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TRANSCRIPT
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DqÀ½vÀ vÀgÀ¨ÉÃw ¸ÀA¸ÉÜ
ADMINISTRATIVE TRAINING INSTITUTE ®°vÀªÀĺÀ¯ï gÀ¸ÉÛ, ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ-570011
www.atimysore.gov.in Tel.:0821 2443839, 2522142, 2443264 Fax: 2523899
Report on
Training Needs Analysis for
Disaster Mitigation & Management in
Karnataka
Prepared by
Dr Ashok Sanganal
Sr. Faculty (Disaster Management & AT)
Centre for Disaster Management
http://www.atimysore.gov.in/
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Departments Covered Under TNA Report
1. Home Department 2. Health and Family Welfare Department 3. Department of AYUSH 4. Agriculture Department 5. Horticulture Department 6. Karnataka State Fire and Emergency Services 7. Civil Defense and Home Gaurds 8. Department of Factories and Boilers 9. Department of Industries and Commerce 10. Information Department 11. Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services 12. Water Resource Development/Irrigation Department 13. Public Works Department 14. Rural Development Department 15. Energy Department, KPTCL and ESCOMs 16. Urban Development Department, Municipal City Corporations of Gulbarga,
Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad and Mangalore
17. Department of Forest & Environment
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Preface Every year, the Karnataka State has been incurring huge damages to property and lives
due to multiple disasters. The training and capacity enhancement of the functionaries is
essential in order to ensure effective preparedness & mitigation, quick response and
rehabilitation. The Centre for Disaster Management at ATI Mysore is conducting training
for all levels of Govt. officials, NGOs and elected representatives of PRIs and ULBs. The
Administrative Training Institute Mysore is the apex training institute in the state actively
involved in the capacity building and training of the Officers and functionaries of various
departments. The Systematic Approach to Training starts with identification of training
needs of employees. Only then should we go for next stages of Planning & Designing,
Implementation and Assessment of training. Merely imparting training without prior
assessment of problems and gaps in Knowledge, Skills and Attitude is going to be a futile
exercise as it may not address precisely the performance problems of employees. The
ATI Mysore is taking steps to analyse the job, tasks, existing and expected performance
levels, causes for poor performance finally leading to identification of training and non-
training interventions. To do this and in line with the State and National Training Policy,
ATI has taken up the study of TNA(Training Needs Analysis) of employees of
departments to identify the performance problems of various levels employees
department-wise and prepare comprehensive need based training plan and Designs.
Ensuring objective and performance based training is crucial to facilitate the employees
perform their tasks to the expected levels. The ATI Mysore has been trying to involve the
departments/departmental training managers and employees to prepare department-wise
and employee-wise training plan and designs and also suggest non-training interventions
to the departments concerned. The state training policy and perspective plan of ATI
Mysore prepared by the Institute and approved by State Government provide overall
direction to the training in the State. The Institute’s Faculty in order enhance quality are
taking up action research, documentation of case studies, best practices, preparation of
handbooks, manuals, exercises, short films, e-lectures, E-learning materials etc.
This TNA study for employees of the Departments would facilitate the Management of
respective organisations to plan, design and assess the training in terms of performance
improvement of different levels of employees. The ATI Faculty would be happy to
extend their expertise to the departments and organisations on matters of TNA,
Designing, Trainer Skills, Evaluation, Training Methodology and in imparting need
based training. I appreciate the efforts of Dr Ashok Sanganal, Faculty and Master Trainer,
ATI and the Officers of all the 17 departments who have provided inputs during the
survey, interview, discussions and workshops while preparing the TNA Study.
Date : 30,10.2014 (V Rashmi)
Place : Mysore
V Rashmi, IAS Director General ATI Mysore
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TNA for Disaster Risk Mitigation & Management in
Karnataka
1.1 Introduction
The Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) begins with identification of training
needs of the functionaries. The training and non-training needs are identified based on the
performance gaps and problems of the employees. It may be noted that the performance
of the employees is not up to the standards prescribed by the organization due to various
factors. These factors are classified into three categories 1) Environmental, 2)
Behavioural, and 3) Motivational. Whereas the behavioural factors such as knowledge
and skill gaps could be solved through training, the environmental and motivational
factors requiring the attention of the Management/Organisation can not be addressed
through training alone. The organization has to take necessary steps to provide required
facilities and working environment to the employees for effective performance. It means
that the motivational factors such as incentives, rewards, promotions etc., and
environmental factors such as basic facilities, working place, equipment, tools, rules,
procedures etc., may also hinder the performance of the employees. The organizations
have to be clear as to what are the causes for poor performance. Both training institute
and the client organization need to assess the reasons for performance gaps. It is after
thorough analysis of the performance problems and gaps, that the actual training and non-
training needs are being identified. The training institutes would undertake training
designing only after the assessment of training needs. Otherwise, training designs
prepared as such may not address the performance gaps and consequent implementation
of such designs would lead to wastage of time and resources.
Disaster management is the responsibility of the Government. More than 23 line
departments are identified for managing various types of disasters including man made
disasters in Karnataka. District administrations are entrusted with the responsibility of
preparation of district disaster management plans, implementation and mock drilling of
the plans. Search and rescue, providing relief and rehabilitation are the important post
disaster activities to be performed by the officers and officials. Since disaster
management requires technical and managerial skills and knowledge in order to face the
incidents of different kind, it is necessary to prepare the officers, officials, elected
representatives, community and community based organizations to be ready to effectively
manage the disasters. There is a need to analyze the duties in relation to disaster
management and performance problems. The performance gaps could be bridged by
providing appropriate skills and knowledge through training. The performance problems
caused due to factors such as poor working environment, inadequate facilities, incentives,
equipment, materials etc., need to be addressed by the Government/Organization.
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Training provided in isolation of these factors may not really solve the performance
related problems. The TNA is an outcome of the following processes carried out me in
consultation with adequate number of employees selected from various departments;
Interviews and Discussions with various levels of employees
Two Day TNA workshops at all four Regions of Karnataka
Studying of the Job Description or Chart
Competency Mapping( Levels of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudinal Aspects)
Problem, Cause and Effect Analysis
Identification of Performance Problems
Analysis of Performance Problems
SWOT Analysis
Identification of Training and Non Training Needs
Design Briefs.
In the first stage, the performance problems are identified. Performance problem is
the difference between the prescribed level of performance and the existing level of
performance. If the existing level of performance of an employee is less than the
prescribed level, then the organization or the employer has to take steps to address the
problems by identifying the training and non-training needs. It is crucial to analyze the
causes for these problems. Tools such as Focused Group Discussions(FGD), Cause and
Effect Analysis, SWOT analysis, CETNA questionnaires were used to identify the
training and non training needs. Since, there are large number of employees at various
levels in the departments, adequate representative samples from each department are
taken to study the problems. The district administrations have expressed the need for
training with appropriate provision of infrastructural facilities in order to be able to
effectively manage the natural and manmade disasters.
Therefore, Centre for Disaster Management at ATI Mysore has felt the necessity of
conducting a comprehensive TNA for disaster management in Karnataka for the key
departments to be involved in pre, during and post disaster management. In this context,
the Administrative Training Institute Mysore has took up the task of detailed study on
“Training Needs Assessment for Disaster Management in Karnataka”. The
researcher/Faculty adopted the following road map for preparation of TNA report.
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Road Map for TNA
2 Days TNA state level workshop at ATI Mysore
for the middle to senior level officers of line departments
on TNA for Disaster Management
2 Days Southern Karnataka Regional TNA Workshop at
ATI Mysore
TNA workshop for the line department officers of districts
from southern part of Karnataka
2 Days Northern Karnataka Regional TNA Workshop at
Gulbarga DTI
TNA for Disaster Mgt. workshop for the line department
officers of districts from southern part of Karnataka
Field Survey
Data Collection and Analysis: CETNA Questionnaires, FGD,
SWOT, Cause and Effect Analysis
Competency mapping, identification of performance gaps
and PPs
Training and Non-training
Implications
Design Briefs
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
To list the duties and responsibilities of the functionaries in various departments
for disaster management
To list the performance problems of various employees department wise for
managing the disasters
To create awareness on training and capacity building in the departments involved
in disaster management
To identify competencies and the training needs of various levels of employees
department-wise to manage the disasters effectively
To identify the non-training needs or factors required for improving the work
environment in the identified department-wise functionaries
To evolve training plan and sample design briefs based on TNA
1.3 Methodology
The Coordinator and Faculty used the CETNA templates developed by the NIDM
with suitable modifications and Questionnaires designed and tailored to different levels
of employees to seek information on duties and responsibilities, performance problems,
cause and effect, SWOT analysis, training & non-training needs were used. Focus group
discussion (FGD) were also conducted to obtain information on performance problems at
various levels on the job including the non training needs. The following tools and steps
were adopted;
Interviews and Discussions with various levels of employees
Two Day TNA workshops at all four Regions of Karnataka
Studying of the Job Description or Chart
Competency Mapping( Levels of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudinal Aspects)
Problem, Cause and Effect Analysis
Identification of Performance Problems
Analysis of Performance Problems
SWOT Analysis
Identification of Training and Non Training Needs
Design Briefs.
