transformations in europe. changes in europe by 15 th century, western europe was undergoing major...

Transformations in EuropeTransformations in Europe

Changes in EuropeChanges in Europe

By 15By 15thth century, Western Europe was century, Western Europe was undergoing major changesundergoing major changes Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration RenaissanceRenaissance ReformationReformation Scientific Revolution & EnlightenmentScientific Revolution & Enlightenment

Renaissance Renaissance

Dark AgesDark Ages Medieval Europe largely backwardMedieval Europe largely backward UnderdevelopedUnderdeveloped

Renaissance “rebirth”Renaissance “rebirth” Revival of Classical PastRevival of Classical Past

• Greco-Roman culture & learningGreco-Roman culture & learning Began in Italy, spread to Northern EuropeBegan in Italy, spread to Northern Europe

Europe saw increase in learning, literature, Europe saw increase in learning, literature, art, social changeart, social change


Increase in learningIncrease in learning Literacy still very low, but increase in education Literacy still very low, but increase in education

opportunitiesopportunities• Wealthy families emphasized importance of education & Wealthy families emphasized importance of education &

professional trainingprofessional training Universities (Granted degrees & licenses for Universities (Granted degrees & licenses for

professions)professions)• Law, medicine, theology (study of religion)Law, medicine, theology (study of religion)

Usually allow only male studentsUsually allow only male students Scholasticism:Scholasticism: synthesis of theology & reason synthesis of theology & reason

• Popular among students because it combined religion and Popular among students because it combined religion and science for more complete view of the worldscience for more complete view of the world

Controversial among conservative thinkersControversial among conservative thinkers• Religion still huge part of daily lifeReligion still huge part of daily life


LiteratureLiterature More widespread due to printing pressMore widespread due to printing press

• Perfected by Gutenberg (1454, Gutenberg Bible)Perfected by Gutenberg (1454, Gutenberg Bible) Writing in vernacular (language spoken by Writing in vernacular (language spoken by

common people)common people) Both religious and secular themesBoth religious and secular themes

• Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy• Petrarch, poetPetrarch, poet• Machiavelli, Machiavelli, The PrinceThe Prince


HumanismHumanism Emphasis on humans and worldly experienceEmphasis on humans and worldly experience

• Reflects Greco-Roman culture, emphasis on Reflects Greco-Roman culture, emphasis on learning, beauty, wisdomlearning, beauty, wisdom

• Promoted greater sense of individualityPromoted greater sense of individuality

Reflected in literature and art of the time Reflected in literature and art of the time periodperiod


ArtArt Middle Ages: religious images dominated artMiddle Ages: religious images dominated art Renaissance: more realistic depiction of Renaissance: more realistic depiction of

religious scenes, people and daily life became religious scenes, people and daily life became subject of artsubject of art

Many artists trained in ItalyMany artists trained in Italy• Florence: Medici family patronized artFlorence: Medici family patronized art

ReformationReformation

By 1500’s, the Catholic Church and By 1500’s, the Catholic Church and papacy had grown very richpapacy had grown very rich Construction of elaborate CathedralsConstruction of elaborate Cathedrals

• St. Peter’s Basilica in RomeSt. Peter’s Basilica in Rome Selling Selling indulgencesindulgences: pardons for sin: pardons for sin Some began to view the Church as being out Some began to view the Church as being out

of touch and corrupted by wealthof touch and corrupted by wealth• Movement to reform the Church became known as Movement to reform the Church became known as

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation


Martin Luther:Martin Luther: Monk, theological professorMonk, theological professor 1519: launched criticism of Catholic Church to 1519: launched criticism of Catholic Church to

spark the Reformationspark the Reformation• 95 Theses95 Theses• Used printing press to spread his ideasUsed printing press to spread his ideas

Disapproved of IndulgencesDisapproved of Indulgences Believed faith in Christ was only key to Believed faith in Christ was only key to

salvationsalvation


John Calvin:John Calvin: Frenchman inspired by LutherFrenchman inspired by Luther

• Believed in Believed in predestinationpredestination• Promoted simplicity in life & worshipPromoted simplicity in life & worship

Later groups of Calvinists became known as Puritans in Later groups of Calvinists became known as Puritans in England and the New England coloniesEngland and the New England colonies

As result of Reformation, Christianity saw As result of Reformation, Christianity saw another splitanother split Protestants Protestants

ReformationReformation

In response, Catholic Church attempted to In response, Catholic Church attempted to preserve its image preserve its image Promoting some reformsPromoting some reforms Known as Known as Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation

• Stricter training of church officials, reasserted Stricter training of church officials, reasserted power of Pope, stopped selling indulgences, etc.power of Pope, stopped selling indulgences, etc.

