translation of genetic information
TRANSCRIPT
TRANSLATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION,
PROTEINS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONPAOLA GÓMEZ AVILA
MEDICINE STUDENT
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
THIRD SEMESTER
El F3 overexpression is also related to cancers of the
breast, prostate and esophagus.
Therapeutically, it could detect increased expression in
a tissue eIF3 and after cancer targeting pathways we
have identified as regulated by eIF3.
It has been shown that you can put a brake on invasive
growth by manipulating these interactions, so clearly
this opens the door to another layer of potential cancer
therapies that could target these binding regions RNA.
Knowledge of chaperones has allowed the realization of
treatments chaperones in metabolic diseases,
explaining the function of these drug compounds in the
rescue of the enzyme mutated proteins whose activity
is reduced, facilitating its proper folding and
preventing its degradation, increasing their residual
activity. This type of treatment is specific to some
mutations affecting protein folding, with in each
disease.
IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY
FOR MEDICINE AREA
INFORMATION,
PROTEINS:
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
PAOLA GÓMEZ AVILA
MEDICINE STUDENT
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
THIRD SEMESTER
Martínez Sánchez, Lina María; Vargas Grisales,
Natalia; Mejía Cardona, Laura; Osorio Ospina, Felipe;
Ramírez Pulgarín, Sergio. (2015). “Biología
molecular”. 8va Ed. Medellín, Colombia. Editorial
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
University of California - Berkeley. (2016, July 27).
When targeting cancer genes, home in on the one
percent: Many cancer-related mRNAs bind a protein
and uncover a hidden site that's a possible Achilles
heel.ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2016 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160727140
047.htm
University of Texas Health Science Center at San
Antonio. (2016, August 5). Microscopic collisions help
proteins stay healthy: Heat shock proteins ram into
other proteins, generating force that is beneficial..
Retrieved August 28, 2016 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160805115
212.htm
REFERENCES
The translation is protein synthesis guided by a
mold mRNA. The proteins are active mediators in
most cellular processes, carrying out the
functions determined by the information encoded
in the DNA. Protein synthesis is the final stage of
gene expression. However, translation is only the
first step in the formation of a functional
protein..
RNAm :The proteins are synthesized from mRNA
of a mold, all mRNA are read in the direction 5’-
3’, and the polypeptide chains are synthesized
from the amino terminal to carboxy terminal.
Each amino acid is encoded by three bases in the
Mrna
MOLECULAR CHAPERONES
They are a diverse group of families of proteins
required for proper folding, transport and
degradation of other proteins.Chaperones act as
containers for other bending protein subunits,
which contributes to be considered helper
proteins.
Many chaperones are heat-shock proteins (hsps),
prevent degradation of other proteins in cellular
stress conditions like high temperatures.
When targeting cancer genes, home in
on the one percentDrugs that stop the overproduction of proteins by
cancer cells may shut them down, but it also shuts
down production of essential proteins in healthy cells.
Researchers have found a protein with an active site
that opens and initiates translation only when the
protein binds to a small subset of mRNAs -- those
critical to regulating the growth and proliferation of
cell. Drugs to block this protein may allow a more
targeted drug approach, say the investigators.
The target is a protein that binds to messenger RNA --
the cell's blueprint for making protein -- and helps get
it started along the production line that ends in a fully
assembled protein. A drug blocking this binding protein
could shut off translation of only the growth-promoting
proteins and not other life-critical proteins inside the
cell. the protein is part of a larger assembly of proteins
called eIF3 -eukaryotic initiation factor 3.
PERSONAL OPINION: It is a great contribution to cancer
treatment because the possibility of affecting only the
abnormal cells from a patient, and maintain the
proliferation and growth of the rest of the cell
population opens.
INTRODUCTIONMicroscopic collisions help
proteins stay healthy“Heat shock proteins," also called
"chaperone proteins." These proteins, first
identified in cells subjected to heat, are
very important under many stressful and
non-stressful metabolic conditions.
They maintain proper protein function
and, importantly, prevent the
inappropriate accumulation of damaged
proteins. For example, accumulation of
damaged proteins such as beta amyloid,
tau and synuclein are thought to be very
important in the development of diseases
of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease
and Parkinson's disease.
