transmission planning mod 1
TRANSCRIPT
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1.1 Introduction to Network Planning3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
Network Planning
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Objectives
To be able to describe concepts such as:
Polarization
Frequency plansAntenna parameters
Free space loss
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view! Page
1 Electromagnetic waves 7Electromagnetic waves 8
Exercise 9Blank Page 10
2 Polarization 11Polarization 12Exercise 13Blank Page 14
3 Electromagnetic spectrum 15Electromagnetic spectrum 16
4 Radio spectrum 17Radio spectrum 18
5 Use of the spectrum 19Use of the spectrum 21Blank Page 22
6 General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans23General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans 26
7 Antenna System 27Antenna System 36Exercise 37Blank Page 38
8 Field strength and related parameters 39Field strength and related parameters 41Blank Page 42
9 Free space loss 43Free space loss 44Exercise 45Blank Page 46
10 Radio Network Design procedure 47
Radio Network Design procedure 48Radio Network Design procedure 49End of Module 50
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Table of Contents [cont.]
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1 Electromagnetic waves
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TEM Wave
1 Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic Waves
An electromagnetic wave is a simultaneous interaction between an electrostatic (E) field and a magnetic (H)field.
Radiated energy from an antenna, once a distance from the source, forms E and H fields, which areperpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation and are hence referred to as TransverseElectro-Magnetic (TEM) waves.
Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity
Wavelength is the distance in meters between any two similar points on the wave. This portion ofthe wave is referred to as one complete cycle.Wavelength is given symbol .
Frequencyf is the number of complete cycles passing a fixed point in one second.If one cycle passes a fixed point in one second this corresponds to a frequency of 1 Hertz (Hz).
In free space thevelocityof an EM wave is approximately 3 x 108 ms-1. This is the speed of light(since light is an EM wave) and is usually given symbol c.The relationship between c (velocity), f (frequency) and (wavelength) of an EM wave is given bythe equation:
c = f where c = velocity of propagation in ms-1 (3 x 108 ms-1)
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz) = Wavelength in meters (m)
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1 Electromagnetic waves
Exercise
Exercise - Wavelenght
Calculate the wavelength of a 10 GHz signal.
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2 Polarization
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E
H
EARTH
Vertical Polarization
H
E
EARTH
Horizontal Polarization
2 Polarization
Polarization
The plane of polarization is defined in terms of the orientation of the E field with respect to the earth. Verticalpolarization and horizontal polarization are common forms of plane polarization.
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2 Polarization
Exercise
In the vertical polarization is:
field E vertical to the ground?
field M vertical to the ground?
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100 103 106 109 1012 10 15 10 18
Radio Systems Infra-red Ultra-violet
X-rays
Visible
Light
300 000km 300km 300m 0.3m 300pm300m 0.3 m
c = f x
Where c = 3 x 108 ms
3 Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum
The Figure illustrates the electromagnetic spectrum and indicates the portion occupied by radio systems.
Radio systems are identified by their frequency or wavelength of operation.
The Figure shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength(Example: f = 10 GHz =3 cm.)
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4 Radio spectrum
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Band Frequency Typical UseVLF up to 30 kHz Navigation systems
LF 30 300 kHz Long-range broadcast, navigation systems
MF 300 3000 kHz Medium wave broadcast and communications
HF 3 30 MHz Long-range commercial and military communications
VHF 30 300 MHz Mobile communications
UHF 300 3000 MHz Mobile communications
SHF 3 30 GHz Point-to-point microwave links, including satellitecommunications
EHF >30 GHz Point-to-point microwave links (Experimental systems)
4 Radio spectrum
Radio spectrum
The radio spectrum is sub-divided into a number of bands. The Figure lists these bands and the typical use ofeach band.
Factors influencing the use of a particular frequency band for a given application include:
Propagation mechanism - choice of Surface, Sky or Space wave depending on desired range.
Antenna size - consideration of particular antenna construction for given applications.
Capacity - ability of a small carrier deviation to deliver the required bandwidth and hence bit rate.
