline

• Transmission line

introduction

• What is distance protection?

• on!pilot and pilot schemes

• "edundanc# considerations• $ecurit# %or dual!brea&er

terminals

• Out!o%!step rela#in'• $in'le!pole trippin'

• $eries!compensated lines


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October 3, 2015

Transmission Lines

( )ital *art o% the *o+er $#stem • *ro-ide path to trans%er po+er bet+een 'enerationand load

• Operate at -olta'e le-els %rom .&) to .5&)

• ere'ulated mar&ets, economic, en-ironmentalreuirements ha-e pushed utilities to operatetransmission lines close to their limits


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October 3, 2015

Transmission Lines

lassi6cation o% line len'th depends on

$ource!to!line 7mpedance "atio 8$7"9,and

ominal -olta'e

:en'th considerations

$hort :ines $7" ; 4


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October 3, 2015

Typical Protection SchemesShort Lines

• urrent di>erential

• *hase comparison

• *ermissi-e O-erreach Trans%er Trip8*OTT9

• irectional omparison loc&in' 89


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October 3, 2015

Typical Protection SchemesMedium Lines



• *ermissi-e @nderreach Trans%er Trip 8*@TT9

• *ermissi-e O-erreach Trans%er Trip 8*OTT9

• @nbloc&in'

• $tep istance

• $tep or coordinated o-ercurrent• 7n-erse time o-ercurrent

• urrent i>erential


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/GE /

October 3, 2015

Typical Protection SchemesLong Lines



• *ermissi-e @nderreach Trans%er Trip 8*@TT9• *ermissi-e O-erreach Trans%er Trip 8*OTT9

• @nbloc&in'

• $tep istance

• $tep or coordinated o-ercurrent

• urrent i>erential


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A /GE /

October 3, 2015

What is distance protection?

Bor internal %aults;IZ – V and V approCimatel#

in phase 8mho9

;IZ – V and IZ approCimatel#in phase 8reactance9

EL!" #V,I$

%ntendedE!&' point

(

F)

%*(

+,%*(F

%*( -+


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/GE /

October 3, 2015


Bor eCternal %aults;IZ – V and V approCimatel#

out o% phase 8mho9

;IZ – V and IZ approCimatel#out o% phase 8reactance9

EL!" #V,I$

%ntendedE!&' point

( %*(

+,%*(F

%*( -+

F.


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10 /GE /

October 3, 2015


EL!"

%ntendedE!&' point

(


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11 /

GE /

October 3, 2015

Source %mpedance atio/!ccuracy 0 Speed

LineSystem

elay

+oltage at the relay1SIR f

f V V

PU LOC

PU LOC

N R+

≈

][

][

&onsider S% , 23)

Faultlocation

+oltage #4$

+oltagechange #4$

5D AA24 2.

0D 000 01

100D 01 /(

110D 1. 0.


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GE /

October 3, 2015

Source %mpedance atio/!ccuracy 0 Speed

Line

System

elay

+oltage at the relay1SIR f

f V V

PU LOC

PU LOC

N R+

≈

][

][

&onsider S% , 52

Faultlocation

+oltage #4$

+oltagechange #4$

5D 2430 0A.A

0D 212. 03132

100D 3225A /(

110D 3530 03112


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GE /

October 3, 2015

&hallenges in relay design; Transients

Fi'h %reuenc#

o>set in currents

)T transients in -olta'es

&+T output

2 ) . 5 6

steady-stateoutput

po7er cycles

-52

-.2

-)2

2

)2

.2

52

8 o l t a g e /

+

1

2

2

3 5

.

1

4

Fi'h )olta'e :ine

$ e c o n d a r

# ) o l t a ' e

O u t p u t

A


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October 3, 2015

&hallenges in relay design; Transients

Fi'h %reuenc#

o>set in currents

)T transients in -olta'es

1

2

2

3 5

.