Understanding Hsp70 behavior may have
relevance to human disease. By increasing
Hsp70 function, scientists cured
Huntington's, a neurodegenerative
disease, in a fly model. Cancer is another
interesting focus. Tumors rely on Hsp70s
to survive, so lowering Hsp70 function is a
topic in cancer research.
PERSONAL OPINION: The study of the
function of chaperones by the researchers
allowed to know the importance that this
has, acts as a control system to prevent
the accumulation of damaged proteins
that could allow the development of a
disease
INTRODUCTION
The translation is protein synthesis guided by a mold mRNA. The proteins are active
mediators in most cellular processes, carrying out the functions determined by the
information encoded in the DNA. Protein synthesis is the final stage of gene expression.
However, translation is only the first step in the formation of a functional protein.
RNAm TRANSLATION
The proteins are synthesized from mRNA of a mold, all mRNA are read in the direction 5’-
3’, and the polypeptide chains are synthesized from the amino terminal to carboxy
terminal. Each amino acid is encoded by three bases in the mRNA.
Translation takes place in
the ribosomes being tRNA
adapters between the
mold mRNA and amino
acids incorporated into
protein.
During translation each 20 aminoacids must be aligned with the corresponding mRNA codon
mold.
The mRNA sequence is recognized by the anticodon, located in the folded tRNA molecule,
which bind by base complementarity.
RIBOSOME
Translation always begins with the aminoacid methionine, normally encoded by the AUG
triplet.
This translation
mechanism is divided
into three stages:
initiation, elongation
and termination.
CHAPERONE PROTEINSThey are a diverse group of families of proteins required for proper folding, transport and
degradation of other proteins.
Chaperones act as containers for other bending protein subunits, which contributes to be
considered helper proteins.
Many chaperones are heat-shock proteins (hsps), prevent degradation of other proteins in
cellular stress conditions like high temperatures.
chaperones interact with non-native protein subunits and also participate in the
stabilization of folding and preventing aggregation
WHEN TARGETING CANCER GENES, HOME IN ON THE ONE PERCENT.Many cancer-related mRNAs bind a protein and uncover a hidden site that's a
possible Achilles heel.Date:July 27, 2016 Source:University of California - Berkeley
Most cancer drugs are designed to
halt cell growth, the hallmark
of cancer, and one popular target
is the pathway that controls
the production of a cell's thousands
of proteins.
The target is a protein that binds to
messenger RNA -- the cell's blueprint for
making protein -- and helps get it started
along the production line that ends in a
fully assembled protein. A drug blocking
this binding protein could shut off
translation of only the growth-promoting
proteins and not other life-critical proteins
inside the cell.Researches found a new drug target
within that pathway that is
appealing, because it appears to
control production of only a few
percent of the body's many proteins,
those critical to regulating the
growth and proliferation of cells.
the protein is part of a larger
assembly of proteins called eIF3 -
eukaryotic initiation factor 3
"If cancer cells are making too much mRNA,
you could shut them down by preventing
them from using that mRNA to make
protein,“
"Because this binding protein is not used for
general translation -- not every mRNA uses
this -- you may be able to get a more specific
anti-cancer effect by targeting that alone.”
eIF3's ability to selectively control mRNA
translation is turned on only when it binds to
the set of specialized mRNAs. Binding
between eIF3 and these mRNAs opens up a
pocket in eIF3 that then latches onto the
end-cap of mRNA to trigger the translation
process.
views of researchers
"To me, it's like finding a secret
lever that opens a hidden drawer
in an old-time desk," Cate
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, which means the protein production
machinery goes into overdrive to provide the building materials and control systems for
new cells.
"What we found is that another protein, hiding in plain
sight for over four decades, can also bind the chemical
handle on the end of mRNAs to promote translation," he said.
"It's a component of eIF3 -- a protein called eIF3d --
which has never before been connected to binding the handle."
One key insight was that a so-called
initiation protein must bind to a
chemical handle on the end of each
mRNA to start it through the protein
manufacturing plant, the ribosome.
Until now, this initiation protein was
thought to be eIF4E (eukaryotic
initiation factor 4E) for all mRNAs.
