FTP-MT- 65-64f

TRANSLAT IONFIVE YEARS OF SOVIET SPACE INVESTIGATION

By

M. G. Kroshkin and V. G. Samarin

FOREIGN TECHNOLOGYDI VISION

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or-disapproval of the material translated.

-FTD6-T- _65-64t

EDITED MACHINE TRANSLTO

FIVE YEARS OF SOVIET-SPACE INVESTIGATION

BY:, M. (1. roshkin and V.-G. Samarin

English Pages.: 1-9

SOURCE: -AN SSSR. Mezhduivedomstvennyy -GefizicheskiyKornitet. XIII Razdel-Programmy'MGG. -Gravi-~metriya., Sbornik Statey -(Russian) MoCow-,.Vo. 13, 1963,p -.;~93.

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MT-65-64-Geophysical Bulletin, Volume No. 13, Moscow,

1963.Pages: 80-93

FIVE-YEARS OF SOVIET SPACE INVESTIGATION

M.-G. Kroshkin and V. G. Samarin

This survey is-a short reference of the basic stages of space investiga-tions -carried out in -the Soviet -Union during -the five years (1958-1962)--of the, Ifspace era." Data- are. given on- all Soviet spacecraft launchedin 1957-1962 (iTales 1-5).

On 4-October 1957 the Soviet Union launched-the first artificial earth sate!-!

lite, in-a-month, the second, -and in May 1958, the third.

All of' them were launched for- geophysical purposes according to-the program of

the International Geophysical Year -IGY), 1957-1958. The launching of satellites,

along with-wide-development of rocket investigations, gave special value to t:.e

research in the program of tle IGYI this,-was the first possibil'ity to.gbtain direct

-experimental data about the upper atmosphere, shortwave and corpuscular solar

radiations, 'Primary cosmic- ray, meteor substance, etc.

The first satellite'allowed us to obtain data on the density of -the upper

atmosphere and the properties of the ionosphere, and also on the temperature regime

of artificial satellites when they are moving in orbit in outer-space. This had

direct geophysical value and was- a necessary stage for transition to further investi-

gations. The next launching had an even wider -program- of investigations; it also

included a biological -experiment. The- third satellite, having a gigantic weight

-(1-327kg) even by contemporary standards, was- essentially a unique laboratory in

space, which allowed Soviet scientists to directly investigate -all the complex

program -of the IGY' more exactly, on -he very subj ect sassigned-to satell-ites,-

The following stage of space investigations, was the launching in 1959 of three

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-space rockets. The first, studied the space enviroments of Earth and Moon and

became the first artifical planet of the solar system. The second, reached the Moon

and investigated cosmic space while on route from Earth- to the-Moon.- The third

launching, placed the first robot space station in a complicated orbit; along with

carrying out of different physical investigations, this RSS photographed the

reverse side of the Moon and automatically transmitted the image of the Moon to

-Earth, an achievement which has not been repeated even after more than three years

from its accomplishment.

In 1960-the preparation for the space flight of a man was widely developed.

-Ship-satellites were launched one after another; technical systems and different

stages of flight were developed; and the effect of specific conditions of space

flight on living organisms was checked by direct experiments with animals.

It is necessary to note that in this -scientific data of exceptionally great

geophysical interest were obtained. This pertains first of all to the investigation

of the structure of the- lower region of radiation zones. It turned out that they

not only have asymmetry with respect to-the form-of the Earth (i.e., the terrestrial1sphere") due to the noncoincidence of the magnetic dipole with the center of the

Earth, but they also change their configuration in regions of anomalies of the Earth's

magnetic field. As it turned out, in the region of -the Brazilian anomaly, located

inthe Southern Atlantic, near the shores of Brazil, spurs of the radiation belt

approach to within 300 km -of the Earth.

In i961 the first launching of a robot space station to the planet Venus was

carried outj two experimental -ship-satellites were launched, and, most important,

the first flights of Soviet astronauts Yuriy Alekseyevich Gagarin and German

Stepanovich Titov were accomplished.

The great,-achievement of Soviet science and technology in 1962 was the several-

day group-flight around the Earth by- Andrian-Grigorlyevich Nikolayev and Pavel

Romanovich Popbvich on spaceships-satellites Vqstok 3 and Vostok 4. On 1 November

1962 the robot space station- Mars-I was the first to be launched to the planet Mars

in- accordance with the -program, carried- out in Soviet Union- of research of space

-and- the planets of the -solar system.