1.4. Departments Covered under the TNA Study
1. Home Department, Government of Karnataka
2. Health and Family Welfare Department , Government of Karnataka
3. Department of AYUSH, GoK
4. Agriculture Department, Government of Karnataka
5. Horticulture Department, GoK
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6. Karnataka State Fire and Emergency Services, GoK
7. Civil Defense and Home Gaurds, Government of Karnataka
8. Department of Factories and Boilers, Government of Karnataka
9. Department of Industries and Commerce, GoK
10. Information Department, Government of Karnataka
11. Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of
Karnataka
12. Water Resource Development/Irrigation Department, Government of Karnataka
13. Public Works Department, Government of Karnataka
14. Rural Development Department, Government of Karnataka
15. Energy Department, KPTCL and ESCOMs
16. Urban Development Department, Municipal City Corporations of Gulbarga,
Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad and Mangalore
17. Department of Forest and Environment, GoK
1.4.1 State Level Workshop on TNA for Disaster Management
As a first step, a state level workshop on TNA and Capacity Enhancement for
Disaster Management was organized at ATI Mysore. 18 Senior and middle level officers
representing various Departments of the state Government from different districts
participated in the workshop. The Course Coordinator being the recognized Master
Trainer along with resource persons of ATI Mysore elicited the views and expectations in
terms of training and non-training needs of various levels of employees, department-wise.
Formats were used to seek the required information from the Officers. The participants
were district level Officers, they could assess the needs of the lower level staff working
under them. In turn, the needs of the lower level staff were re-assessed by random
interview. The objectives of the workshop were
Share experiences and information on disasters
Identify various natural and man made disasters in the state
Use various participatory tools and techniques for identification of training needs
of various functionaries for disaster management
Analyze the TNA Templates of NIDM
Identify training needs and capacity enhancement requirements for disaster
management with specific reference Karnataka
Officers of other line departments attending other training programmes in the campus
in ATI, SIUD and SIRD were also interviewed about their perception and requirement of
training and non training need for effective management of disasters.
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In the Workshop, the participants worked in Groups department wise. As per the past
history of occurrence of disasters in Karnataka, four types of disasters were selected to
study the TNA. These are (1) Droughts, Floods, Coastal Erosion and Cyclones (2)
Earthquakes & Landslides (3) Epidemic & Communicable Diseases (4)
Chemical/Industrial Disasters. The CDM ATI Mysore requested all departments
concerned with disaster management to come prepared for the TNA Workshop. The
Officers came with the required information from the respective departments and Offices
where they were working.
The workshop was conducted in four parts. In the first part, specific presentations on
overview of Disasters, Status of Disasters in Karnataka and screening of a film on
Earthquake, Flood and Tsunami followed by feedback and question answer session. The
second part included tools and techniques and methodology for TNA followed by a
Group exercise using the tools to work out TNA in an office/department. The third part
included extensive group work on functionary wise, department wise TNA for managing
different natural and man made disasters using the CETNA formats, Cause and Effect
analysis, SWOT analysis and facilitated by the Course Coordinator. The fourth part
included presentations by each group followed by questions and answers.
The officers could draw extensively from their field experiences, the performance
problems they were facing during disaster situation and routine works. They could assess
the causes for inadequate performance of their lower level employees to perform to the
desired level as prescribed in the job description. The performance gap was identified
based on the discussions and analysis in each group. The Course Coordinator made it
clear to the Officers the difference between the meanings of the terms such as cause,
effect, problem/gap and the training or non-training need and between the Behavioral,
Environmental and Motivational factors in order that they identify the actual problems
and gaps in each department.
During the group works, each group prepared detailed formats containing the details
of competency chart, job description, performance problems, Competency(Knowledge,
Skills and Attitudinal requirements) including non training interventions for each level of
employee in the organization/department.
The CETNA formats were sent to other Departments not listed above and data was
compiled and analysed.
1.4.2 TNA Workshop at Gulbarga for northern Karnataka Region.
In the second workshop at Gulbarga, 26 Officers from the districts of Gulbarga,
Bijapur, Raichur, Bagalkote were participated. The officers and staff participated
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comprised of Joint Directors(Agri), Dy Directors, EEs, Police Inspectors,
Commandants(Home Guards), District Fire Service Officers, Asst.
Commissioners/Tahasildars, EE of KPTCL, Environmental Engineer Officers of the
Gulbarga City Corporation etc., were participated.
The disasters in north Karnataka region particularly flood and drought were given
emphasis. The performance problems of the officers for overall management of disasters
at different phases such as search and rescue, relief and rehabilitation, preparedness,
Prevention & mitigation were discussed. The training and non-training requirements were
identified based on the performance gaps and problems.
1.4.3 TNA Workshop at Mysore for Southern Karnataka Region.
In the third workshop, 33 Officers from the districts of Dakshina Kannada,
Mysore, Madikeri, Chamarajanagar and Mandya were participated. The Officers
participated comprised of District Health Officer, District Surveillance Officer, Police
Inspector, Superintendent Engineer/EE/AE, Sr.AD(Horti), Tahasildar, Asst.
Commissioner, JD(Agri), Dy. Environmental Officer, Dy. Director of Factories and
Boilers, Commandant of Home Guards, JD of Industries Dept., Senior Geologists etc.
The disasters in southern part, coastal belt, western ghat areas were discussed in
detail. The landslides in western ghats, coastal erosion and cyclones in coastal belt in four
coastal districts and other natural and manmade disasters in southern Karnataka region
were discussed. The participants in groups worked on the identification of performance
problems and training and non-training needs for effective management of disasters. The
tools were applied while assessing the training and non-training needs.
1.4.4 Survey
In addition to three workshops, The Faculty/Course Coordinator visited the
Offices to seek some more information from the field level staff. The CETNA
questionnaires, SWOT, Cause and Effect Analysis, Discussion methods, visit to disaster
affected sites specifically flood and drought areas were adopted to elicit reactions of
lower level staff and district level officers by visiting the offices of Municipal
Corporation, ZP/TP, DC office, PWD, Irrigation Dept., etc.
1.4.5 Secondary Source of Information
The reports of the NDMA, NIDM, KSDMA, Revenue Department, Government
of Karnataka are referred. In addition to these reports, the reports of the departments,
ULBs, PRIs, UDAs, KPTCL, ESCOMs etc. participated in the workshop and interviews
were reviewed to assess the training and non training needs.
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1.5 Performance Problems of Functionaries in the Departments
The Officers who were involved in the management of disaster events in different
parts such as flood, Cyclone, Coastal erosion, boat capsizing and oil spillage in the
coastal districts of Udupi DK, and Karwar, flood and drought affected districts of
Bagalkote, Gadag, Raichur, Belgaum and Gulbarga, urban floods in Bangalore city have
faced some common problems of management. A few common problems expressed by
the officers of different departments as a result of survey and discussions are listed
below;
Response was delayed due to poor readiness
Evacuation of affected was poorly done due to non-availability of sufficient
resources
Early warning was not given
Inadequate co-operation and co-ordination among the officers and staff of
different departments.
Standard procedures were not available for providing rescue, relief and
rehabilitation
Poor communication equipment
Non-availability of materials such sand bags, rescue boats, rescue ships,
medicines, and life saving equipment
Poor co-ordination with coast guard and other service organizations
Poor maintenance of data of the affected population
Unsafe constructions and encroachments of roads, natural drains, storm water
drains, natural tanks.
Development over the flood plains and natural water tanks
Chocking of storm water drains due to throwing of solid waste resulting in floods
Immediate run off during heavy downpour due to poor drainage and asphalting of
roads and improper spacing of inlets
Poor interpersonal relationships among various levels of officials
Poor social and community mobilization skills among the officers to manage
crisis situations.
