training sdh

8/12/2019 Training SDH

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Introduction To Transmission


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SDH

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy


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SDH Global Networks

European bit rates

64Kb/s

(PCM)

x32

2Mb/s

x4

8Mb/s

x4

34Mb/s

x4

140Mb/s

x4

565Mb/s

North American bit rates

1.5Mb/sx24

6Mb/sx4

45Mb/sx7

XNot supported

in SDH.

Non standard

X

1stOrder 2ndOrder 3rd Order 4th Order

E1 E2 E3 E4

DS1 DS2 DS3


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SDH Network Topologies

Line Systems

Terminal Terminal


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Line Systems

Terminal Terminal

Regenerator


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Ring Systems

ADM ADM

ADM

ADM


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STM-1

Pointers

Overheads

Overheads

Payload


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STM-1

Pointers

Overheads

Overheads

Payload

9 Bytes

9

Bytes

261 Bytes

270 Bytes


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STM-1

Pointers

Overheads

Overheads

Payload

9 Bytes

9

Bytes

261 Bytes

270 Bytes

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

268

269

270

2161

2162

2163

2164

2165

2166

2167

2168

2169

2170

2171

2172

2428

2429

2430

271

54

1

811

1081

1351

1

621

1891

Transmission time - 125 seconds


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STM-1 Overheads

Repeater Section Overheads

Multiplex Section Overheads

AU Pointers

3 Bytes

1 Byte

5 Bytes

9 Bytes


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STM-1 Overheads

ADM Regen Regen ADMSDH SDH SDHSDH SDH


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STM-1 Overheads


RS RS RS


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STM-1 Overheads


MS


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STM-1 Overheads


POH


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STM-1 Overheads


POH

RS RS RS

MS


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STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

B1 MD MD E1 MD F1 X X

D1 MD MD D2 MD D3


AU Pointers

X Reserved bytes

MD Media dependent


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STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3


AU Pointers

The J0byte is used to

carry the RS Path

Trace. This is a

repetitively transmitted

string used to identify

the transmitting node.


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SDH Path Trace

ADM ADM

SDHSDH SDHSDH

London Paris

London Paris


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SDH Path Trace

ADM ADM

SDHSDH SDHSDH

London Paris

London Paris

Paris London


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SDH Path Trace

ADM ADM

SDHSDH SDHSDH

London Paris

London Paris

Paris London

Paris London


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SDH Path Trace

ADM ADM

SDHSDH SDHSDH

London Paris

!

London Paris

Paris London

Amsterdam LondonX


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STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3


AU Pointers

The B1byte is used for

parity error checking.

It carries the parity of

the complete previousframe.

S S O


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STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3


AU Pointers

The E1byte provides a

64Kbit/s channel that

can be used to carry

voice for engineering

order wireuse. As this

is in the RS overhead

this channel can be

accessed at any node.

SDH EOW


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SDH EOW


STM 1 RS O h d


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STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3


AU Pointers

The F1byte is reserved

for user purposes.

STM 1 RS O h d


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STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3


AU Pointers

The D1, D2, & D3

bytes provides a

192Kbit/s channel that

is used as a data

communications

channelbetween

nodes for management

purposes.

SDH M t


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SDH Management


Network Management Centre

DCN Network

DCC

Channels

DCC

Channels

DCC

Channels

DCN

Connection

DCN

Connection

Gateway

Node

Gateway

Node

STM 1 MS O h d


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

X Reserved bytes

STM 1 MS O h d


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The B2byte allows for

parity error checking

within the MS overhead.

Parity is computed from

the previous frame with

the exception of the RS

overheads.

STM 1 MS O h d


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The K1& K2 bytes are

for used for automatic

protection switching.

They are used to

control the switches that

occur on the network.

SDH N t k R ili


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SDH Network Resilience

ADM

ADM

ADM ADM

Active path

Standby path

SDH N t k R ili


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ADM

ADM

ADM ADM

Active path

Standby path

SDH N t k R ili


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ADM

ADM

ADM ADM

Active path

Standby path

Network Management

CentreSwitch

STM 1 MS O h d


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The Dx bytes are for

used for a DCC

channel within the MS

overhead.

576Kbit/s are available

for communication

within this channel.

STM 1 MS O h d


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The S1byte is used for

synchronisation

messaging. It denotes

the quality level of the

synchronisation that

can be derived from this

incoming signal.

SDH Net ork S nchronisation


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SDH Network Synchronisation

Primary

reference

Secondary

reference ADM

ADM

ADM ADM



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Primary

reference

Secondary

reference ADM

ADM

ADM ADM



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Primary

reference

Secondary

reference ADM

ADM

ADM ADM

!



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Primary

reference

Secondary

reference ADM

ADM

ADM ADM!

STM 1 MS Overheads


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The Z1 andZ2bytes

currently have no

allocated function.

STM 1 MS Overheads


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The M1 byte is used as

a remote error

indicator.

Remote Error Indication


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B2 error

detected

Multiplex section

Multiplex section



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B2 error

detected

MS-REI

receivedMS-REI

generated

Multiplex section

Multiplex section

STM 1 MS Overheads


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STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X


AU Pointers

The E2 byte provides

an EOWchannel within

the MS overhead.