On 16 March 1962 TASS declared that the Soviet Union had launched artificial

earth satellites of the Conmos series in accordance with a wide program of scientifiC

research of the upper-atmosphere andcosmic space. This program was designed to

-~ -- -- -- - -~~-~---~. -_ ._ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _

carry out the following scientific investigations:

I) a study-of the concentration of charged particles inthe-ionosphere to

investigate tliepropagation of radio waves;

2) a study of corpuscular-streams and particles-of low energies;

3) study-of the energy ,composition of radiation- belts of Earth to-evaluate the

radiation hazard during prolonged space flights;

4) a study of the primary composition of cosmic rays and-variations in their

intensity;

5) a study of the-Earth's-magnetic field;

6) a study of shortwave solar radiation-and other -space bodies;

7) a study of the upper layers of the atmosphere;

8) a study of the influence of meteoric substance on elements of construction

of objects in outer space;

-9)- -a- -study--of the distribution and- formation of cloud systems in the Earth's

atmosphere.

Furthermore, many elements of constructions of spacecraft had to be developed.

In 1962 12 Cosmos- satellites were launched (seeTable 5).

There are broad prospects-of space investigations, -both-geophysical, and

astronomical, in front of scientists. Much of-value will be forthcoming in 1964-

1965 from the research in the program of the International Year of the Quiet Sun

(IYQS)-. It is possible to consider that investigation with help of rockets and

satellites-will-play an evengreater role than-during the IGY.

In a brief survey article it is difficult to enumerate all the results obtained

with the help of artificial earth satellites during the:IGY. They are -published in

different scientific publications. There is a list below of the basic literature

-containing official materials about the launchings of Soviet spacecraft, flights of

Soviet astronauts- and the basic results of investigations attained in the Soviet

Union with the help of rockets and- satellites.o Additional information about the

literature on investigations with the help of rockets and satellites- can be found in

works -[33, 34).

The basic information about the spacecraft launched-by the Soviet Union in-

1957-1962 is given in Tables 1-5.

...- -. - - - - * -. <,----- , 2 - '--- - - -- - ---- -. - - -

Literature

i. Program of investigations-with the help of rockets and artifical earthsatellites, launchedby the Soviet- Union during the IGY. Information Bulletin,"International Geophysical Year,."' No., 3. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciencesof the USSR, 957.

2.. The Path to Space, Materials of newspaper "Pravda" on three Soviet artificialearth satellites. M., Publishing House "Pravda," 1958.

3. Collection: "Preliminary results of scientific investigations with the helpof the first Soviet artifical earth satellites and rockets-," No. i. PublishingHouse of the Academy of-Sciences of-the USSR, 1958.

4. A. Kh. Khrgian. Geophysical observations carried out with the help ofartificial earth satellites. Information Bulletin-, "International Geophysical Year,"No. 4. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958.

5. Collection: "Artifical earth satellites," Issues 1i-14. -Publishing Houseof the Academy of Sciences of the-USSR, 1958-1962.

6. "Bulletin of stations for optical observation of artificial earth satellites,'-Nos, 1-27, 958-1962. (Printed'on rotaprint of the Astronomy Council of the Academyof Sciences of the USSR.)

7-. Bulletin: "Results of obserVations Of Soviet artificial earth satellites,"Nos. i-5k, 1958-1962. -(Printed on rotaprint of the institute of TheoreticalAstronomy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Astronomy Council of theAcademy of Sciences of the USSR.)

8. First photographs of the reverse side of the Moon. Publishing House of theAcademy of Sciences- of the USSR, 1959.

9. Unprecedented scientific feat. Materials of the-newspaper "Pravda" onthree .Sviet space rockets. Fizmatgiz, 1959.

10. A. A. Blagonravov and M. G. Kroshkin. Geophysical investigations with thehelp of -rockets and artificial -satellites. Herald of the Academy of Sciences ofthe USSR, No. 7, 1960.

11. Collection: "Station in cosmos." Publishing House of the Academy ofSciences of the USSR, 1960.

12. Second Soviet spaceship. Materials published- in the newspaper "Pravda."Publishing House; "Pravda." i960.

13. Information- of the.Soviet committee of the IGY-about fulfillment of thepiogram of rocket investigations of the upper atmosphere- in the basic period of theIGY-(1957-i958). Information Bulletin: International Geophysical Year," No. 8.Publishing House of the AcademyS6f Sciences of the USSR, 1960.