Improper compensation and relief to the affected
Delayed relief and rehabilitation including inadequacy of facilities at the relief
shelters
Logistic arrangement was not effective
Delayed rehabilitation and compensation
Assessment of damages, loss of lives and property due to floods, droughts and
other disasters was not appropriate.
Violation of building codes and regulations meant for hazard resistant
constructions
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District disaster management plans are not in place and have not been updated
and drilled.
The mindset and culture of relief and compensation rather than prevention,
mitigation and preparedness
Not keeping the information on the status of hazards and disasters at the local
level
Community not involved in mitigation and preparedness
Elected representatives in PRIs and ULBs are not aware of the need for
mitigation of hazards by earmarking budgetary provision.
Loss and Damage assessment improperly done
Improper coordination among the departments doing similar works during
disasters
Disaster Management Action Plans not prepared at every level
Not able to complete the projects on time
Not able to prevent T & D losses
Breakdown of electrical equipments
Project formulation & feasibility reports not upto the satisfactory level
Non-metered connections leading to revenue loss
Occurrence of electrical accidents increasing
DPR not prepared well
Unable to prepare & implement projects leading to poor outcome
Poor O & M of equipment
Unable to formulate PPP projects in energy sector
Not able to use PM soft wares
Pricing &Cost recovering in adequate
1.6 Cause and Effect Analysis
The employees were generally confused between symptom, cause and effect and after
due clarification of the meaning of each of them, they could bring out and identify the
symptoms, causes and effects based on which they could list the performance problems in
terms of requirements of training and non-training. The performance problems are
analysed & identified based on the cause and effect analysis at task, job & organization
levels as expressed by the employees. The performance problems and the causes are then
translated into training needs. An example of cause & effect analysis is illustrated above.
The problems were arrived at only after conducting similar exercises every effect.
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Example of Cause and Effect Analysis Diagram
Cause effect analysis for all the departments was carried out. The cause and effect
analysis has brought out the training and non-training implications for each of the
Departments and for every level of employees. The Department-wise matrix of Training
and Non-training interventions needed for various levels of employees are identifies and
and described below. 17 Departments which were considered important for Disaster
Management are chosen for the TNA study. The Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and
Capacity profile of Karnataka State covering all the four regions has been studied and the
relevant data on each district was presented to the officers and other functionaries of all
the 17 departments who have participated in the TNA workshop and interviews in order
to derive and identify the needs of training and non-training required at local, district and
sub-district / taluk levels department wise. This information has provided the officers
with background of disaster risk the state is facing.
Not knowing scientific SoPs for Relief , Compensation
Assessment of Loss & Damage delayed
and discriminatory at times
Community involvement poor
Minimum emergency facilities not available at the District EOC/Local level
Data of Public and Private Resources not
maintained and updated on continuous
basis at district and Taluka Level
Inadequate Coordination among
the departments similar functions
Communication and Reporting not up
to the mark about the disasters
DMAP not prepared and updated at dist, taluka,
orgn., schools, offices, Hospital etc.
Early warning about flood or drought or
cyclone not quick
Inadequate preparedness leading to
delay in planning and Implementation
Lack of equipment and communication
Technology including IT such as automation
of plans. Hazard and resources yet to be
digitized online
Not willing to work in disaster situations
Lack of Management Skills in Incident
Response
Delayed Compensation, SAR, Relief and
Rehabilitation
In adequate pre and post disaster/hazard data
Lack of Knowledge and Skills in IRS
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2.0 Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Profile of Karnataka
2.1 Disaster Events in Karnataka
The following table gives the inventory of occurrence of various natural and man induced
disasters in Karnataka. The major events happened to be drought, floods, diseases for
animals and human beings among others.
2.1.1 Major Disaster Events in Karnataka
SL
No Year Major Disaster Events
1
2005
&
2006
Floods in North Karnataka Region in Krishna and Bhima Basins(12
Lakh people affected, 20,000 houses damaged, 1.6 lakhs hectares of
crops damaged, Drought affected taluks, Land slide in western ghats,
Boat Capsizing in the sea near Udupi & Panambur ports, Oil spillage in
Karwar, Cyclone impact, Terrorist attack on IISc, Bangalore ,
Chikangunya
Bangalore Urban Flood-7491 houses collapsed, 3persons died 10,000
houses inundated, 253 dams over flowing, Drought affected taluks
2 2007
Floods in Kodagu, Bijapur, Bagalkote, Raichur, Karwar-Total loss Rs.
380 crores, No. of people in the relief camps 4041, Losses 1510 crores,
Industrials Disasters, Chikangunya
3 2008 Floods & Drought, Nine bomb exploded in B’lore city, Chikangunya
4 2009
Flood in Bellary, Bangalore flood, Belagum Flood, Drought, Land slide
in western ghats, Cyclone impact, H1N1 epidemic with 1791 confirmed
cases etc.
5 2010
Mangalore Air Crash, Carton Tower Fire, Bangalore, Flood in Bellary,
Bellary Building Collapse, Drought, Land slide in western ghats,
Cyclone impact,
6 2011 Floods & Drought
7 2012 157 taluks are declared as drought affected, Fire accidents, etc.
8 2013-
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The 126 Taluks are declared as drought affected, Fire accident of Cold
storage of Food Grains in Bellary, Train Accident near Bidar, Buidling
Collapses in Bangalur, Three Volvo Bus accidents, Foot and Mouth
Disease for cattle, Wild animal attacks in Mysore and Chamarajanagr,
2.1.2 Learning from the Past Experiences
Although drought and floods occupy major share, the recent foot and mouth disease for
cattle in Karnataka posed a challenge to the Government and farmers. The increasing
frequency of building collapses and fire accidents point out the apathy of the Urban Local
Bodies in regulating building bye-laws. The experiences drawn from the above disasters
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revealed the fact that the preparedness level at the district and local levels to respond to
the disaster events is not adequate. The repeated occurrence of floods, drought and other
disasters in North Karnataka could not be prevented despite the previous experiences.
The issues of relief and rehabilitation in the flood affected areas have remained
unresolved and unsatisfactory as expressed by the affected people. The tragedy and the
lessons learnt from the drought and floods changed the mindset of the government and
the focus of disaster management shifted from Rescue, Relief and Restoration to
Planning, Preparedness and Prevention.
In essence, the decades activities sought to shift the emphasis from post-disaster relief to
pre-disaster risk reduction. The main tasks identified for risk reduction are:
Avoiding habitation in hazardous areas;
Developing structures resistant to the onslaught of hazards;
Developing the ability to rapidly evacuate hazardous areas and shift residents to
hazard- resistant structures
Reducing or eliminating natural hazards through technological intervention (e.g.,
dams, plantations, etc); and
Establishing, through preparedness, the means to quickly recover from disasters
with minimal additional suffering and loss of life.
2.1.3 Government of Karnataka Initiatives
2.1.4 Karnataka State Disaster Management Plan
The CDM in consultation with NDMA, SDMA and other stakeholders has prepared the
State Disaster Management Plan in 2009 and again this year 2013. It serves as an
effective guide to help the state administration better prepared for disasters to safeguard
the lives, livelihoods and property. It covers all phases of management of any disaster
event in the state covering HRVC, Structure, Strategy for planning, prevention mitigation
preparedness, response and communication, training and capacity building, CBDM,
DRR, GOs & Notifications, SoPs for Departments and functionaries etc.
2.1.5 District Disaster Management Plans (DDMP)
The Revenue Department (DM), GoK had entrusted the CDM, ATI, Mysore to formulate
and update the DDMPs of all 30 districts in the State. The CDM in collaboration with
district administrations could formulate and update the DDMPs of all the districts. The
reformulation and updation would be taken up every year for all district DM plans.
2.1.6 Automation of DDMPs – TAMED
The CDM, ATI, Mysore has completed the automation of Raichur DDMP and has
initiated the process of automation of DDMPs of other districts. Ten DDMPs will
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automated during 2013-14 and the remaining will be taken up in the subsequent years.
GIS, RS, GPS technology has been adopted for automation of DDMPs.
2.1.7 State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC)
The SEOC has been set up in MS-Building (Govt. Secretariat) Bangalore to monitor
efficient Disaster Management in the State. The SEOC has been networked with all 30
districts.
2.1.8 District Emergency Operation Centre (DEOC)
All 30 district administrations under the supervision of respective DCs have setup DEOC
with wireless communication and emergency facilities.