1

4

Fi'h )olta'e :ine

$ e c o n d a r

# ) o l t a ' e

O u t p u t

A

&+Toutput

2 ) . 5 6

steady-stateoutput

-92

-62

-.2

2

.2

62

po7er cycles

8 o l t a g e /

+

92


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October 3, 2015

&hallenges in relay design

!05 0 05 1 15!100

!A0

!.0

!40

!20

0

20

40

.0

A0

100

) o l t a ' e G ) H

!05 0 05 1 15!3

!2

!1

0

1

2

3

4

5

5 u r r e n t

G ( H

-(

- -

i(

i, i

-23: 2 23: ) )3:-)22

-:2

2

:2

)22

e a c t

a n c e c o m p a r a t o r ; + <

po7er cycles

SPOL

SOP

Sorry= Future #un>no7n

;%n-phase ,internal fault

;Out-of-phase ,eternal fault


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October 3, 2015

Transient O8erreach

• Bault current 'enerall# contains dco>set in addition to ac po+er %reuenc#component

• "atio o% dc to ac component o% currentdepends on instant in the c#cle at +hich%ault occurred

• "ate o% deca# o% dc o>set depends ons#stem I/"


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October 3, 2015

(one ) and &+T Transients

apaciti-e )olta'e Trans%ormers 8)Ts9 createcertain problems %or %ast distance rela#s applied tos#stems +ith hi'h $ource 7mpedance "atios 8$7"s9

;)T!induced transient -olta'e components ma#

assume lar'e ma'nitudes 8up to 30!40D9 andlast %or a comparati-el# lon' time 8up to about 2c#cles9

;.0FJ -olta'e %or %aults at the rela# reach pointma# be as lo+ as 3D %or a $7" o% 30

;the si'nal ma# be buried under noise


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October 3, 2015

)T transients can cause distance rela#s too-erreach Generall#, transient o-erreach ma# becaused b#

;o-erestimation o% the current 8the ma'nitude o%the current as measured is lar'er than its actual-alue, and conseuentl#, the %ault appears closerthan it is actuall# located9,

;underestimation o% the -olta'e 8the ma'nitude o%the -olta'e as measured is lo+er than its actual

-alue9;combination o% the abo-e

(one ) and &+T Transients


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Distance Element Fundamenta

@L

@&

K1 End Kone


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October 3, 2015

-10 -5 0 5 10-5

0

5

10

15

R e a c t a n c e

[ o h m

]

Resistance [ohm]

18

22

26

30

34 4244 Actual Fault

Location

Line

Impedance

Trajectory(msec)

dynamic mhozone extendedfor high SIRs

-10 -5 0 5 10-5

0

5

10

15

R e a c t a n c e

[ o h m

]

Resistance [ohm]

18

22

26

30

3442 44 Actual Fault

Location

LineImpedance

Trajectory(msec)

dynamic mhozone extendedfor high SIRs

Impedance locus may pass

below the origin of the Z-plane -

this would call for a time delay

to obtain stability

Impedance locus may pass

below the origin of the Z-plane -

this would call for a time delay

to obtain stability


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October 3, 2015

;appl# dela# 86Ced or adaptable9;reduce the reach

;adapti-e techniues and better 6lterin'

al'orithms

&+T Transient O8erreachSolutions


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October 3, 2015

;OptimiJe si'nal 6lterin' currents ! maC 3D error due to the dc

component

-olta'es ! maC 0.D error due to )T transients

;(dapti-e double!reach approach 6lterin' alone ensures maCimum transient

o-erreach at the le-el o% 1D 8%or $7"s up to 59and 20D 8%or $7"s up to 309

to reduce the transient o-erreach e-en %urtheran adapti-e double!reach Jone 1 has beenimplemented

&+T Transients A !dapti8eSolution


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October 3, 2015

The outer Bone )1The outer Bone )1

; is Ced at the actual reach

; applies certain security delay to cope 7ith &+Ttransients

Delayed

Trip

Instantaneous

Trip

R

XThe inner Bone )1The inner Bone )1

; has its reachdynamically controlledy the 8oltagemagnitude

; is instantaneous

&+T Transients A !dapti8eSolution


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October 3, 2015

Desirale Distance elay!ttriutesBilters

;*re6lterin' o% currents to remo-e dc deca#in'transients

:imit maCimum transient o-ershoot 8belo+ 2D9

;*re6lterin' o% -olta'es to remo-e lo+ %reuenc#transients caused b# )Ts

:imit transient o-erreach to less than 5D %or an$7" o% 30

;(ccurate and %ast %reuenc# trac&in' al'orithm;(dapti-e reach control %or %aults at reach points