14. Atlas of the reverse side of the Moon- Formations revealed on the reverseside of the Moon by photographs Obtained -by robot space station on 7 December 1959.Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, i960.

15. S. G. Aleksandrov and R. Ye. Fedorov. -Soviet satellites and spaceships.Edition 2- Publishing House of the: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1961.

16. First manned flight in space: -Materials published in the newspaper"Pravda1" -Publishing House "Pravda-" 1961. p

17. Soviet man in space. Library "Izvestia," -Special issue of the- PublishingHouse 'Izvestia," 1961.-

18- Yu--,-. agar--pn4- ThexRoad to-Space. Not-es -fiPVIOtastrdnaut 6f the USSR,Military press, 1961.-

19. 25 hours in space flight. Materials published in the newspaper "Pravda."Publishing House "Pravda," 1961.

20. G. Titov. 700,000 kilometers in space. Story of pilot-astronaut of theUSSR, Publishing House "Pravda," ±96±.

2. First space flights of man. Medico-biological investigations (scientificresults of medico-biological investigations during orbital flights -of satellitevehicles "Vostok i and Vostok 2)."' Edited by academicians N. M. Sisakyan andProf. V. I. Yazdovskiy. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR,1961.

22. The morning of the space era. State Political press, 196±.

23. New flight in space. Military press, ±96±.

24-. N. S. Molchanova, A. Ya. Chernyak and Z. P. Shalashov. The Soviet people,conqueror of space. Recommended survey of literature. Ministry of Culture of theRSFSR, State order of Lenin library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin, M., i96i.

25. Brief data on Soviet artificial earth satellites, spaceships-satellitesand space rockets. Collection "Artificial earth -satellites," Issue 12. PublishingHouse of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962.

26. Two in space. Library "Izvestia." -Special issue of the Publishing House"Izvestia," i962.

27. The first group flight in outer space. Basic results. "Pravda" from22 October 1962, No. 29-5 (16151).

28. Press conference devoted to the flight of Andrian Nikolayev and PavelPopovich. "Pravda" from 22 August 1962, No. 234 (i6090).

29. M. A. Gerd and-N. N. Gurovskiy. First astronauts and first explorersof space. Publishing House of the Academy of -Sciences of the USSR, 1962.

30. Yu. Gal-'perin and-T. Mulyarchik. Satellites, atmosphere and electrons."Pravda" from- 26 September 1962, No. 269(16125)."

31. Space and the Progress of humanity. Conversation with the President ofthe Academy of Sciences of the USSR -by academician M.V. Keldysh. "Pravda" from4 October 1962, No. 277 (i6±33).

32. S. G. Aleksandrov. About the scientific- results of-space research."Pravda" from 4 October 1962, No. 277 (i6±33).

33. M. G-. Kroshkin and V. G., Sszarin. Exchange through the -BWorld datacenter of materials obtained with the help of rockets and satellites. Geophysicsbulletin, No. 12, Publishing House of the Academy of-Sciences of the USSR, 1962.

34. Catalog of data on rockets and- satellites (1957-i962), Chapter i. Listof materials -on rockets for satellites (in Russian), available at- the B Worlddata center (compilers - M., G0 Kroshkin, V. G. Samarin and R. B. RubinshteYn).B World data center, USSR, M., ±962.-

35. Problems of space -biology, Vol. i. Edited by academician N. M. Sisakyan.Publishing_ House of-the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ±962.

36. Ye. -Petrov. Astronauts. Notes of the group leader. Publishing House"Soviet RUssia," 962.

37. The first group space flight. -Military press,- ±962.

38. Earth-space-Earth. Materials published in the- newspaper "-Pravda."Publishing House Pravda,_' 1962.

39. G. A. Skuridin. Space physics. Nature, No. 1, 1963.

-40. A-. A. Blagonravov. Report on- Space Research in the USSR.- COSPAR, Inform.Bull., No-. 6 (Special Issue). Septepber 196f, pp. 123-i34 .

41.- A. A. Blagonravov-. National Report of- the USSR Academy of :Sciences on theInvestigations of 'uter Space Carried in tke Soviet Union in 1961. COSPAR, Inform.Bull.-, No. ii (Spbcial Issue). September i962, pp., 93-106.