2.1.9 Crisis Management Plan
The Revenue Department (DM), GoK has prepared Crisis Management Plan providing
indicative guidelines for operating during and after a disaster event. The crisis
management plan provides information on institutional arrangements for crisis response
explaining the functions of KSDMA, SEC and DDMA including NDRF, SDRF, CDM,
local authorities, EoC, contingency action, for early warning, SAR, Relief Camps and
Restoration activities viz., damage, assessment, essential services, mass casualty
management, disposing carcasses and dead, food, sanitation and other services including
monitoring.
2.1.10 State Disaster Management Policy
The policy envisages the participation of all stakeholders to manage disasters at all stages
viz., prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and rehabilitation. The policy stresses
on strategy for DRR, institutional framework, community participation, effective
communication and updation of DM Plans at all levels.
2.1.11 Department of Disaster Management, GoK
The GoK has set up a separate Department of Revenue (Disaster Management) headed by
the Secretary (DM).
Secretary , Revenue Department (DM)
Room No. 546-547, 5th Floor, 2nd Stage
M.S. Building, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Veedhi,
Bangalore- 560 001
Ph No.: 080- 2235 3980, 2232 0582
Fax: 080- 22354321 e-mail: [email protected]
State Emergency Operating Centre
Toll Free No. 1070
Website : ksdma.co.in
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2.1.12 State Disaster Response Force
Constitution of Karnataka State Disaster Response Force (KSDRF) has been approved by
the cabinet and is under the process of establishment in Mangalore, Bangalore, Belgaum
etc.
2.1.13 Karnataka State Disaster Management Authority & DDMA
The State Government has implemented the provisions of the Disaster Management Act
2005 and accordingly formed the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and
District Disaster Management Authorities in each of the 30 districts. The purpose is to
strengthen the organizational structure and command system at every level of
administration for better disaster management.
The State Government needs to incorporate the component of disaster management into
the development plan of the state. Disasters should not be dealt with in isolation. Disaster
preparedness and the promotion of disaster resilience have come to be recognized as
essential components of all development strategies. It was also realized that the issue of
reduction of the socio-economic vulnerability of the people has to be integrated into all
disaster management activities. By adopting this strategy, the government envisages to
reduce economic and financial losses resulting from disasters, while ensuring that they do
not reverse, retard or neutralize development efforts. Planning and co-ordination need
extra attention. Three major functional areas recognized as necessary components of a
comprehensive approach: prevention, response and recovery. Within these areas, the key
responsibilities of agencies include:
Planning: The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource
utilization.
Preparedness: The establishment of structures, development of systems and testing and
evaluation by organizations of their capacity to perform and their allotted roles.
Co-ordination: the bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective
disaster management.
The main vision of this document is to initiate coordinated efforts to have an effective
disaster management strategy for the State, which will minimise the impact of future
disasters. The other main focus area of this document is to have an extremely quick,
efficient and coordinated response and recovery plans in place from the Panchayat to the
State level (village being the unit of planning) with a mechanism that will ensure
increasing community participation in all disaster preparedness activities.
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18
2.2 Lessons learnt from the Past Disasters
Due to lack of effective response mechanism, loss & damage have
increased
In adequate prevention and mitigation have lead to increased vulnerability
Lack of procedures, skills, positive attitudes and training
Poor coordination among the departments and functionaries
In adequate planning for Disaster Management district & local levels
In adequate equipment, tools, communication facilities etc.
2.2.1 Planning Strategy
The State Government is taking the following initiatives to have a comprehensive disaster
management strategy in place:
Capacity building and Training of key government officials, NGO personnel and
other stakeholders on various aspects of disaster management;
Various awareness generation programmes and workshops, preparation of IEC
materials on various aspects of disasters;
Standard Operating Procedures for Line Departments and Officers
Formulation of Plans at the district and taluk levels and Community Based
Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) Plans;
Improvement of early warning system with the installation of Satellite Phones,
Ham radio, wireless communication systems, VHFs, OFC for telephones at State
& District Headquarters and other strategic points;
Building adequate number of shelters in flood prone areas
Repairs to old bridges, heritage buildings, irrigation channels, embankments etc.
Regular coordination meetings at the State and district levels
Formulation of a Disaster Management Framework
This state plan has been developed on the basis of the following:
Assimilating the lessons learnt from past disasters in the State, particularly, series
of droughts and floods;
Reviewing the practices adopted in other countries trying to understand the
various systems of preparedness, responses and recovery that have been
implemented in various places;
Analyzing and prioritizing the common elements of the response and recovery
processes in order to have a well-thought and planned response and recovery
mechanism for the State. The plan proposed is both flexible and adaptable to take
into account past experiences, best practices and make it suitable to the socio-
economic and cultural variables of the vulnerable people keeping in mind that
they are the prime stakeholders.
Incorporating disaster management, mainly the element of risk reduction, as the
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19
central component of all developmental plans and investment.
There could not be a single department/organization solely and totally responsible for
dealing with all aspects of various types of disasters. The management task is to bring
together in an integrated organizational network the resources of the many agencies and
individuals who can take appropriate and timely action.
2.2.2 Multi-Hazard Disaster Management Plan
This Plan is the first attempt to bring out a common plan for the State for five categories
of possible disasters identified by the HPC and the expert committee in the state to which
the State is vulnerable to. The Plan has a multi-hazard approach and incorporates various
actions which will promote a Culture of Preparedness. Extensive consultations, referring
to various Disaster Management Plans. The following concepts are incorporated in the
plan.
2.2.3 Trigger Mechanism is an emergency quick response mechanism, which would
spontaneously set in motion all disaster management activities for response and recovery
without loss of critical time. This would entail all the participating managers to know in
advance the task assigned to them and the manner of response. The Trigger Mechanism
has been envisaged as a preparedness plan whereby the receipt of a signal of an impeding
disaster or on the occurrence of sudden disaster would simultaneously energize and
activate all response and mitigation mechanism without loss of crucial time. This would
necessitate the participating managers to know in advance the tasks assigned to them and
the manner of response. Identification of available resources, manpower, material,
equipment and adequate delegation of financial and administrative powers are perquisites
to the successful operation of Trigger Mechanism.
The Trigger Mechanism is, in essence, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), which lays
down in a scientific and comprehensive manner the implementation plans on receipt of a
warning of impending disaster or plans to respond quickly to disasters that give no
warning. Activities such as evacuation, search and rescue, temporary shelter, food,
drinking water, clothing, health and sanitation, communication, accessibility and public
information are important components of disaster management, which would follow on
the activation of Trigger mechanism. These activities are common to all types of disasters
and will require the preparation of sub-action plans by each specified authority.
2.3 Levels of Disasters
2.3.1 Meaning of Disaster
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 defines disaster as “a catastrophe, mishap, calamity
or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident
or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to,
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20
and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such
a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the
affected area
L concept has been developed to define different levels of disasters in order to facilitate
the responses and assistances to States and Districts.
L0 level denotes normal times which will be utilized for close monitoring,
documentation, prevention and preparatory activities. Training on search and rescue,
rehearsals, evaluation and inventory updation for response activities will be carried out
during this time.
L1 level specifies disaster that can be managed at the District level, however, the State
and Centre will remain in readiness to provide assistance if needed.
L2 level disaster situations are those, which require assistance and active participation of
the State, mobilization of its resources for management of disasters.
L3 level disaster situation is in case of large scale disaster where the State and District
authorities have been overwhelmed and require assistance from the Central Government
for reinstating the State and District machinery as well as for rescue, relief, other
response and recovery measures. In most cases, the scale and intensity of the disaster as
determined by the concerned technical agency like IMD are sufficient for the declaration
of L3 disaster.
The objectives of the Disaster Management Plan are to ensure that the following
components of disaster management are organized to facilitate planning, preparedness,
operational coordination and community participation. Karnataka disaster management
arrangements are designed to deal with all types of hazards,
involve all stakeholders, be comprehensive (cover prevention, response and recovery).