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers


AU Pointers


SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers


AU Pointers



AU Pointers


Payload area

Payload area

Actual Payload

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers


AU Pointers



AU Pointers


Payload area

Payload area

Actual Payload

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers


AU Pointers



AU Pointers


Payload area

Payload area

Actual Payload

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers


AU Pointers



AU Pointers


Payload area

Payload area

Actual Payload

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

9 Bytes

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 0 0 1 S S 1 1

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

NDF NDF NDF NDF S S I D I D I D I D I D

Pointer value

SDH Pointers


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SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

Payload

Past STM-1


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Past STM-1

Pointers

Overheads

Overheads

Payload

144 Bytes 4176 Bytes4320 Bytes

9 Bytes

STM16 Frame

Past STM-1


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Past STM-1

Signal Medium Bit rateE1 Electrical 2Mit/s

E3 Electrical 34Mit/s

E4 Electrical 140Mit/sSTM-1 Electrical / Optical 155Mbit/s

STM-4 Optical 622Mbit/s

STM-16 Optical 2.5Gbit/s

STM-64 Optical 10Gbit/s

STM-256 (future) Optical 40Gbit/s


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SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

C-3AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11

x3The Containeris the basicelement of SDH. Payload

signals that are to be

transported across the SDH

layer are mapped into the

appropriate container.

1.5M maps into a C-11

2M maps into a C-12

6M maps into a C-2

34M maps into a C-3

45M maps into a C-3

140M maps into a C-4

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11

VC-12

VC-2

VC-3

x3

Overhead bytes collectively

known as the Lower OrderPath Overheadare added to

the container to form a Virtual

Container.

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11

VC-12

VC-2

VC-3

x3

The VC-11/12/2 POHis

comprised of :

V5- Indication and errormonitoring.

J2- Path indication

N2- Tandem connection

monitoring

K4- Automatic protection

switching

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11

VC-12

VC-2

VC-3

x3

The VC-3/4 POHis comprised

of :

J1- Path indication

B3- Quality monitoring

C2- Container format

G1- Transmission erroracknowledgment

F2- Maintenance

H4- Superframe indication

F3- Maintenance

K3- Automatic protection

switching

N1- Tandem connection

monitoring

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

x3A Pointeris added to theVirtual Containerto create a

Tributary Unit.

This pointer functions in the

same way as the pointer withinthe section overheads but is

applied at a lower level and

should not be confused with

the higher level pointer. This

lower level pointer is known as

the TU Pointer

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

x4

x3

Four of the TU-11TributaryUnitscan be multiplexed

together to create A Tributary

Unit Group-2 (TUG-2)

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

x4

x3

x3

Alternatively three of theTU-12s can be multiplexed

together to form the TUG-2

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

x4

x3

x1

x3

Or the last way to constructthe TUG-2is to use a single

TU-2.

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

TUG-3

x4

x3

x1

x7

x3

In a typical lower order SDHnetwork carrying 2M traffic 7

TUG-2s will be multiplexed

together to create a TUG-3.

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

TUG-3

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x3

Alternatively if the network iscarrying 34M or 45m traffic the

TUG-3can be created from a

single TU-3

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

TUG-3

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x3

x3

3 TUG-3s can be multiplexed

together to create a VC-4.When this is created another

layer of path overhead is

added. This is known as the

High Order Path Overhead.

SDH Hierarchy


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SDH Hierarchy

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

TUG-3

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x3

x3

A single VC-4will have apointer added to create an

Administrative Unit, known

as an AU-4

SDH Hierarchy


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S e a c y

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

TUG-2

TUG-3

AUG

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x3

x3

The Administrative Unit

Groupis created when

multiplexing several

Administrative Units.Using this route through the

hierarchy only one AU-4is

needed to create the AUG, no

processing is performed or

overhead added.

SDH Hierarchy


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y

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

STM-N

TUG-2

TUG-3

AUG

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x3

x3

xN

To create the SDH signal

several AUGs are multiplexed

together with the section

overheads added to create the

STM-Nsignal.

For example, one AUGwould

be used in an STM-1, whereas

sixteen AUGs would be used

to create an STM-16signal

SDH Hierarchy


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y

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

STM-N

TUG-2

TUG-3

AUG

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x3

xN

There is an alternative way to

create the signal, although the

one shown here is typically

used. The alternative route is

mainly used when

interconnecting with SONET

networks or for SDH radio

applications where lower bit

rate STM-0/ OC-1s are used

as the building block instead of

STM-1

SDH Hierarchy


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y

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

STM-N

TUG-2

TUG-3

AUG

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x7

x3

xN

Seven TUG-2s are multiplexed

together to form a VC-3. Thisstage also adds a High Order

Path Overhead.

SDH Hierarchy


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y

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

STM-N

TUG-2

TUG-3

AUG

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x7

x3

xN

A pointer is added to the VC-3

to create an AU-3. This pointer

is know as an AU Pointer.

SDH Hierarchy


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y

C-4 140M

45M

34M

6M

2M

1.5M

VC-3 C-3

VC-4

AU-3

AU-4

C-2

C-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

VC-12TU-12

VC-2TU-2

VC-3TU-3

STM-N

TUG-2

TUG-3

AUG

x4

x3

x1

x1

x7

x7

x3

x3

xN

Three AU-3s can be

multiplexed together to form

an AUGif an STM-1 or higheris going to be created.

The AUGthen has the section

overheads added.


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