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October 3, 2015

Distance elay OperatingTimes


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GE /October 3, 2015


.2ms

):ms

.:ms 52ms

5:ms


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SLG faults LL faults

5P faults


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0 5 10 15 20 25 300

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

M a x i m u

m

R a c h [ % ]

SIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

M a x i m u m R a c h [ % ]

SIR

Actual maximum reach curvesActual maximum reach curves

Relay 1

Relay

Relay !

Relay "


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Maimum Torue !ngle

• (n'le at +hich mho element hasmaCimum reach

• haracteristics +ith smaller


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GE /October 3, 2015

Traditional

irectionalan'le lo+eredandLslammedM

irectionalan'leLslammedM

oth


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Typical loadcharacteristic

impedance +R

Operate

area

o Operatearea

+XL

, LOOH%G %TOL%E normally

considered for7ard

LoadTraIectory

R e a c h

Load S7ings


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Load s7ingLoad s7ing

L:enticularMharacterist

ic

Load S7ings


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Load Encroachment&haracteristic

The load encroachment element responds toThe load encroachment element responds to

positive sequence voltage and current and can positive sequence voltage and current and can

be used to block phase distance and phasebe used to block phase distance and phase

overcurrent elements.overcurrent elements.


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GE /October 3, 2015

Jlinders

• linders limit the operation o% distancerela#s 8uad or mho9 to a narro+ re'ionthat parallels and encompasses theprotected line

• (pplied to lon' transmission lines,+here mho settin's are lar'e enou'h topic& up on maCimum load or minors#stem s+in's


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Kuadrilateral &haracteristics


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GE /October 3, 2015

Ground Resistance

(Conductor falls on ground)

X L

R Resultant impedance outside of

the mho operating region

Kuadrilateral &haracteristics


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GE /October 3, 2015

Mho Kuadrilateral

Jetter co8eragefor ground faults

due to

resistanceadded to return

path

Lenticular

sed for phaseelements 7ith longhea8ily loaded lines

hea8ily loaded

Standard forphase elements

JX

R

Distance &haracteristics -Summary


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GE /October 3, 2015

Distance ElementPolariBation

The %ollo+in' polariJation uantities arecommonl# used in distance rela#s %ordeterminin' directionalit#

• $el%!polariJed

•


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GE /October 3, 2015

Memory PolariBation

;*ositi-e!seuence memoriJed -olta'e is used %orpolariJin'


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GE /October 3, 2015

Memory PolariBation I@

Dynamic M'O characteristic for a re8e

Dynamic M'O characteristic for a for

%mpedance During &lose-up Faults

Static M'O characteristic #memory notestalished or epired$

(L

(S


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GE /October 3, 2015

Memory PolariBation


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GE /October 3, 2015

&hoice of PolariBation

•7n order to pro-ide PeCibilit# moderndistance rela#s o>er a choice +ithrespect to polariJation o% 'roundo-ercurrent direction %unctions

)olta'e polariJation

urrent polariJation ual polariJation


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GE /October 3, 2015

Ground Directional Elements;*ilot!aided schemes usin' 'round mho distance rela#s

ha-e inherentl# limited %ault resistance co-era'e;Ground directional o-er current protection usin' eitherne'ati-e or Jero seuence can be a use%ul supplement to'i-e more co-era'e %or hi'h resistance %aults