2.3.2 Classification of Disasters
The High Power Committee on Disaster Management, constituted in 1999, has identified
various disasters categorized into five major sub-groups which are;
Box 1.1: tof various Disasters
I Water and climate related disasters
a) Floods and drainage management
b) Cyclones
c) Tornadoes and hurricanes
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21
d) Hailstorm
e) Cloud burst
f ) Heat wave and cold wave
g) Snow avalanches
h) Droughts
i) Sea erosion
j) Thunder and lightening
k) Tsunami
II Geological Related Disasters
a) Landslides and mudflows
b) Earthquakes
c) Dam failures/ Dam bursts
d) Minor fires
III Chemical, industrial and nuclear related disasters
a) Chemical and industrial disasters
b) Nuclear disasters
IV Accident Related disasters
a) Forest fires
b) Urban fires
c) Mine flooding
d) Oil spills
e) Major building collapse
f ) Serial bomb blasts
g) Festival related disasters
h) Electrical disasters and fires
i) Air, road and rail accidents
j) Boat capsizing
k) Village fire
V Biological Related Disasters
a) Biological disasters and epidemics
b) Pest attacks
c) Cattle epidemics
d) Food poisoning
e) Agriculture related diseases etc.
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22
2.3.3 Approaches and Policy Statement towards Management of
Disasters
The approach adopted in the preparation of the Sate Disaster Management Plan is
holistic and will address the multi-hazards the State is vulnerable to. It takes into account
past lessons and experiences and is built on what exists at different levels, streamlining
bottlenecks in systems and operational management procedures. The State Plan also
adopted the generic categorization of disasters as suggested by the HPC with specific
plans to handle different disasters by various departments at the State level.
2.3.4 Role of the State Government
Before undertaking mitigation measures, it is required to have a proper
understanding of the risks and vulnerability of the community and likely extent of
population and areas of concern based on past history of disasters. This basically means
carrying out a risk assessment and vulnerability analysis. This study needs to be carried
out in each district, resulting in identification of areas vulnerable to different disasters
which can be indicated on the vulnerability maps. Risk and Vulnerability analysis could
be done at the local levels by involving the local community since they know the
situation better. A comprehensive vulnerability analysis should be undertaken in all
hazard prone areas, taking into account past disaster events, the socio-economic
conditions of the population living in the area, the infrastructure and other structural
facilities for drought, cyclones, floods, storm surges, geological hazards etc.
Map Showing Vulnerable Areas to different disasters such as heavy rainfall, floods,
landslides, drought, fire, industrial accidents, chemical accidents/mishaps, road accidents
etc. need to be prepared and updated from time to time. Following information is required
The roles of the State Government as envisaged in the Plan are
Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Knowledge Networking and transfer, spread and adoption of improved and
appropriate technology for disaster prevention, response and recovery
Review, modification and adoption of appropriate laws, rules, codes and other measures to increase disaster management at all levels
Incorporating disaster management aspects in normal developmental activities Financial Matters Building of Inventories Initiating Community Awareness Programme Training of department officials from the State Headquarters and districts,
members from the community and other stakeholders through a participatory
approach
Generating awareness through media and other IEC strategies and workshops for students, teachers and other stakeholders.
Documentation
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23
(a) areas of influence (b) frequency (c) intensity (d) impact and (e) time to return to
normalcy.
Hazard mapping can then be undertaken to delineate causative source areas and areas
exposed to hazards, as well as the potential risk levels for different hazards. There is also a
great need for the production of geologic "thematic maps". Hazard maps can therefore be
deterministic or probabilistic.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can also play a crucial role in the gathering and
analysis of information needed for disaster management. The GIS can give higher quality
results than can be obtained manually, regardless of the costs involved. It can facilitate
decision making and improve coordination among agencies when efficiency is at a
premium.
Valuable information on individual hazards in a study area may appear on maps with
varying scales, coverage, and detail, but these disparate maps are difficult to use in risk
analyses or in deciding on suitable mitigation strategies. Information from several of
them can be combined in a single map to give a composite picture of the magnitude,
frequency and area of effect of all the hazards. The GIS can be used for hazards
management at different levels of development planning. At the State level, it can be used
in hazard assessments for resource analysis and project identification. At the district and
local level, it can be used to formulate investment projects and specific mitigation
strategies.
The assessments of risks and vulnerabilities will have to be constantly revised and
therefore a regular mechanism should be established for this. The use of GIS in this
regard would be highly beneficial, as the primary data can be easily updated and
corresponding assessments can be made. A special effort will have to be undertaken to
provide for hazard assessment in highly urbanised locations and look at the existing
infrastructure and systems in terms of their capacity to sustain the increasing demands
and their vulnerability to various disasters.
2.3.5 Types of Disasters in Karnataka
The state has so far reported the following disasters.
Drought
Flood
Cloudburst
Hailstorm
Lightning
Coastal Erosion
Storm Surge
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24
Cyclone
Geological Hazards
Earthquake
Landslide
Tsunami
Hydrological Hazards
Groundwater depletion and Aquifer Salinity
Biological Hazards
Plant : Pest and Insect attack
Human: Plague ( Kolar under highest risk)
SARS, Bird Flu
Under the man made disasters, Karnataka is more prone to following disasters;
• Fire hazards
• Road, Rail, Air and Waterway accidents
• Communal riots
• Building collapses
• Industrial accidents
• Explosions-Tanker bursts
• Terrorist attacks
2.4 Vulnerability to Different Hazards
2.4.1 Cyclones, Winds and Coastal Erosion
Karnataka state has been confronting various natural hazards. The coastal districts
namely Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada with a coastal line of 322 kms and
coastal population of 43.64 Lakhs are under the direct threat of cyclones and severe
cyclones originating in Arabian Sea and indirect attack of cyclones originating along the
Eastern coastline. The high density of population along the coastline of Karnataka has
made the population highly vulnerable to the storm surge and high speed wind
accompanied with cyclone. Any severe cyclone along the eastern coastline causes heavy
rainfall in the interior Karnataka region resulting in damages to crops, buildings,
infrastructure services such as roads and often the impact would be severe disruption in
the socio-economic life in these regions. It is important to note that infrastructure such as
rail and road networks which are adjacent to the sea coast are constantly threatened by
the erosion caused by giant sea waves particularly during storm surges and cyclones The
state is incurring huge expenditure almost every year on prevention of coastal erosion for
the 350 Kms of coastal line. The State has been placed under Category (II) A - Low
Vulnerability along with other states of Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
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25
Out of total geographical area of 190.238 Lakh ha, about 44.92 lakh ha area covering 15
districts and 50 taluks is affected by winds and cyclones which is falling under moderate
risk zone (Vs=39m/s) and remaining area falls under low damage risk zone (33m/s).
Apart from coastal erosion, the coastal areas are facing disasters such as boat capsizing
due to extreme weather conditions in the sea. The recent boats capsize on 29th
May, 2006
at Malpe Port at Udupi and Oil spillages at Karwar Port are a few examples. The incident
of Boat capsizing on 29th
May, 2006 has lead to a loss of property of Rs. 1.34 Crores and
death of 6 fishermen. The Oil spillage incident near Karwar Port is a different experience
in Karnataka as it happened for the first time on 30th
May, 2006.
2.4.2 Floods
The floods are quite common in Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkote, Raichur, Gulbarga,
Shimaoga, Chikkamagalur, Udupi, Coorg, Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad,
Davanagere, Gadag, Hassan, Uttara Kannada, Koppal, Bidar, Bangalore (R),
Bangalore(U), Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Chamarajanagar. In the North Karnataka region
covering the Krishna and Godavari Basins, even when the state was suffering under
drought like conditions, heavy discharges from Maharashtra caused floods. The floods in
the Districts of Gulbarga, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bidar, Bagalkot, Raichur etc., as a result of
-
26
outflow of excess water from the Krishna and Bhima Basins from Maharashtra have
affected 12 lakh people leaving behind 20,000 damaged houses, 1.6 Lakhs hectares of
damaged crops in 2006 and 2005. Cities are facing floods causing severe damages to
infrastructure services and loss of life.
Total Damages occurred during heavy rains in 2007
Number Rs. Lakhs
Damages to Infrastructure 27915.49
Damages to Houses 37118 1455.98
Cattle Lost 2381 90.78
Crop Loss (Hectars) 25561 8478.68
Total 37940.92
Number of Relief Camps opened during 2007
Sl No District
No of Relief
camps opened
No of People in the
relief camps Closed date
1 Bijapur 7 1971 30-6-2007
2 Bagalkote 2 800 3-7-2007
3 Raichur 1 300 25-6-2007
4 Karwar 1 429 30-6-2007
5 Kodugu 9 541 Till to day
Total 20 4041
SL.No. Damages Quantity Amount (in Lakhs)
1 Damages to Infrastructure 68069.00
2 Damages to Houses 84450 Nos. 11094.20
3 Cattle Lost 4750 Nos. 367.00
4 Horticulture crop loss 20900.7 ha. 6428.27
5 Agriculture crop loss 177733 ha. 43599.00
6 Other Relief Items 21527.88
Total 151085.35
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27
2.4.3 Rainfall
During the period from 1st June to 21st October 2012 , the state as a whole recorded an
actual amount of 685 mm of rainfall as against the normal rainfall of 938 mm with
departure from normal and classified under deficit being (-) 27 %.