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5 Use of the spectrum
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Radio frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems in frequency bands
above about 17 GHz
Band
(GHz)
Frequency range
(GHz)
Rec. ITU-R
F-Series
Channel spacing
(MHz)18 17.7 19.7
17.7 21.217.7 19.717.7 19.717.7 19.7
595
595, Annex 1595, Annex 2595, Annex 3595, Annex 4
220; 110; 55: 27.5
160220; 80; 40; 20; 10; 6
3.513.75; 27.5
23 21.2 23.621.2 23.621.2 23.621.2 23.621.2 23.621.2 23.622.0 23.6
637637, Annex 1637, Annex 2637, Annex 3637, Annex 4637, Annex 5637, Annex 1
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)112 to 3.5
28; 3.528; 14; 7; 3.5
50112 to 3.5112 to 3.5
27 24.25 25.2524.25 25.2525.25 27.5
25.25 27.527.5 29.5
27.5 29.527.5 29.5
748748, Annex 3
748
748, Annex 1748
748, Annex 2748, Annex 3
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)56; 28
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)
112 to 3.53.5; 2.5 (patterns)
112 to 3.5112; 56; 28
31 31.0 31.3 746, Annex 7 25; 50
38 36.0 40.536.0 37.0
749749, Annex 3
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)112 to 3.5
55 54.25 58.2
54.25 57.257.2 58.2
1100
1100, Annex 11100, Annex 2
3.5; 2.5 (patterns)
140; 56; 28; 14100
5 Use of the spectrum
Use of the spectrum
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6 General characteristics on the ITU-R recommendedfrequency plans
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6 General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans
General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans [cont.]
Separate sub-bands for Tx and Rx channels, with a central guardband.
Constant channel spacing between co-polarized channels.
Two types of channel arrangements: InterleavedCo-Channel
Criteria followed by ITU- R:
Below 12 GHz: Compatibility of channel arrangements in the transitionfrom Analog to Digital systems.
Above 12 GHz: Channel arrangements optimized for Digital systems.
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INTERLEAVED CHANNEL ARRANGEMENT
...
z
x
1
Pol.
H(V)
V(H)
2
3
4 y
1
2
3
4 N
...
z
F
GO CHANNELS RETURN CHANNELS
N-1 N-1
x/2 x/2
N
6 General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans
General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans [cont.]
x = Co-polar channel spacing
y = Central guard band
z = Edge guard band
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CO-CHANNEL ARRANGEMENT
...1
Pol.
H(V)
V(H)
2
3
4
y
1
2
3
4 N
...
z
F
GO CHANNELS RETURN CHANNELS
z x
N
6 General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans
General characteristics on the ITU-R recommended frequency plans
x = Co-polar channel spacing
y = Central guard band
z = Edge guard band
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7 Antenna System
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RX
Antenna Gain
IdealIsotropicRadiator
TheoreticalHalf-Wave
Dipole PraticalAntenna
Main Lobe
2.15 dBi
Antenna Gain dBi
Boresight
PracticalAntenna
Side Lobes
0 dBi
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
Isotropic radiator
An isotropic radiator radiates the energy evenly in all directions. Its radiation diagram is thus circular in bothvertical and horizontal planes. Though a truly isotropic source is unrealizable it is easy to describe mathematicallyand is a useful reference.
Antenna gain
Antenna gain is the result of the focusing action of a practical antenna, radiating more energy in one directionand less in others. The axis along which maximum energy or field strength is radiated is termed the boresight andmay be readily identified from a polar diagram of field strength in a given plane (see the next figure).
The antenna gain is the ratio of the field strength along the boresight compared to that which be produced by anisotropic radiator radiating the same total power.
Gain = 10 log (F antenna /F iso) dBiNote: dBi means the use of the isotropic antenna as reference
The dipole is only loosely directional perpendicular to the plane containing its axis and, due to symmetry, notdirectional in the other plane (this property is called omni-directional).
The dipole is also easy to analyze mathematically. Its gain compared to an isotropic source is 2.15 dBi.
EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)
EIRP of an antenna is:
Input power to the transmission line feed feeder losses + antenna gain in dBi
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Beamwidth
Antenna lobe(Main)
Max. gain-3 dB
Boresight(Max. gain)
Max. gain-3 dB
Antenna
Beam widthto half
Power point 3dB
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
Antenna beamwidth
Antenna beamwidth is the angular distance between the half power (-3 dB points) on the polar diagram (see thenext Figure).
Though this is the angle normally used to asses what an antenna will see, radiation and reception does occuroutside of the beamwidth in the mean beam and in the sidelobes, when present as this a potential source ofinterference.
Antenna bandwidth
Most antennas are designed at some center frequency. As the operating frequency is moved away from this thedimensions of the antenna in terms of wavelength will vary and will be consequential changes in radiation pattern(gain and beamwidth), antenna impedance and hence VSWR in the antenna feed, etc. Any of this parameterscould be a practical limit on the range of frequencies used for a given antenna.
Front to Back ratio
The Front to Back ratio is a measure of how well the antenna discriminates from a signal entering along theboresight compared to the reverse direction and is a factor in reducing interference
Cross-Polar Discrimination
Antennas (or their feed arrangements) are designed to operate in one plane of polarization. This is useful forfrequency re-use as it is possible to have two links operating at the same frequency, but with differentpolarization. To prevent mutual interference between the two systems their antennas should not receive theincorrect polarization.
Cross-polar discrimination is the measure of how successful this is and the ratio of the wanted to unwantedsignals received in dB.
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HHVV
VH
HV
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
Parallel and cross-polar response are represented for both horizontal an vertical polarizations. The curves areidentified as follows:
HH - Response of a horizontally polarized port to a horizontally polarized signal
HV- Response of a horizontally polarized port to a vertically polarized signal
VV- Response of a vertically polarized port to a vertically polarized signal
VH - Response of a vertically polarized port to a horizontally polarized signal
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A
Antenna
X
Parabolic antenna
B
X
Z
Wavefront
The Parabolic antenna surface focuses thearriving plane on the antenna.
ie RAX = RBX
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
Parabolic antenna
This antenna consists of a large reflecting surface (geometry is parabolic), this creates a focal point from whichenergy can be fed to illuminate the dish: when receiving signals the parabolic dish concentrates the energy ontothe focal point.
The next figure illustrates the importance of the antenna geometry, energy illuminating the reflector from the focalpoint will create a parallel wavefront in front of the dish.
The parabolic antenna is highly directional with a gain typically of 40-50 dBi. The gain is related to thedimensions of the reflector relative to the signal wavelength.
The antenna concentrates most radiation into the main lobe, which typically has a 3 dB beamwidth of a fewdegrees.
The antenna does produce a number of undesired side lobes which are in the order of 25 dB down on the mainlobe.
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Antenna gain
The gain of a parabolic antenna is:
where: D = antenna diameter (m)
= signal wavelength (m) = antenna efficiency (usually is from 0.55 to 0.65)The efficiency is related to the irregularities in the antenna and illumination.
Another approximation of gain is:
G (dBi) = 20 log F + 20 log D + 18.2 + 0.5 (depending on )
where: F = signal frequency (GHz)
D = antenna diameter (m)
2
=
DG
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
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Antenna beamwidth
The 3 dB beamwidth of a parabolic antenna is:
where: = wavelength (m)D = antenna diameter (m)
degrees)(D
70dB)(3Beamwidth =
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
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(a) Parabolic Dish (b) Offset Horn
Typical Microwave Antennas
7 Antenna System
Antenna System [cont.]
Feeder
The parabolic antenna can be fed in different ways, as shown in the Figure.
Center fed antennas can cause blocking of the aperture and reduced efficiency. This may be overcome byoffsetting the feed, but the feed point needs rigid support and such antennas, although more efficient, are bulkier.
A single feed point may be orientated to produce the desired polarization.
Twin feeds may be used to produce a dual polarization from a single dish.
Note: With circular waveguide it is possible to have V and H polarization in same feeder.
With elliptical waveguide it is possible only one polarization (Elliptical cross section is reallyrectangular).