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1This satellite was -launched acccrding to the program of the InternationalGeophysical Year (IGY); it was designed- to carry out scientific research- of theupper-atmoshere- and- outer space near Earth-. The experiments on the satellite,included: i) measurement of temperature and pressuare inside the spherical body ofthe satellite -diameter- 58 cm); 2) adjustment of temperature regime inside thesatellite- y changing the forced circulation- of gaseous nit-rogen- (depending upontemperature-)- 3) determination of the-density of the upper atmospheric layers (fromthe braking of motion of the satellite-); 4) ionospheric investigation (from observa-tion of propagation of radio waves, radiated from the satellite).

The frequency of the two radio transmitters was 20.005 and 4-C.0C2 Mc. (the wave-lengths were about 15 &nd ., m respectively) for a duration of radio signals, inthe- form of-telegraph messages, of abo, '. see with a pause of the same duration.-The signal on one frequency was sent dturinz 7e pause of the signal on the otherfrequency.

This was the first artificial Earth -satellite, the ti rst artificial body- createdby human hands and launched into space.

On 4- January 1958- it entered the dense layers of the atmosphere and ceased toexist.-

2This satellite was launched according to the program of the IGY. The programof-scientific -investigations on the satellite was calculated for seven days and wascompletely carried out. The experiments- on this satellite included: i)-investiga-tion of solar radiation in the shortwave ultraviolet and X-ray regions of thespectrum- 2)-study of-cosmic raysJ 3) registration of changes -in temperature andpressue and- other 'parameters ir the sphertca. ccntainer and- in the cabin containingthe-experimental animals; 4) medico-biological investigations of the vital activityof an -experimiental animal (the dog Laika) in condition§ of space flight; 5) deter-mination of the density of the upper atmosphere (from braking of motion of satellite);6) ionosphere investigations (from observation of propagation radiowaves radiatedfrom the satellite).

The frequencies of the two radio transmitters- were 20.005 and 40.C02 Mc. (thewavelengths were about i5 and 7.5 -m respectively)-; the first radio transmitterworked continuously and the radio signals of second were in the form of telegraphmessages for about 0.3 sec with a pause of the same duration.

The morning of 14 April 1958 the satellite entered-the dense layers of theatmosphere, was- destroyed and ceased to exisc. From--the availebe data the separateparts of the satellite were dispersed along a route,_ passing above the lesserAntilies, Brazil and the Atlantic Ozean, in a southeastern direction.

3This satellite was launched accordt-ng to the program of the IGY. The followinginvestigations were conducted on the satellite: i) pressure and composition ofatmosphere in the upper layers; 2) concentration of positive ions; 3) magni-tude ofelectrical charge of the satellite and intensity of electrostatic field of Earth4) strength- of the -Earth's magnetic field; 5) intensity of corpuscular solarradiation; 6) composition and variations of primary cosmic radiation, distribution-of photons and- heavy nuclei in cosmic rays; 7) micrometeorites; 8) temperature insideand on the surface of the satellite.

The frequency of the radio transmitter (Mayak) was 20.005 Mc. for durationof

telegraph messages of 50-300.millisecohds witli great transmitting power.On 6 April ±960 the satellite entered the dense layers of the atmosphere and

ceased -to exist. Based on calculati6ns and in, accordance- with the data about thelast observations the period-of-the satellite inits last orbit was about 87-minutes.

4-This satellite was launched in-accordance with--the plan for creating anddeveloping -heavier spaceships. This -satellite -had a telemetering system to controlthe parameters of elements of' the equipment for trajectory measurements.

The- scientific 'and- tecfhical prblem set -at the launching of the -satellitewere carried out.

sThis heavy satellite was launched by an- improved multistage rocket into anintermediate earth orbit ini order to launh from it a- controlled space rocket witha robot space stati6n towards Venus.-

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-The-measuring equipment on the rocket was designed to carry out the followingscientific inVestigations: i) detect the magnetic field of the- Moon; 2) study theintensityand variations in intensity of -cosmic rays outside the Earth's magneticfield; 3) record photons in cosmic radiation; 4) detect the radioactivity of theMoon; 5) study the-distribution of heavy nucleitin cosmic radiatkon; 6.) study thegas component bf interplanetary substance; 7)study corpuscular solar radiation;) study meteorites,. Furthermore, -the rocket had special equipment designed to

create a sodiumcloud, an artificial comet.To observe the flight of-the last stage ofthe space rocket it was equipped with

the following radio transmitters: i) transmitting on two frequencies: 19.997 and19.995 Mc, telegraph messages of duration 0.8 and 1.6 sec; 2) transmitting onfrequency of 19.993 Mc telegraph messages of variable duration on the order of 0.5to 0.9 sec (it transmitted data of scientific observations); 3S transmitting on -afrequency of 83.6 Mc and used to measure the parameters of motion of rocket and totransmit scientific information to Earth.