2.4.4 Status of Minor Irrigation Tanks
Out of total 3524 minor irrigation tanks in the state, only 9% of the tanks had storages
capacity of more than 50% of their respective capacity, 31% of the tanks with storages
capacity of 30% to 50% of their respective capacity and remaining 61% of the tanks are
dry.
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28
2.4.5 Earthquakes
As per the Revised Earthquake Hazard Mapping, 22.13% of the total geographical area is
under Moderate earthquake damage risk zone & remaining area of the state is under low
damage risk zone. The state of Karnataka has reported more than 500 earthquake tremors
in the last three decades with most of them having low magnitude. It is found that the
weak zones around the northern Karnataka bordering Maharashtra could cause heavy
damages in future. The areas of southern part of Karnataka are also not free from frequent
tremors. The Karnataka state is categorized as moderate to low seismic risk zone. The
following Districts are falling in Zone III (Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII);
Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum, Dharwad, Uttar kannada, Shimoga, Udupi,
Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu. All other Districts are falling under Zone II( Low Damage
Risk zone MSK VI). The chart shows the occurrence of earthquake activities in
Karnataka.
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29
Earthquake Vulnerability Map of Karnataka Earthquake Hazard Map of Karnataka
2.4.6 Landslide
Hilly regions of Western Ghats spread in the districts of Kodagu, Chikmagalur, Hassan,
Shimoga, D. Kannada and U. Kannada record a very high normal rainfall of 2000mm to
4000mm. Landslides are common in these districts. During the rainy periods these hilly
regions regularly experience displacement of rocks and soils causing widespread damage
to property, infrastructure such as rails, roads and loss of human life.
Occurrence of Seismic Activities (1974-1994)
7
39
95
69
153 8 6
34
7563
5 6 7 2 1 10
2040
6080
100
Bang
alor
e(U)
Bang
alor
e Ru
ral
Kola
r
Tum
kur
Chitr
adur
ga
Dava
naga
re
Cham
araj
anag
ar
Mys
ore
Man
dya
Bella
ry
Hass
an
Raich
ur
Bida
r
Shim
oga
Gul
barg
a
Baga
lkot
e
Dhar
wad
District
No
of
occu
ren
ces
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30
Source: Geological Survey of India
2.4.7 Landslide Profile of Western Ghat in Karnataka
Landslides recorded along NH-206 and SH-50 between Jog fall and Honavar: 37 Land
slides
37 land slides are recorded in this ghat section in between nearly 60 km stretch.
The majority of the slides were found to be debris slides
The slides are shallow with less than 2m depth.
The general slope angle varies from25° to 35°
The slopes are moderately vegetated.
The overburden thickness varies from 1-5m and consists of soil and weathered
rock.
LANDSLIDES ALONG SH-95 (ANSI GHAT), KARNATAKA
N
76 º 20 ' 76 º 25'
14º 55'
15 º 00 ' 0 1Km
SCALE
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31
The cut slope angle is 70° to 80° with height varying from 2-15m.
The cut slopes have failed due to heavy rain in the Ghat section during monsoon.
Geologically the area comprises of weathered granite, gneisses and laterite.
One rock slide with planner failure is observed in this section.
Landslides recorded along Shiradi Ghat, NH-48- 20 land slides
The majority of the slides were found to be debris slides
The slides are shallow with less than 2m depth.
The general slope angle varies from25° to 35°
The slopes are moderately vegetated.
The overburden thickness varies from 1-5m and consists of soil and weathered
rock.
The cut slope angle is 70° to 80° with height varying from 2-15m.
The cut slopes have failed due to heavy rain in the Ghat section during monsoon.
Geologically the area comprises of weathered gneisses and granulites.
One rock slide with wedge failure is observed in this section
Landslides along SH 88-Madikere Mangalore Road-24 Slides
The majority of the slides were found to be debris slides
The slides are shallow with less than 2m depth.
The general slope angle varies from25° to 30°
The slopes are thickly vegetated.
The overburden thickness varies from 1-5m and consists of soil and weathered
rock.
The cut slope angle is vertical with height varying from 2-15m.
The cut slopes have failed due to heavy rain in the Ghat section during monsoon.
Geologically the area comprises of weathered granite.
Few rock slides with planner and wedge failures are observed in this section.
Landslides along SH 89-Madikere- Siddapura Road-5 Slides
All are debris slides
Triggered by heavy rainfall. The vertical cut slopes have failed due to toe cutting.
Landslides along SH 95-Karwar-Kumbarwada Road (Ansi Ghat)-14 Slides
All are debris slides
Triggered by heavy rainfall. The vertical cut slopes have failed due to toe Cutting.
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32
2.4.8 Drought
Lately, the GoK has declared 157of the 177 taluks as affected by the drought and the
state has been left to fix a tremendously large fiscal hole. The Map showing 157 taluks is
given below. Shimoga, Chitradurga, Davangere, Chikmangalur, Bangalore, Mysore,
Anekal and Hoskote are in the throes of one of the worst droughts that have hit the state
for the last 42 years. Emergency welfare measures such as Rs.3,500 farm loan waiver
have been announced to help farmers with small land-holdings. The assessment of the
situation for the Metrological and Agricultural Drought are to be done by considering
prevailing situation as on mid of July and reviewed with the progress of the season. In
case the Hydrological and Agricultural situation improves by the end of the season, the
areas declared as drought affected are to be denotified. The Hydrological Drought is
assesed at the end of the November month.
Drought is meteorologically related disaster. Karnataka stands Second only to Rajasthan
in terms of Drought Affected areas. The state is highly vulnerable to drought as compared
to its neighboring states. About 152.1 Lakhs ha (80%) out of 190.238 Lakh ha is affected
by drought in Karnataka. Groundwater levels are depleting due to successive droughts
and quality of water is getting deteriorated in terms of Fluoride, Nitrate and Salinity.
Although, drought may not pose great danger immediately within a few minutes as could
happen in case of a severe earthquake, it has huge impact on the occurrence of loss of
livelihoods, exodus, poverty, unrest, terrorism, robbery etc. Drought is a situation when
the actual seasonal rainfall is deficient by more than twice the mean deviation. In the
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33
taluks facing hydrological drought, only works related to ground water recharge activities
are to be taken up such as nalla bunding, gully plugging, desilting of ponds/minor
irrigation tanks/medium and major reservoirs, construction of percolation ponds, sub-
surface dykes, recharge pits, inversion wells, percolation trenches etc.
2.4.9 Indicator Assessment Criteria for Drought
Rainfall deficiency < 75% rainfall, measure of Vegetation index and Soil moisture index
Area under Sowing Crops < 50% of Total cultivable area by the end of the sowing season
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NVDI data from NADAMS)
Drought declaration only when the deviation of NDVI value from the normal is 0.4 or
less
Moisture. Adequacy Index (MAI) MAI values conforming to moderate drought as coded
in the Agricultural Drought Code.
Causes
Deficit of rainfall
Depletion of ground water
Inadequate supply of water through surface water bodies like rivers, streams,
canals, tanks etc.
Insufficient moisture in the sub surface layer of the soil and
Increase of demand for water as compared to availability
2.4.10 Loss and Damage Assessment and Relief Demand from GoI for
Managing Drought – 2012
The rainfall deficit is the highest since 1971, both for the periods - September 2011 to
end of July 2012 and 1st June 2012 to 31st July 2012. The Government of Karnataka has
estimated the loss and damage to different sectors due to drought in Karnataka state for
2012 and the details of funds being sought from the Central Government are summarized
below;
Agriculture: During Kharif 2011, Rabi 2011 and current Kharif 2012, a total area of
54.98 lakh ha has remained unsown, crops sown in 50.88 lakh has been
affected by ≥ 50%.
Short term measures:
An amount of Rs. 1106 Crores, as per CRF guidelines, towards
providing relief to famers facing crop loss of > 50%.
An amount of Rs. 241 Crores for contingency crop planning,
additional funds for ISOPOM, INSIMP, NFSM - in relaxation of
NDRF guidelines.