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a) f/D ratio
Focal PointD
Overspill Radiation
f
b) Antenna Shrouds
Antenna
Shroud
c) Tapered Illumination
ParabolicReflector
Illumination Intensity
Controlling Front-to-back Ratio
7 Antenna System
Antenna System
Front to Back ratio
The parabolic antenna has a relatively high front to back ratio (30 to 40 dB approx.). However some energy fromthe focal point feed overspills the reflector (as shown in Figure a). With diffraction effects the overspill can producesignificant radiation at the rear side of the antenna.
This is especially true of antennas with a small aperture diameter (D) compared to focal length (f), i.e. a large f/Dratio.
Decreasing f/D ratio by making the dish deeper reduces spillover, but degrades the radiation pattern, as theillumination is more uneven. The antenna is also larger and heavier.
If front-to-back ratio is critical, another option is to use a conducting shroud (as shown in Figure b) attached tothe front of the antenna to eliminate the overspill, but this again may have an adverse effect on the gain andradiation pattern.
Very often shrouds can be confused with antenna radomes.A radome offers physical protection to the antenna from the effects of the environment and is made from materialtransparent to microwaves.
An alternative techniques is to concentrate the illumination of energy at the center of the reflector and decreasethe illumination at the periphery. This tapered illumination is shown in Figure c. Amplitude tapering reduces thegain and increase the beamwidth, as the full aperture is not being fully used.
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8 Field strength and related parameters
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ISOTROPIC RECEIVER
The ability of a receiving antenna to receive power from an incident power flux is determined by its apparent oreffective aperture, (Ae) in m2. This is a function of the antennas construction and for an isotropic antenna isgiven by:
where = wavelength in meters
Power Received
Power received may be expressed by:
Free-space Propagation Loss
Free-space Propagation loss may be expressed as:
( )2m2
4
Ae = (Watts)4xd4PtPr 22=22
fsl
c
fd4
d4
Pr
PtA
=
==
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4
x
d4
PAx
d4
PP
2
2
t
e2
t
r==
IsotropicRadiator
EffectiveAperture
in m2
Pt
Pr
d
Isotropic Receiver
Ae
8 Field strength and related parameters
Field strength and related parameters
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9 Free space loss
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The free space loss, expressed in dB, is a function of distance and frequency.
The free space loss equation may then be expressed as:
i.e. A fsl (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log F (GHz) + 20 log d (km)
where F = frequency in GHz
d = distance in km
( )2
8
93
fsl10x3
10x(GHz)Fx10x(km)d4log10dBA
=
9 Free space loss
Free space loss
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9 Free space loss
Exercise
Exercise - Free-space loss attenuation
Calculate the free-space loss attenuation of a50 km link operating at 8 GHz.
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10 Radio Network Design procedure
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10 Radio Network Design procedure
Radio Network Design procedure
Step 1: By starting with the simplest (low cost) configuration (1+0),calculate the PRx nom level by using the Power link budget
formula (Section 1, Module 2, Chapter 1) Step 2: Calculate the clearance of the hop (Section 1, Module 2,
Chapter 2 & 3)
Step 3: Calculate the PRx threshold (Section 1, Module 2, Chapter 4)
Step 4: Calculate the FM=PRx nom PRx threshold Step 5: By using the FM of Step 4 calculate the outage probability
due to the rain (Section 1, Module 2, Chapter 5)
Step 6: Calculate the outage probability due to the fading (Section 1,
Module 2, Chapter 6) Step 7: Calculate the objectives according to the ITU-T and ITU-R
reccomandations (Section 1, Module 2, Chapter 7)
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10 Radio Network Design procedure
Radio Network Design procedure
Step 8: If the outages of the link (calculated in Chapter 5 & 6) meetthe objective, go to Step 10
Step 9: Change the PRx nom level or use the Fadingcountermeasures (Section 1, Module 2, Chapter 8) in orderto meet the objective
Step 10: Consider all the possible interferences (Section 1, Module2, Chapter 9, 10 & 11) and calculate the new FM
Step 11: If, with the new FM, the objectives are always met, the radioplanning procedure is over. Otherwise go back to Step 9.
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End of Module