;irectional discrimination based on the 'round uantities

is %ast # (ccurate an'ular relations bet+een the Jero and

ne'ati-e seuence uantities establish -er# uic&l#because

urin' %aults Jero and ne'ati-e!seuence currents

and -olta'es build up %rom -er# lo+ -alues8practicall# %rom Jero9

The pre!%ault -alues do not bias the de-elopin'%ault components in an# direction

i h


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GE /October 3, 2015

Distance Schemes

*ilot (ided$chemes

o &ommunicationet7een Distance

elays

&ommunicationet7een Distance

relays

on!*ilot (ided$chemes

8$tep istance9


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GE /October 3, 2015

Step Distance Schemes• Kone 1

Trips +ith no intentional time dela#

@nderreaches to a-oid unnecessar# operation %or %aults be#ondremote terminal

T#pical reach settin' ran'e A0!0D o% K:• Kone 2

$et to protect remainder o% line

O-erreaches into adQacent line/euipment


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J L

S J L

S

()()

()()

LocalLocal

emotemot

ee

Step Distance Schemes


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GE /October 3, 2015

J L

S J L

S

()()

()()

EndEnd

(one(one

EndEnd

(one(one

LocalLocal

emotemot

ee



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GE /October 3, 2015

J L

S

()()

()()

Jrea>eJrea>e

rr

TrippeTrippe

dd

J L

S

Jrea>eJrea>e

rr

&losed&losed

LocalLocal

emotemot

ee



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GE /October 3, 2015

J L

S

()()

()()

J L

S

(. #time(. #time

delayed$delayed$

emotemot

LocalLocal


(. #time(. #time

delayed$delayed$


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GE /October 3, 2015

J L

S

()()

J L

S

(. #time(. #time

delayed$delayed$


(5 #remote(5 #remote

ac>up$ac>up$


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Step Distance Protection


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GE /October 3, 2015

Local Relay – Z2Local Relay – Z2

Zone 2 PKPZone 2 PKP

Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay

Remote Relay – Z4Remote Relay – Z4


Over LapOver Lap

Distance elay &oordination


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GE /October 3, 2015

J L

S J L

S

&ommunication&ommunication

&hannel&hannel

LocalLocal

elayelayemoteemote

elayelay

eed For Pilot !ided Schemes


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GE /October 3, 2015

Pilot &ommunications&hannels• istance!based pilot schemes traditionall# utiliJesimple on/o> communications bet+een rela#s, but canalso utiliJe peer!to!peer communications and GOO$Emessa'in' o-er di'ital channels

• T#pical communications media include

*ilot!+ire 850FJ, .0FJ, (T9

*o+er line carrier


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Distance-ased PilotProtection

Pil t !id d Di t J d S h


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GE /October 3, 2015

Pilot-!ided Distance-Jased Sche

DTT A Direct nder-reaching TransferTrip

PTT A Permissi8e nder-reachingTransfer Trip

POTT A Permissi8e O8er-reachingTransfer Trip

'yrid POTT A 'yrid Permissi8e O8er-reaching Transfer Trip

D&J A Directional &omparison Jloc>ingScheme

D&J A Directional &omparison

nloc>ing Scheme


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Direct nderreachingTransfer Trip #DTT$

• "euires onl# underreachin' 8"@9 %unctions +hicho-erlap in reach 8Kone 19

•(pplied +ith B$R channel

G@(" %reuenc# transmitted durin' normalconditions

T"7* %reuenc# +hen one "@ %unction operates

• $cheme does not pro-ide trippin' %or %aults

be#ond "@ reach i% remote brea&er is open orchannel is inoperati-e

• ual pilot channels impro-e securit#


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Bus

Line

Bus

Zone 1

Zone 1

DTT Scheme

i i d hi


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Permissi8e nderreachingTransfer Trip #PTT$

• "euires both under 8"@9 ando-erreachin' 8"O9 %unctions

• 7dentical to @TT, +ith pilot trippin'si'nal super-ised b# "O 8Kone 29

PTT S h


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GE /October 3, 2015

Bus

Line

Bus

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 1

To protect end of line

& Local Trip Zone 2

Rx PP

OR Zone !