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34
Long term measures:
Rs. 596 Crores to strengthen macro management, micro irrigation
etc.
Horticulture: It is required to provide relief to farmers who have lost their horticulture
crops due to the sever long spell drought.
Short term measures:
Rs. 321 Crores towards providing relief to horticulture crop loss as
per NDRF guideline, providing assistance to alternative crops,
providing life saving watering through tankers.
Long term measures:
Rs. 866 Crores towards enhancing NIH & NIS funds
RDPR:
Short term measures:
Rs. 458 Crores towards revival of PWS, MWS; retrieval/hydro
fracturing of borewells, drilling of new borewells, energization of new
RWS schemes and requirements of immediate measures.
Long term measures:
Rs. 1525 Crores towards implementation of approved MVS schemes.
Animal Husbandry:
Short term measures:
Rs. 466 Crores towards opening 200 goshalas, fodder procurement,
fodder cultivation, supply of fodder seeds mini kit, cattle health care.
Long term measures:
Rs. 829 Crores for strengthening of dairy infrastructure.
Power Sector: The irrigation I.P sets in state depends on electric power. The diesel
subsidy is not of any relief to the farmers in the State. The severe drought has resulted in
heavy dependency on power operated by electricity. Assistance is sought for power
subsidy in-lieu of diesel subsidy to the farmers in drought affected areas.
Short term measures:
Rs. 2381 Crores for purchase of power to the I.P sets, energisation of
DWS installations, replacement of DTCs
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35
TOTAL ASSISTANCE SOUGHT:
o Short term measures: Rs. 7672 crores
o Long term measures: Rs. 3817 crores
Ground Water Status in Karnataka
0102030405060
Bang
alor
e (U
rban
)
Bang
alor
e (R
ural)
Kola
r
Tum
kur
Chitra
durg
a
Dav
anag
ere
Cha
mar
ajan
agar
Mys
ore
Man
dya
Bella
ry
Kopp
al
Raich
ur
Gulba
rga
Bida
r
District
Dep
th o
f W
ate
r T
ab
le in
Metr
es
1997
2000
2003
2004
Ground Water Status in Karnataka
05
10152025303540
Bel
gaum
Bag
alko
te
Bija
pur
Gad
ag
Hav
eri
Dha
rwad
Shi
mog
a
Has
san
Chikk
amag
alur
Kod
agu
Dak
shin
a Kan
nada
Udu
pi
Utta
ra K
anna
da
District
Dep
th o
f W
ate
r T
ab
le in
Metr
es
1997
2000
2003
2004
2.4.11 Cyclone
Population in the Coastal Districts of Karnataka Vulnerable to Cyclone Risk
The table illustrates the no. of Taluks, GPs and population. The vulnerability of
population living below the poverty line in coastal districts of Karnataka is very high.
-
36
District No. of
Taluks
No. of Grama
Panchayats
Total
Population
BPL
Population
% of BPL
Population
DK 2 91 1243211 316800 25.48
Udupi 2 99 904923 315820 34.90
Uttara Kannada 5 97 704764 460665 65.36
2.4.12 Population in the Malnad Zone Districts of Karnataka Vulnerable to
Cyclone Risk
The chart and table below indicate the details of cyclone vulnerable areas in Malnad
region comprising the districts of DK, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Kodagu, Shimoga,
Chikamagalur and Belgaum.
District No of
Taluks
No. of
Grama
Panchayats
Total
Population
BPL
Population
% of BPL
Population
DK 3 108 653192 271490 41.56
Udupi 1 40 204571 64540 31.55
Uttara
Kannada 5 99 504541 311584 61.75
Kodagu 2 58 339341 212230 62.54
Shimoga 4 141 642467 373435 58.13
Chikamagalur 3 59 265850 177040 66.59
Belgaum 1 51 243154 160000 65.80
2.4.13 Population in the Districts of Interior Karnataka Vulnerable to
Cyclone Risk The following chart and table provides the details of Districts, Talukas, GPs and the
cyclone vulnerable population in the interior Karnataka
Cyclone Vulnerable Areas in Interior Karnataka
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
Bijap
urBi
dar
Gulb
arga
Raich
ur
Bella
ry
Cham
araja
naga
r
District
Popu
latio
n
Total Population
BPL Population
-
37
District No of
Taluks
No. of
Grama
Panchayats
Total
Population
BPL
Population
% of BPL
Population
Bijapur 2 84 683114 414105 60.62
Bidar 5 177 1501374 930035 61.94
Gulbarga 9 295 2788169 1736295 62.27
Raichur 4 131 1327333 622405 46.89
Bellary 2 66 860608 498605 57.94
Chamarajanagar 1 38 336520 233055 69.25
2.5.0 Vulnerability of the State to Chemical Disasters/Hazards All factories having manufacturing processes mentioned in the first schedule appended to the
factories act, 1948 are termed as hazardous process factories. There are about 735 hazardous
process factories in the state. All Factories having the chemicals stored, used and manufactured in
excess of the threshold quantities specified under the CIMAH Rules, 1994 are categorised as
Major Accident Hazard units (MAH). 59 MAH units are identified in the state, which are located
in 16 districts. For all these 16 districts as per the said rules, District Crisis Groups have been
constituted with the respective Deputy Commissioner of the district as the chairman and the
representative of the Department of Factories and Boilers as the member Secretary. These groups
also consists of district level officers from the departments viz., police, fire force, pollution
control board, agriculture, health, education, transport, PWD and experts in the field of health and
safety. The main function of the District Crisis Group is to oversee the safety systems in the
MAH units located in the districts including the preparedness procedure in tackling the possible
emergencies arising out of chemical accidents in addition to assisting the Deputy Commissioner
in preparing a comprehensive off site emergency plan for the district obtaining information
from the MAH units.
2.5.1 Names of the Districts having Major Accident Hazard units
(MAH).
1. Bangalore Urban, 2. Bangalore Rural, 3. Belgaum,4. Dakshina Kannada, 5. Bellary, 6
Haveri, 7. Dharwad, 8. Hassan, 9. Mysore, 10 Shimaga, 11. Uttara Kannada, 12. Kolar,
13. Tumkur, 14. Raichur, 15. Koppal, 16. Ramanagaram
2.5.2 Steps taken by the State Government
1. Before siting any factory, the clearance from the Department of Forest, Ecology,
and Environment is essential;
2. Relevant information in detail about the process, chemicals used, hazards
identified and also measures to overcome hazards shall be informed to the
authorities, workers and the general public;
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3. Safety and health policy shall be evolved prior to the commencement of the
activities;
4. On site emergency plan/disaster management plan shall be prepared and
submitted for approval.
5. Safety manual shall be prepared and issued to all the workmen;
6. Subject all the workmen for pre employment and periodical medical examination
and maintain relevant records;
7. Ensure that the toxic chemicals and substances used in the factory are within the
permissible threshold limits at the work environment committee comprising of
workers representatives and the management shall be constituted and the same
should function as per rules;
8. Provisions envisaged under the Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard
(Karnataka) Rules, 1994 shall be complied with;
9. Mock rehearsals in respect of handling the emergencies shall be conducted
periodically;
10. Workers shall be trained and educated about the hazards, use of personal
protective equipment, safety and health awareness and emergency preparedness;
11. Assist the district crisis group in evolving off site emergency plan, if the unit is
coming under the MAH category;
12. Maintain occupational health Centre with all the facilities and required antidotes.
13. The factory should extend co-ordination and mutual aid to the neighbouring
factories in case of exigencies.
As envisaged under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Factories Act, 1948,
every industry involved in hazardous process is required to draw up an on-site emergency
plan detailing how emergencies are tackled in respective industries. Such plans are
required to be drawn up and shall be submitted to the Chief Inspector of Factories, for
approval. Department has come out with a guidelines to the management in preparing
such plans which will certainly help them in drafting their on site emergency plans. A
committee headed by the Joint Chief Inspector of Factories incharge of Central Safety
Monitoring Cell assisted by Two Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories has been
constituted to review the on site emergency plans received from the management of
factories before approval by the Chief Inspector of Factories. So far the department has
approved about 650 such on site emergency plans.
Chemical Accident (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996
framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 envisaged constitution of Crisis
Groups at the Central, State and Local levels to deal with emergencies arising out of
major chemical accidents from Major Accident Hazard units in addition to provide
adequate information’s, guidelines etc., in averting possible chemical accidents and also
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to have mock rehearsals in tackling the emergencies so that incase of real emergencies
the same can be tackled effectively to meet the objectives.