On 4 January 1959 rocket passed the point of its trajectory closest to theMoon; the shortest distance between the iocket and Moon according to specified datawas 5-6 thousand-km. On approximately 7-8 January the rocket went on an independentorbit, became a satellite of the Sun, the first artificial.planet of the solar system.

2The-measuring equipment on this rocket was designed to carry out the followingscientific investigations in outer space during the flight of the rocket to theMoon: I) magnetic fields -of the Earth and Moon; 2) radiation belts around the Earth;3) intensity and variations of intensity in cosmic radiation; 4) heavy nuclei incosmic radiation. 5-) gas component of Interplanetarysubstance;-6)--metcori-tes5 .Furthermore, the -rocket had spedial equipment to create an artificial comet, a sodiumcloud.

To. transmit to Earth all the scientific information, measurements of parametersof motion and to control the flight of the rocket- it was equipped with the followingradio transmitters: i) working on two frequencies: -20,O03-and 19.997 Mc, trans-mitting signals in- the form of telegraph messages for- from 0.8 to 1.5 sec (duringpauses in transmission on the first frequency pulses were transmitted -on the secondfrequency); 2) working on frequencies of 19.993 and 39.986 Mc, the signals of whichwere pulses of Variable tduration from 0.2 to 0.8 sec with a- pulse .repetition rate ofi + 0.45 Mc; 3) working on a frequency of 183.6- Mc..

The second space rodket was the first to carry put a space flight from Earthto another celestial body, the Moon. In commemoration of this event a message wasleft-onthe Surface of the Moon with-an image of the emblem of Soviet Union and theinscription: "Union-of Soviet Socialist Republics. September,. 1959."

3 The outlined program of scientific investigations included obtaining imagesof the side -of the Moon not seen from Earth with subsequent transmission of- theseImages to Earth-by equipment on- the RSS, and also the carrying out of scientificinvestigations in interplanetary -space.

Transmission of scientific information and the results- of measuring the param-eters of motion of the RSS was carried-out With the help of two radio transmitters,working on frequencies of 39.996 and 183.6 Mc. The signals of the first transmitterwere pulses of variable duration from 0.2 to-0.8 sec2 with a pulse repetition rate ofi + 0.15 Mc.

During this: flight an RSS launched with the help of a third space rocket ona trajectory circling the Moon first observed that part of the Moon which never hadbeen observed previously from Earth. Photographing of Moon continued about 40 min-utes froma distance of 60-70 thousand km; a considerable number-of photographs-wasobtained:(-in two-different scales) of the side of the Moon invisible fromEarth.The treatment of photographic films, development and fixing, was automaticallyconducted on board the RSS. Signals of facsimiles of the Moon were transmitted toEarth with the help of a special radio -technical system, which simultaneously ensuredthe transmission of the-data of scientific measurements the -determination of orbitalelements, and also-the transmission from Earth to the RSS of commands controllingits work. Television equipment ensured the transmission of' a half-tone image wit:-high r'esolving power. -Transmission-of images of the Moon was carried out from theRSS at distance up to 1-70 thousand km. This was the first experimentally. Confirneditransmission in- outer -space at deep-space distances of half-tone images with high.-

-clarity without essential .-cif ic.-d odu-4ngpropagat of - o-fi waves.

- 7 -

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4 The basic problems- of this launch were: a check. of the methods of plating -anobject in outer 4space -on an, interplanetary route, -a check of super-range radiocommunications and- control of a space station;. more precise definitiozi of the scaleof the solar system and. carrying out of'-a- series -of physical measurements to investi-gate cosmic rvdiation, magnetic fields, internilanetary -;substance and record coili-922n8 w m eeoItes. - The frequency of the radio transmitter on the RSS was-922,8 11c.