PTT Scheme

P i i O hi


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Permissi8e O8erreachingTransfer Trip #POTT$

• "euires o-erreachin' 8"O9 %unctions 8Kone29

• (pplied +ith B$R channel

G@(" %reuenc# sent in stand!b# T"7* %reuenc# +hen one "O %unction

operates

• o trip %or eCternal %aults i% pilot channel isinoperati-e

• Time!dela#ed trippin' can be pro-ided

POTT S h


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Bus

Line

Bus

Zone 1

Zone 2

TripLine

Breakers

OR

t

Rx

Tx

!D

"Z1#

"Z1#

o

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 1

POTT Scheme

POTT Scheme


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GE /October 3, 2015

POTT Scheme

POTT A Permissi8e O8er-reachingPOTT A Permissi8e O8er-reaching

Transfer TripTransfer Trip

J L

S J L

S

EndEnd

(one(one

&ommunication&ommunication&hannel&hannel

POTT Scheme


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GE /October 3, 2015

LocalLocalelayelay

emoteemoteelayelay

emoteemote

elayelay

FWD %FWD %GDGD

Ground Dir O& F7dGround Dir O& F7d

OO

Local elay A (.Local elay A (.

(OE . PHP(OE . PHP

LocalLocal

elay FWDelay FWD

%%GDGD

Ground Dir O&Ground Dir O&F7dF7d

OO

T%PT%P

emote elay A (.emote elay A (.

$%&& &'

(OE .(OE .

PHPPHP

$%&& R'

&ommunicat&ommunicat

ion &hannelion &hannel

POTT Scheme

POTT Scheme


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GE /October 3, 2015

POTT TX 4

POTT TX 3

POTT TX 2

POTT TX 1 A to GA to G

to G to G

! to G! to G

"#lt$ P%a&e"#lt$ P%a&e


POTT RX 4

POTT RX 3

POTT RX 2

POTT RX 1

( om

m uni c a t i on s

(

h a nn e l ) s *

POTT Scheme

POTT Scheme


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$%&& &' ZO'( 2 OR ZO'( 2 OR

G') )IR O! *+)G') )IR O! *+)

!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on

!%annel!%annel

TRIPTRIP

G') )IR O! R(VG') )IR O! R(VG') )IR O! R(VG') )IR O! R(V $%&& R'

tarttart

T$merT$merT$merT$mer

(-p$re(-p$re

G') )IR O! *+)G') )IR O! *+)

POTT Scheme&urrent re8ersal eample

POTT Scheme


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Local RelayLocal Relay

OpenOpen

Remote RelayRemote Relay

Remote *+)Remote *+)

IIG')G')

$%&& &'

Remote – Z2Remote – Z2


!%annel!%annel

$%&& R'

OP('OP('

$%&& &'


!%annel!%annel

$%&& R'

TRIPTRIP

POTT SchemeEcho eample

' id POTT


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GE /October 3, 2015

'yrid POTT

• 7ntended %or three!terminal lines and+ea& in%eed conditions

• Echo %eature adds securit# durin' +ea&in%eed conditions

• "e-erse!loo&in' distance and ocelements used to identi%# eCternal %aults

' id POTT


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Bus

Line

Bus

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 1 Zone $

LocalRe%ote

&eaksyste%

'yrid POTT

Directional &omparison


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Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$

• "euires o-erreachin' 8"O9 trippin' and bloc&in'89 %unctions

• O/OBB pilot channel t#picall# used 8ie, *:9

Transmitter is &e#ed to O state +henbloc&in' %unction8s9 operate

"eceipt o% si'nal %rom remote end bloc&strippin' rela#s

• Trippin' %unction set +ith Kone 2 reach or 'reater• loc&in' %unctions include Kone 3 re-erse andlo+!set 'round o-ercurrent elements

D&J Scheme


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GE /October 3, 2015

Bus

Line

Bus

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 1

LocalRe%ote

D&J Scheme



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GE /October 3, 2015

. ,

. ,

(n/ Zone(n/ Zone

!omm#n$cat$on !%annel!omm#n$cat$on !%annel

Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$



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GE /October 3, 2015

Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$%nternal Faults




TRIP T$merTRIP T$mer

tarttart

*+) I*+) IG')G')