Protestant Reformation set stage for Protestant Reformation set stage for series of bloody “religious wars” in Europeseries of bloody “religious wars” in Europe Catholics and Protestants fight for control of Catholics and Protestants fight for control of

various statesvarious states

Government & Religious Government & Religious PoliciesPolicies

Governments became concerned with the Governments became concerned with the religious identity of their countryreligious identity of their country Some promoted Catholicism, others promoted Some promoted Catholicism, others promoted

ProtestantismProtestantism Spain enforced CatholicismSpain enforced Catholicism

King Phillip II used Spanish Inquisition to identify and King Phillip II used Spanish Inquisition to identify and eliminate “heretics”eliminate “heretics”

• Targeted Jews, Muslims, and Protestants; many flee country Targeted Jews, Muslims, and Protestants; many flee country to escape persecutionto escape persecution

Hurt Spain’s economy b/c many of those who were persecuted Hurt Spain’s economy b/c many of those who were persecuted were active in the economy (merchants, artisans, businessmen)were active in the economy (merchants, artisans, businessmen)

Government and Religious Government and Religious PoliciesPolicies

France also promoted CatholicismFrance also promoted Catholicism Bourbon family of rulersBourbon family of rulers 1685: Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes, which had 1685: Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes, which had

previously granted religious freedom to Protestantspreviously granted religious freedom to Protestants England became a Protestant stateEngland became a Protestant state

1533: Henry VIII broke with Catholic Church1533: Henry VIII broke with Catholic Church• Pope denied him an annulment from Catharine of AragonPope denied him an annulment from Catharine of Aragon• Established Church of England (Anglican Church) and Established Church of England (Anglican Church) and

disbanded monasteries and conventsdisbanded monasteries and convents However, the Anglican Church did not depart from However, the Anglican Church did not depart from

Catholic ritual and theology enough to satisfy some Catholic ritual and theology enough to satisfy some peoplepeople

• Calvinists in England became known as Puritans b/c they Calvinists in England became known as Puritans b/c they wanted to “purify” the Church wanted to “purify” the Church

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

In early modern period, Europeans’ world view In early modern period, Europeans’ world view shaped largely by folklore/magic and religionshaped largely by folklore/magic and religion Attributed events to supernatural phenomenonAttributed events to supernatural phenomenon

• ExamplesExamples God’s punishment for sinGod’s punishment for sin Demonic possessionDemonic possession evilevil

The revival of Classical learning led some The revival of Classical learning led some Europeans to seek other explanations for Europeans to seek other explanations for occurrences in the natural worldoccurrences in the natural world Led to advances in scienceLed to advances in science

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Astronomy:Astronomy: Sun at center of UniverseSun at center of Universe

• Challenged earlier belief that Earth was centerChallenged earlier belief that Earth was center Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler discover that planets Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler discover that planets

move in elliptical orbits around the sunmove in elliptical orbits around the sun

Galileo: (1564-1642) Galileo: (1564-1642) • built telescope powerful enough to view surface of built telescope powerful enough to view surface of

planetsplanets Isaac Newton: (1643-1727)Isaac Newton: (1643-1727)

• physics of motion and gravitationphysics of motion and gravitation

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Spun out of Scientific RevolutionSpun out of Scientific Revolution Began to apply reason to other aspects of lifeBegan to apply reason to other aspects of life

• Government major area of concernGovernment major area of concern

Enlightenment philosophers would develop new Enlightenment philosophers would develop new ideas to explain the existence and role of ideas to explain the existence and role of governmentgovernment John Locke: Social Contract TheoryJohn Locke: Social Contract Theory

• Governments get their power from the governed, not godGovernments get their power from the governed, not god People have duty to overthrow an unjust government and People have duty to overthrow an unjust government and

establish new oneestablish new one Profound impact during Age of RevolutionProfound impact during Age of Revolution

transformations in europe. changes in europe by 15 th century, western europe was undergoing major...

Documents