In pursuant to the said rules, the Government of Karnataka has constituted a committee at
the State Level with the Chief Secretary to the Government as the chairperson and the
Principal Secretary to Government, Labour Department as the member secretary. The
other members of the committee includes, Secretary Home and Transport, Health,
Agriculture, Education, PWD, Public Health Engineering, Director Fire Force, Director
Information and Publicity, Director General of Police, Chairman Pollution Control
Boards and five experts in the field of Occupational Health and Safety. This crisis group
is required to perform the functions as envisaged under the said rules by meeting
periodically and review the functions of the District Crisis Groups and take stock of the
Chemical Accident occurred in the state for onward transmission of a comprehensive
report to the Central Crisis Group.
2.6.0 District Specific Hazards & Vulnerability
2.6.1 Bangalore Urban Flood
Bangalore city has been facing severe floods every year. As against the annual average
rainfall of 830.5 mm in Bangalore Urban district, 568.5 mm, which is 75% of the average
annual rainfall occurred in a period of two months in September and October, 2005. An
excess of 289.2 mm rainfall is reported in just 3 days, As per the assessment report of
Bangalore Urban District, 3 persons died, 7491 houses collapsed and 10,000 houses were
inundated. Apart from these effects, about 253 tanks were overflowing and basic
infrastructure such as water supply, roads, bridges, electricity, telephones etc., were cut
off in most parts.
Problems of Storm Water Drains and Floods in Bangalore City
Silting and choking of most of Primary and Secondary Storm water drains.
Unawareness of Community.
Non availability of drains at tank bed areas.
Inadequate cross drainages.
Inadequate drain width
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Bhima river belt was flooded twice in the past during 2005-06 and 2006-07, which was
due to release of excess water from Maharashtra State dams like Ujani and veerbhatkar
due to heavy rains, 47 villages in Indi and Sindgi have been a affected. Due to excess
release of water from koyna dam the water level of Alamatti dam increased. Excess
release of water from Alamatti dam caused floods in Muddebihal B. Bagewadi and
Bijapur. Heavey rainfall in the catchment areas of Don river on 22/6/2007 night, caused
heavy flood in Don river. The flood water entered many villages and damaged public and
private properties and also causalities of human life and live stocks. Due to filling up of
silt in the Don River course area water level raised causing heavy losses.
2.6.2 Vulnerability of Gulbarga District
Gulbarga has long history of drought and almost all taluks are experiencing drought.
Gulbarga has experienced the effects of an earthquake during the earthquake of Latur.
Areas such as Aland and Afzalpur taluks have reported damages. Severe shocks were
reported in almost all the taluks of Gulbarga. Recently two villages in Chincholi taluk
namely Hasargundagi and Gurrampalli have experienced minor earthquakes. Gulbarga
district has five principal rivers Krishna, Bheema, Amraja, Kagina, Bennethora,
Kamalawathi and Mulamari
Following were flood affected villages in Gulbarga District;
Chittapur -20 villages
Shorapur- 3 villages
Jewargi- 24 villages
Afzalpur-26 villages
Gulbarga-12 villages
Shahapur-4 villages
Sedam-18 villages
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2.6.3 Vulnerability of Dakshina Kannada District
Dakshina Kannada district is one of the highly vulnerable districts in the state prone to
coastal erosion, cyclones, tsunami, floods, storm surges, wind and storm, communal
violence,
Following hazards are identified in the district;
• Floods – Mangalore, Surathkal, Gurupura, Mulki, Bantwal, Belthangady, Puttur,
Sullia.
• Landslide- Shiradi in Belthangadi taluka along NH-48
• Industrial Disasters: 12 MAH units and 6 Hazardous units around Panambur
(Ammonia and Chlorine)
• Oil Spillage
• Fire
• Road Tanker Accidents – NH17, NH13, NH 48
• Rail Accidents: Carrying LPG
• Floods – Mangalore, Surathkal, Gurupura, Mulki, Bantwal, Belthangady, Puttur,
Sullia.
• Landslide- Shiradi in Belthangadi taluka along NH-48
• Industrial Disasters: 12 MAH units and 6 Hazardous units around Panambur
(Ammonia and Chlorine)
• Oil Spillage
• Fire
• Road Tanker Accident – NH17, NH13, NH 48
• Rail Accidents: Carrying LPG etc
2.6.4 Vulnerability of Bagalkote District
In the year 2005-06, 146 villages of Bagalkot district were affected due to sudden release
of water from Koina and Ujoni Dams, which caused flood in Krishna river. Also release
of water from Hidkal Dam caused flood in Ghataprabha river and water discharged from
Navilthiratha Dam caused flood in Malaprabha river. Due to floods in Krishna,
Malaprabha, and Ghataprabha rivers a total of 146 villages were affected in Bagalkot
District as shown below.
Sl No Name of the Taluka No villages affected
1 Bagalkot 20
2 Hunagund 20
3 Badami 20
4 Jamkhandi 35
5 Mudhol 40
6 Bilagi 11
During 2006-07, Due to release of water from Koina Dam and Flood in rivers.
Vedaganga, Doodganga, and Panchaganga 36 villages of Jamkhandi taluk were affected.
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And also 40 villages of Mudhol taluk were affected due release of water in Ghataprabha
river from Hidakal Dam and Markandeya Barriage. 28 villages of Hunagund Taluka and
20 villages in Bagalkot Taluka were affected due to the excess release of water from
Almatti Dam and Back water of Narayanpur Dam. In Badami Taluk 12 Villages were
affected due to floods in Malaprabha River. During 2007-08, Flood in Ghatprabha
affected 40 Villages in Mudhol Taluka and flood in Malaprbha River affected 21 villages
in Hunagund Taluka and 22 Villages in Badami Taluka.
2.6.5 Vulnerability of Uttara Kannada District
The Uttara Kannada coast stretches along the Arabian Sea from Majali in the north to
Gorate in the south extending to about 144 Kms covering 5 taluk namely, Karwar,
Ankola, Kumta, Honnavar and Bhatkal from North to south. About 24 Kms from
Baithkol in karwar taluk to Belikeri in Ankola taluk is under the control of Naval Base.
The entire coast is known for rich fauna and floral diversity. In view of the rich resources,
the entire coast has high degree of development and high density of population.
Coastal erosion: Due to the presence of a number of estuaries and several minor and
major rivers and stream flowing through them, the coastal region is facing problems like
beach erosion, silting of harbours and estuarine mouth. Further, the storm waves and
cyclones in monsoon increase the susceptibility to coastal erosion.
The narrow beaches and the shoreline cannot afford to combat the ferocity of the waves
and tides occurring unceasingly. This causes erosion and sometimes the extent and
damage caused is serious enough to harm the interests of the residents and is of
permanent kind. In other words, lack of sufficient littoral material supply is the major
cause for such erosion. The coast is subjected to severe erosion for substantial portion of
its length during the southwest monsoon. The height of waves coupled with cyclonic
storms and tidal overflow result in rise in water level inducing severe erosion and
inundation of salt water.
All the above factors have resulted in loss of valuable property, coconut plantation, paddy
fields, collapse of houses and other structures of public interest, damaging roads and
bridges, dislocation of communication and disruption of other activities affecting socio-
economic aspects of the coastal region.
The coastal erosion occurs mostly during the early part of the monsoon. The movement
of sand on the beach is caused by waves and they are of two types, onshore-offshore
movement and along the shore movement. Strom waves which are short period waves rip
open the beaches, taking the material away into deep water, while long period waves
push this material back onto the beach. A series of local storms of long duration may
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cause beach erosion leading to damage to the backshore area. As this is an annual
phenomenon, it is necessary to plan ways and means to prevent this hazard on the
permanent basis.
Though the frequency of cyclones and tsunami are not frequent, there was some effect of
tsunami in the district when large quantity of seawater entered estuary leading to salt
water inundation into the faddy fields on both the banks of rivers. A proper planning for
protection to higher tidal amplitude rise in view of sea level rise and weather change is
required.
The harbour: The district has one all weather port in karwar. Form this port goods are
exported or imported. During the process accidents are a possibility. Recently one
cargovessel ‘ocean seraya’ collided with the oyster rocks in the harbour region, leading to
oil spill and environmental hazard that attracts international attention. The district has not
got any facility to fight such a hazard. It is necessary that a proper disaster management
setup to combat such a situation be established in karwar in view of consistent increase in
traffic.
Fishing harbours and fish