PERSONAL OPINION
It is a great contribution to cancer
treatment because the possibility of
affecting only the abnormal cells
from a patient, and maintain the
proliferation and growth of the rest
of the cell population opens.
Through drug targets to attack
specific proteins that allow not all
proteins are affected. Studies based
on cancer seek to avoid inhibiting
mRNA translation abnormal
proteins.
MICROSCOPIC COLLISIONS HELP PROTEINS STAY HEALTHYHeat shock proteins ram into other proteins, generating force that is
beneficial.
Date: August 5, 2016 Source: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
“Heat shock proteins," also called
"chaperone proteins." These proteins,
first identified in cells subjected
to heat, are very important under
many stressful and non-stressful
metabolic conditions.
They maintain proper protein function
and, importantly, prevent the
inappropriate accumulation of damaged
proteins. For example, accumulation of
damaged proteins such as beta amyloid,
tau and synuclein are thought to be very
important in the development of diseases
of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease
and Parkinson's disease.
This is a model of the structure of clathrin,
a protein that researchers at The
University of Texas Health Science Center
at San Antonio used to study how a heat
shock protein disassembles protein
complexes.
Model system
The system moves Hsp70s to where they are needed.
Once this occurs, collision pressures pull things apart.
Previous attempts to glean this information failed because
the proteins studied were too heterogeneous -- of too many different sizes,
shapes and actions -- to isolate the Hsp70 behavior.
The UT Health Science Center team studied clathrin, a protein that
is uniform in size and shape and is important in making intracellular
cages that transport other proteins.
The clathrin model provided the biological raw material to study
the force that occurs with Hsp70 collisions.
Hsp70 in disease
Understanding Hsp70 behavior
may have relevance to human
disease. By increasing Hsp70
function, scientists cured
Huntington's, a
neurodegenerative disease, in
a fly model. Cancer is another
interesting focus. Tumors rely
on Hsp70s to survive, so
lowering Hsp70 function is a
topic in cancer research.
Personal opinion
The study of the function of
chaperones by the researchers
allowed to know the importance
that this has, acts as a control
system to prevent the
accumulation of damaged proteins
that could allow the development
of a disease. Also avoids protein
degradation in conditions of
cellular stress. Fundamental to
maintain balance.
IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY FOR MEDICINE AREA
The eIF3 protein is a component of the initiation complex. It is known to
regulate mRNA translation into protein, besides its role in stabilizing the
structure of the complex. eIF3 overexpression is also related to cancers
of the breast, prostate and esophagus.Therapeutically, it could detect increased expression in a tissue eIF3 and
after cancer targeting pathways we have identified as regulated by eIF3.
It has been shown that you can put a brake on invasive growth by
manipulating these interactions, so clearly this opens the door to another
layer of potential cancer therapies that could target these binding
regions RNA
Knowledge of chaperones has allowed the realization
of treatments chaperones in metabolic diseases,
explaining the function of these drug compounds in
the rescue of the enzyme mutated proteins whose
activity is reduced, facilitating its proper folding and
preventing its degradation, increasing their residual
activity. This type of treatment is specific to some
mutations affecting protein folding, within each
disease.
IMPORTANCE OF
CHAPERONE
PROTEINS
References
• Martínez Sánchez, Lina María; Vargas Grisales, Natalia; Mejía Cardona, Laura; OsorioOspina, Felipe; Ramírez Pulgarín, Sergio. (2015). “Biología molecular”. 8va Ed.Medellín, Colombia. Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
• University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. (2016, August 5). Microscopiccollisions help proteins stay healthy: Heat shock proteins ram into other proteins,generating force that is beneficial. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2016 fromwww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160805115212.htm
• University of California - Berkeley. (2016, July 27). When targeting cancer genes, homein on the one percent: Many cancer-related mRNAs bind a protein and uncover a hiddensite that's a possible Achilles heel.ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2016 fromwww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160727140047.htm
• Europa Press.(2015,Abril 6). The mRNA new target for cancer drugs.Madrid, España.Retrieved from http://www.infosalus.com/salud-investigacion/noticia-arn-mensajero-nueva-diana-farmacos-contra-cancer-20150406170133.html