The RSS was launched toward Venus- by a controlled -space rocket,- itself launchedfrom a heavy artificlal earth satellite, which -was on an intermediate orbit. :On-Ji9 and -20 May 1961 the -RSS passed at- distance of 100 thousand km from the surfaceof Venus at a total distance of about 270 thousand km. For the first time a newscheme of launching was carried out, the start of a rocket from on 'board an artifi-nial earth satellite, prelimina, ly launched on an intermediate orbit. For thefirst time the route to a planet of the solar system-, Venus, was covered.

SThis space rocket ("Mars.i") was launched toward the planet Mars in accordancewith the program of research on space-an'v the planets of the solar system. The basicgoals of the RSS "Mars-i" were-: i) to carry out prolonged space research duringflight to Marsj; 2) to -establish interplanetary space radio communications; 3) tophotograph Mars with subsequent transmission of -the obtained images of tne surfaceof Mars to Earth by radio channels-

Telemetri,- measuring and scientific equipment was swItched on automaticaily,-in accordance with program of flight and by radio commands from Earth. Trackingthe RSS, determining the paramet-ers of its trajectory, and receiving scientificinformation on -Earth were carried out -by a special 'measuring complex and a centerof distant space radio conmunications. The frequencies of the radio transmittersof RSS. 922.,76 -and 183.6 mc. The station- had three rad-io.systems, working onwaves in the meter (i.6 m), decimeter (32 cm) and centimeter (5 and 8 cm) ranges.

The- RSS, "Mars-i," was launched towards Mars by a space rocket, in turn launchedfromf a heavy artifical earth satellite, prelinminarfly on. an intermediate orbit.Preliminary results of treatment of measured inform-tion showed that the RSS wason a trajectory close to that calculated. A more precise definition of the trajectoryof the RSS showed that its traJectory without considering corrections passed at adistance of 261 thousand km from Mars. The construction of the RSS anticipatedco-'oection of its motion during flight by radio commands from Earth-with the helpof an exa&+- system of astronavigatioi and a special propulsion system to guaranteeof flight Of RSS above the surface of Mars at a height from I to 11 thousand -km.

On 2 November- 1962 the astronomical observatories of the Soviet Union photo-graphed the RSS "Mars-i" and the space rocket against the -background -of the nightsky. On the photographs these objects- showed up as stars of the 14th and 15th magni-tudes respectively.

Radio communications of Mars-i was supported at distances greater than 100million km.

- - - -

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13

Footnotes to Table 3.-

'This launching, was intended- to adjust and check tte systems of the spaceship-satellite, enring its safe flight and flight control, retuarn on Earth and thenecessary conditions for -a man in space flight.- Furthermore, the separation fromthe-spaceship-satellite of a pressurized cabin weighing about 2.5 T-was programed(without return on Earth). This iaunching of' the first spaceship-satellite isbeginning of complicated work on the creation of reliable ipacesh'.ps, ensuring safemanned flight in space. The launching showed the correctness of the -basic- positionsin creation of a-spaceship. 0n-'board the spaceship-satellite there was, a pressurizedcabin with a load simulating the weight of a man and all equipment necessary forfuture manned flight in space.

Due to a malfunctioning of the orientation system at the re-entry point therewas a rise of the ship-, which went onto a new elliptic orbit with perigee of 307 kmandapogee of 690 km, period of orbit 94.25 minutes-angle of inclination to theplane of the equator-690 .

2The basic problem of this launching was further adjustment of the systemsensuring vital activity of a man and also the safety of hti faight and return toEarth. During the flight of this spaceship-satellite a series of medico-biologicalexperiments were-carried out and-the program of -scientific-space research was ful-filled (investigation of light and heavy nuclei in primary cosmic -radiation, investi-gation -of X-ray andultraviolet solar-radiations and recording of doses of spaceradiation in the container for animals). ;rhere were experimental live objects (twodogs, Strelka and Belka, 40 mice, 2 rats, insects, plants, grain of grasses andcertain-_ microbes) in the cabin of the ship.

The spaceship-satellite had radio transmitters (Signal),, telemetry -,equipmentfor transmission to -Earthof data about state of experimental-animals and the workof the-systems on-board. There was a radio television system on board to observethe behavior of the animals.

The return of a -spaceship-satellite wiflh-living eings to Earth-was firstcarried out.

3The basic problem of this launching was further-adjustment of the-constructionof the spaceship-satellite and its basic built-in systems necessary for mannedflight in outer space: the fulfillment medico-biological investigations in condi-tions of space flight (experimental life was the dogs Pchelka and Muhka, -and insectsand plants); a series of scientific investigations in the physics of 3uter -space.Observation of the behavior of the animals was conducted with the help of radiotelevision equipment and teleme:-ry systems.