G') )IR O! *0/G') )IR O! *0/

OR OR +ir ,loc R''O'O

TRIPTRIP

(-p$re/(-p$re/



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GE /October 3, 2015




R(V IR(V IG')G')

G') )IR O! RevG') )IR O! Rev

OR OR

+IR ,.%(/ &'



+ir ,loc R'


!%annel!%annel

*+) I*+) IG')G')

G') )IR O! *0/G') )IR O! *0/

OR OR

TRIP T$merTRIP T$mer

tarttart 'o TRIP'o TRIP

Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$Eternal Faults



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GE /October 3, 2015

Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$

• (pplied to *ermissi-e O-erreachin' 8*O"9schemes to o-ercome the possibilit# o% carrier si'nalattenuation or loss as a result o% the %ault

• @nbloc&in' pro-ided in the recei-er +hen si'nal is

lost 7% si'nal is lost due to %ault, at least one

permissi-e "O %unctions +ill be pic&ed up

@nbloc&in' lo'ic produces short!duration T"7*

si'nal 8150!300 ms9 7% "O %unction not pic&edup, channel loc&out occurs until G@(" si'nalreturns

D&J Scheme


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Bus

Line

Bus

Trip

Line

Breakers

Tx1"'n(Block#

)or*ard

)or*ard

Tx2"Block#

)or*ard

Rx2

Rx1

to

!D to

!D

!D

!D

Lockout

"Block#

"'n(Block#

D&J Scheme



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. ,

. ,

(n/ Zone(n/ Zone

!omm#n$cat$on !%annel!omm#n$cat$on !%annel

Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$



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Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$ormal conditions

Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay0AR+1 &'0AR+1 R'


!%annel!%annel

0AR+! &' 0AR+! R''O Lo&& o G#ar/'O Lo&& o G#ar/

*K !arr$er*K !arr$er *K !arr$er*K !arr$er

'O Perm$&&$on'O Perm$&&$on

'O Lo&& o G#ar/'O Lo&& o G#ar/

'O Perm$&&$on'O Perm$&&$on

Loa/ !#rrentLoa/ !#rrent



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Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$ormal conditions/ channel failure



!%annel!%annel

0AR+! &' 0AR+! R'


Lo&& o G#ar/Lo&& o G#ar/

loc T$mer tarte/loc T$mer tarte/



Loa/ !#rrentLoa/ !#rrent

2% R'

2% R'

loc )!.loc )!.

#nt$l G#ar/ OK #nt$l G#ar/ OK

(-p$re/(-p$re/

loc )!.loc )!.

#nt$l G#ar/ OK #nt$l G#ar/ OK

(-p$re/(-p$re/

Lo&& o !%annelLo&& o !%annel



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October 3, 2015

Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$%nternal fault/ healthy channel



!%annel!%annel

0AR+! &' 0AR+! R'



Perm$&&$onPerm$&&$on

&RI$1 &'



&RI$1 R'

&RI$! &'

TRIPTRIP


ZO'( 2 PKPZO'( 2 PKP

TRIP Z1TRIP Z1

&RI$! R'



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October 3, 2015

Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$%nternal fault/ channel failure



!%annel!%annel

0AR+! &' 0AR+! R'


&RI$1 &'



2% R'

&RI$! &'

TRIPTRIP


ZO'( 2 PKPZO'( 2 PKP

TRIP Z1TRIP Z1

2% R'


Lo&& o !%annelLo&& o !%annel



)#rat$on T$mer tarte/)#rat$on T$mer tarte/(-p$re/(-p$re/

edundancy &onsiderations


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October 3, 2015

edundancy &onsiderations

• "edundant protection s#stems increase dependabilit# o%the s#stem


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October 3, 2015

. ,

. ,

(n/ Zone(n/ Zone

!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 1!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 1

!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 2!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 2

