Transition to the Renaissance

• Elements of Scholasticism– Unified church/state– Unified social structure– Unified intellectual structure

• Loss of Cohesion-- Nationalism

-- Rise of Cities

-- Competing regional economies

-- Contact with Middle East

Late Middle Ages/Early Renaissance 1100-1300

• Ottonian renaissance

• Clunaic reforms

• Francis of Assisi

•Marco Polo

•John of Montecorvino

•Roger Bacon

•Aquinas

•Boneventura

Middle Renaissance 1300-1470

• Giotto• Dante• Petrarch• Wycliffe• Catherine • Chaucer• Giberti• Donatello• Eckhart• Tauler - Friends

• Limbourgh• Brunelleschi• Ruysbroeck - Brethern• Thomas a Kempis• Masaccio• Christine di Pisan• Hus• Van Eyck• Fra Angelico• Gutenberg

Council of Constance 1414-1418

• Killed Hus and stopped other separatists movements

• Outlawed the rule of the pope

• Affirmed the rule of the College of Cardinals acting in council

• Deposed all three popes and elected Martin V

• Moved all leadership back to Rome

High Renaissance 1470-1525• Savonarola

• Leonardo

• Machiavelli

• Raphael

• Michaelangelo

• Bosch

• Colet

• Erasmus

• More

• Durer

Reformation – Counter Reformation

• Luther

• Calvin

• Free Churches

• Holbein

• Bruegel

• Loyola

• Teresa

• Metro. Job

• Trent

• John of the Cross

• Cellini

• Tintoretto

Lucus Cranach. Portrait of Martin Luther, 1526. Oil on Panel, 15”X9”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.

-On the eve of All Saints’ Day in 1517, German Augustinian, Martin Luther (1483-1546), tacked on the door of the collegiate Church of Wittenberg a parchment containing ninety-five theses.

-Luther’s thesis constituted an attack on the Roman Catholic doctrine and practice, especially indulgences (forgiveness of punishment for sins, usually obtained either through good works or prayers along with payment of an appropriate sum of money). Indulgences were sold in order to fund the rebuilding of Saint Peter’s in Rome. Northern Monks had felt neglected by the leadership in Rome.

The Reformation

Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses– Errors of belif & practice, esp. Indulgences

Luther’s reforms – back to the New Testament– Anabaptists (Peasants’ War 1525)– Swiss Protestants, Calvinists, Anglicans– Dissolution of Catholic Christendom

Luther’s German Psalter. . Taken from one of the Psalms. “God: Our Refuge and Strength”. German.

Germany England Switzerland Scotland HollandLuther Melanchthon CalvinSimons Cranmer

WishartCromwell

Beza Knox ParkerCartwright ArminiusSpilsbury CameronSmyth Williams

Episcopius Fox Coeccius

Spener

Leaders-Theologians of the Reformation

Led by local leaders

Follow the Bible

Focus on individuals

Regenerate members

Live godly lives

Led by pope/patriarch

Follow church teaching

Align with State

Parish membership

Live secular lives

Free Church v State Church

Geography of the Reformation

Scottish Lutheranism Russian Calvinism Orthodoxy

Anglicanism Dutch Swiss Calvinism Calvinism

Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy

RC

Augsburg England Trent Westminster

1530 1534 1545-62 1648

French RC

New Spiritual Movements and Missions 1600s

• Pope Pius V

• Jesuit Communities

• Kings of Bennin

• Fox

• Ignatius

• Missions

• Mateo Ricci-Peking

• King Farana

• A.H. Franke

• Hugenots

Early Baroque and Counter Reformation - 1570-1690

• Bacon

• Descartes

• Pascal

• Locke

• Spener

• Cervantes

• Shakespeare

• Milton

• El Greco

• Rubens

• Velasquez