The ship was launched on a tra&-Jectory othere than that planned,, in consequenceof which during -entrance in the dense layers of the atmosphere it ceased to exist.

4The basic Problem of this launching was further adjustment of the constructionof the spaceship-satellite and'its-basic systems necessary for manned flight inouter space; medico-obiological investigations -(experimental animals: the dogChernushka, mice, guinea pigs, frogs, and also insects, plants, grain and otherbiological specimens). The spaceship-satellite had telemetry and television system,radiotra~king -system for trajectory measurements and equipment of radio communications.The cabin of the -spaceship-satellite contained a mannequin of-an astronaut.

5The-basic problem of this launching was further adjustment of the constructionof the spaceship-satellite and its basic systems necessary for-manned flight inouter space: medico-biological investigations (experimental life-: the dog,Zvezdochka- laboratory-mice, guinea-pigs, frogs, microbes and viruses, ray fungus-,dry eeds of -different plants, onion sprouts, and also a solution of deoxyribonucleicacid-and- different enzymes). The spaceship-satellite contained a mannequin of anastronaut.

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Footnotes:to Table 4.

;The goal of this flight was to check influence on the human organism ofconditions -of space flight and successful descent of ship with astronaut to :Earthin- the -assigned -region. Citizen- of the USSR Yu. A. Gagarin -accomplished the firstspace flight and successful descent to Earth in the- assigned region.. This flightopened the route for mankind in space,. The spaceship-satellite Vostok was launchedinto an earth orbit by a multistage carrier rocket, having six- lkquid-propellantrocket-engines with a total maximum power of 2- million hp (all stages).

2The problems of this flight were: 1) to investigate the influence on thehuman organism of prolonged (over I da;"- stace flight a~.ong an orbit around Earthand subsequent descent to Earth: 2) to investigate the efficiency of a man duringa prolonged stay in conditions of weightlessness. The flight of G. S.. Titov was-the first day-longorbital manned flight around Earth. The spaceship-satelliteVoitok-2 was launched on an earth orbit by a multistage carrier rocket, -having sixliquid-propellant rocket engines with a total maximum thrust of 630 thousand kg(all stages).

3 The-goals of launching on low orbits of the two spaceshis, "Vostok-3" and"Vostok-10 on low orbits were: i) to obtain -experimental data on the possibilityof establishing direct communication -between two ships; 2) to coordinate the -actionsof pilots-astronauts; 3) to check the influence of identical conditions of spaceflight on different human organisms. Furthermore, it was planned to conduct investigations and experiments in this flight necessary to solve a series of new medico-biological.and technical problems-..

For the first time a multistage-group space flight of two ships simultaneouslywas accomplished. The distance of group space flight of shios "vostok-3" and"Vostok-4' on 12-15 August 1962 was 1975 200 km the duration was 70-hours 23 minutes38 seconds. The minimum distance between ships was about 6.5 km. Spacevision was-first carried out in this flight.

Spaceship-satellite "Vostok-3" and "Vostok-4" were launched on-earth orbitsby multistage carrier rockets, havlng six liquid-propellant rocket engines with totalmaximum thrust of 606 thousand kd (the engines of all stages of each rocket).

16

Table 5. Artificial Earth Satellites of the "Cosmos" Series

- - oibiL~ dataAcoepted name and -angle o-f inclinationinternational Laumch date period of or- o6f orbital plane to thedesignation (1962) perigee, apogee, bit around plane of the Earth's

koti In -Earth, min- -equator

"Cosmos-l 1962-e 16 Mach 217 980 96.15 490

"Cosmos-2" 2 1962-Z 6 April 213 1560 102.5- 49

"Cosmos-3"3 1962-v 24 April 229 720 93.8 48059'-

"Cosmos-4"" 1962-t 26 April _ 298 330 90.6 65

"Comos-;" 1962-u 28 May 203 1600 102.75 49;04.