Lo&& o !%annel 2Lo&& o !%annel 2

A') !%annel&A') !%annel&

$%&& .ess Reliable$%&& .ess Reliable

+(, .ess 3ecure+(, .ess 3ecure

OR !%annel&OR !%annel&

$%&& 4ore Reliable$%&& 4ore Reliable

+(, 4ore 3ecure+(, 4ore 3ecure

4ore (hannel 3ecurity4ore (hannel 3ecurity 4ore (hannel +ependability4ore (hannel +ependability

edundant &ommunications

edundant Pilot Schemes


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October 3, 2015

edundant Pilot Schemes

Pilot elay Desirale


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October 3, 2015

• 7nte'rated %unctions

+ea& in%eedecho

line pic&!up 8$OTB9

• asic protection elements used to &e# the

communicationdistance elements

%ast and sensiti-e 'round 8Jero andne'ati-e seuence9 directional 7Os +ith

current, -olta'e, and/or dual polariJation

Pilot elay Desirale!ttriutes

Pilot elay Desirale


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October 3, 2015

*re!pro'rammed distance!based pilot schemesirect @nder!reachin' Trans%er Trip 8@TT9

*ermissi-e @nder!reachin' Trans%er Trip 8*@TT9

*ermissi-e O-erreachin' Trans%er Trip 8*OTT9

F#brid *ermissi-e O-erreachin' Trans%er Trip 8FS

*OTT9

loc&in' scheme 89

@nbloc&in' scheme 8@9

Pilot elay Desirale!ttriutes

Security for dual-rea>er


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October 3, 2015

Security for dual-rea>erterminals• rea&er!and!a!hal% and rin' bus terminals arecommon desi'ns %or transmission lines

• $tandard practice has been to

sum currents %rom each circuit brea&er

eCternall# b# parallelin' the Ts use eCternal sum as the line current %orprotecti-e rela#s

• Bor some close!in eCternal %ault e-ents, poor

T per%ormance ma# lead to improper operationo% line rela#s



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October 3, 2015

Security for dual-rea>erterminals

(ccurate Ts preser-e there-erse current directionunder +ea& remote in%eed



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October 3, 2015

Security for dual-rea>erterminals

$aturation o% T1 ma#in-ert the line current asmeasured %romeCternall# summatedTs



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0 /

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October 3, 2015

Security for dual rea>erterminals • irect measurement o%

currents %rom both circuitbrea&ers allo+s the use o%super-isor# lo'ic to pre-entdistance and directionalo-ercurrent elements %romoperatin' incorrectl# due toT errors durin' re-erse%aults• (dditional bene6ts o% direct

measurement o% currents independent Bprotection %or each circuitbrea&er

independent



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October 3, 2015

Security for dual rea>erterminals$uper-isor# lo'ic should

not a>ect speed or sensiti-it# o% protection elements correctl# allo+ trippin' durin' e-ol-in' eCternal!to!

internal %ault conditions

determine direction o% current Po+ throu'h eachbrea&er independentl#

• oth currents in BW direction → internal %ault• One current BW, one current "E) → eCternal %ault

allo+ trippin' durin' all %or+ard/internal %aults

bloc& trippin' durin' all re-erse/eCternal %aults

initiall# bloc& trippin' durin' e-ol-in' eCternal!to!internal %aults until second %ault appears in %or+arddirection loc& is then li%ted to permit trippin'

Single-pole Tripping


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October 3, 2015

Single pole Tripping

• istance rela# must correctl# identi%# a$:G %ault and trip onl# the circuit brea&erpole %or the %aulted phase

• (utoreclosin' and brea&er %ailure %unctionsmust be initiated correctl# on the %ault e-ent

• $ecurit# must be maintained on the

health# phases durin' the open polecondition and an# reclosin' attempt

Out-of-Step &ondition


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October 3, 2015

Out of Step &ondition

• Bor certain operatin' conditions, ase-ere s#stem disturbance can causes#stem instabilit# and result in loss o%

s#nchronism bet+een di>erent'eneratin' units on an interconnecteds#stem

Out-of-Step elaying


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October 3, 2015

Out of Step elaying

Out!o%!step bloc&in' rela#s

Operate in conQunction +ith mho trippin' rela#s topre-ent a terminal %rom trippin' durin' se-eres#stem s+in's out!o%!step conditions