"Cosmos-6"6 1962-a6 30:June 274 360 90.6 49

"Cosmoa-" 7 1962-at 28 July 210 369 90.1 650

"Cosmos-8"8 1962-at 18 August 256 604 -92.93 -49

"Cosmos-9" 9 1962-ow 27 September 301 353 90.9 -65

"Cosimos-IO" 10 1962- 0 17 October 210 380 90.2 65

f"CI.mos6-l"11 1962- 00 20 October 245' 921 96.1 49

"Couos-12"12 1962- 3w 22 December 211 405 90.45 65-

'The satellite was equipped with: scientific equipment for research of theupper atmosphere and outer space, radiotelemetry system and radio transmitter(two-channel radio station), working on two coherent waves, according to speci-fieddata, with frequencies of 20.005 and 90.0225 Mc; the second frequency exactly in4-.5 times larger than the first. The duration of a signal bundle-was about 41 scand the pauses were 0.5 sec. The final stage of the carrier rocket also w-nt intoorbit, close to the orbit of the satellite.

5aThe satellite was equipped with: scientific equipment; multichannel telt-metry system and radiotechnical devices to measure the trajectoryj shortwavetransmitter "Mayak-2" working on two coherent waves with frequencies of 20.005and 90.0225 Mc. The duration of signal bundle was 2 sec the pauses were 0.5 sec.According to preliminary data the satellite went into an orbit differing from thatcalculated. According to trajectory measurements on7 April 1962, the period oforbit around Earth was 102.25 minutes and the minimum -and maximum distance fxomEarth respectively were 21i.6 and 1545.6 km.

'3The satellite was equipped -with: scientific equipment; multichannel tele-metry system and radiotechnical devices to measure the trajectory. According to

preliminary data, the satellite went into an orbit close to that calcuiated.

The satellite was equipped with: scientific equipment; radio transmitter"Signal," working on frequency of 19.995 Mc; a radiosystem for exact measurementof orbit and telemetry equipment to transmit to Earth the data-about the work o'instruments and scientific equipment, fixed- on board- the satellite. In connec .-n

- with the completion of -program of scientific investigationson- 29- April 1962 1,command from Earth the successful landing of the satellite was- c6nducted at the _

- ssie~a n.hete -rio of-the-So0i "JI.L L- -Iimore than three days, flying about 2 mIlion km during that time. -As a result oflaunching "Cosmos-4O valuable scientific data were obtained.

£L7

Continued footnotes to Table 5.

5 This -satellite contained-: scientific equipment;- multichannel telemetrysyst-em and- :ra~iotechnical devi-ces 'to measure the trajectory,; shortwave transmitter

Mayak,." working on af requency -of' 20. 008 Mc, -According to prelnaydtthIsatellite- -wen~t into an. orbit,, differing little f rom. that calcu'lated,

'This -satellite contained-: scientificJ equipment),-multi-Thannel telemetrysystem and rea-otechnical devices to the trajectory-; shortwave transmitter "Mayak,"working on a frequency of 90.0233 Mc-.I 7This satellite contained:- s-Ai-riti±ic equipment; a radico transmitter workingon a frequenicy of 19,9_94 Mc; a radiosyste-, for exact measurement of orbitalelements and telemetry equipment to transmit to Earth the data about work of _

instruments -and- scientific equipment, on board the satellite.--

8This satellite contained-: scientific equlpment;- multichannel telemetrJsystem-and radiotechnical devices to measure trajectory-- transinitter "Mayak,-working at frequencies of 20.00504 -and 50.-J2268 mc.

9This satellite contained'; -scientific equipment; radio transmitter, workingon a frequency of 19,994 Me;- radiosystem for-exact measurement of orbital elementsand te-lemetry-system to transmit to Ea-rth the data about work of instruments andsc lent ific -equIpment-w- -

__OThis satellite contained-: sciealtifiu: equIpment-; -radio transmitter, workingon a frequency -of 19.995 c;radiosystem for exact measurement of orbital elementiand- telemietry system to transmit to-Earth the data About work of' the instrumentsand-scientific equipment.,

~1 T-his satellite contal-ea~: scicntific equipmen-r:; _m2tichannel telemetrysystem and radiotechnical devices to measure the trajectory; shortwave transmitterworking At f-r qencies of 20.048k and Cequ-0.0-16 Me. According to preliminary datathe satellite went Into an orbit difffering little from that calculated-,

1 2 Ths stelitecontained -scientific equipment,- radio transmitter, workingon Rhi aatllt frqee f1.9 c ad.sse o xc esreeto ria -eet

and tlremery syte to99 tera it m a rh texdact masuewort of oint1mentsscientific equipment..

1L