*re-ent s#stem %rom separatin' in an indiscriminatemanner

Out!o%!step trippin' rela#s Operate independentl# o% other de-ices to detect out!

o%!step condition durin' the 6rst pole slip

7nitiate trippin' o% brea&ers that separate s#stem inorder to balance load +ith a-ailable 'eneration onan# isolated part o% the s#stem

Out-of-Step Tripping


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October 3, 2015

Out of Step Tripping The locus muststa# %or sometime bet+een theouter and middlecharacteristics

ing


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October 3, 2015

Po7er S7ing Jloc>ing(pplications

;Establish a bloc&in' si'nal %or stable po+er s+in's8*o+er $+in' loc&in'9

;Establish a trippin' si'nal %or unstable po+er s+in's8Out!o%!$tep Trippin'9

"esponds to;*ositi-e!seuence -olta'e and current

Series-compensated lines


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October 3, 2015

Series compensated lines

+Xs

,-XL Infinte

Bus

ene6ts o% series capacitors

• "eduction o% o-erall I: o% lon' lines• 7mpro-ement o% stabilit# mar'ins• (bilit# to adQust line load le-els• :oss reduction• "eduction o% -olta'e drop durin' se-eredisturbances• ormall# economical %or line len'ths ; 200 miles



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October 3, 2015


+Xs

,-XL Infinte

Bus

$s create un%a-orable conditions %or protecti-e

rela#s and %ault locators• O-erreachin' o% distance elements• Bailure o% distance element to pic& up on lo+!current %aults• *hase selection problems in sin'le!pole trippin'

applications• :ar'e %ault location errors



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October 3, 2015

Series compensated linesSeries &apacitor 7ith MO+



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October 3, 2015




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October 3, 2015

Series compensated lines#namic "each ontrol



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October 3, 2015

Series compensated lines#namic "each ontrol %or ECternal Baults



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October 3, 2015

Se es co pe sa ed es#namic "each ontrol %or ECternal Baults



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October 3, 2015

p#namic "each ontrol %or 7nternal Baults

Distance Protection Loo>ing


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October 3, 2015

gThrough a Transformer

• *hase distance elements can be set to seebe#ond an# 3!phase po+er trans%ormer

• Ts )Ts ma# be located independentl# on

di>erent sides o% the trans%ormer• Gi-en distance Jone is de6ned b# )T location8not Ts9

• "each settin' is in Ωsec, and must ta&e intoaccount location ratios o% )Ts, Ts and-olta'e ratio o% the in-ol-ed po+er trans%ormer

Transformer Group


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10. /

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October 3, 2015

p&ompensation

Depending on location of VTs and CTs, distance relaysDepending on location of VTs and CTs, distance relays

need to compensate for the phase shift and magnitudeneed to compensate for the phase shift and magnitude

change caused by the power transformer change caused by the power transformer

Setting ules


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October 3, 2015

g

• Trans%ormer positi-e seuence impedance mustbe included in reach settin' onl# i% trans%ormer liesbet+een )Ts and intended reach point

• urrents reuire compensation onl# i% trans%ormerlocated bet+een Ts and intended reach point

• )olta'es reuire compensation onl# i% trans%ormerlocated bet+een )Ts and intended reach point

• ompensation set based on trans%ormerconnection -ector 'roup as seen %rom Ts/)Ts

to+ard reach point

Distance elay Desirale


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October 3, 2015

;


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October 3, 2015

;Bor impro-ed PeCibilit#, it is desirable to ha-e the

%ollo+in' parameters settable on a per Jone basis Kero!seuence compensation


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October 3, 2015

;(dditional %unctions

O-ercurrent elements 8phase, neutral, 'round,directional, ne'ati-e seuence, etc9

rea&er %ailure

(utomatic reclosin' 8sin'le three!pole9

$#nc chec& @nder/o-er -olta'e elements

;$pecial %unctions

*o+er s+in' detection

:oad encroachment

*ilot schemes

y!ttriutes


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transmission protection.ppt

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