traditional buildings functioning of the building [compatibility mode] (2)

7/25/2019 Traditional Buildings Functioning of the Building [Compatibility Mode] (2)

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TRADITIONAL BUILDINGSFUNCTIONING OF THE BUILDING

Prepared for discussion with studentsDr.Phani Sree Vagvala


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Traditional buildings-definition

A building of traditional construction is defined as

one that is of a solid wall construction with porousfabric that absorbs and readily allows the

evaporation of water

Modern building is that building constructed withimpervious material designed to exclude moisture

and rely upon physical barriers such as dpc and

cavity walls


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Traditional mass wall construction Modern cavity wall construction

Relies on the mass of the wall forweatherproofing'.

Relies on waterproof' materials.

Built with soft, porous, flexible,

'

Built with hard, impervious and

Absorbs moisture and allows quick,

natural drying.

Physical break (cavity) to prevent

moisture transferring to the inside of

building.

Relies on natural ventilation tocontrol the internal environment and

prevent condensation and mould

growth etc.

Relies on mechanical extraction andphysical ventilation to control the

internal environment and prevent

condensation and mould growth etc.


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WHY SURVEY

To understand the extent of repair

Degree of alterations that can be made

The manner the repairs has to be taken up and

e way as o e ma n a ne . The demand on earth resources.


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Common Problems In Traditional

Buildings

1. Fungal stain or harmful growth

2. Peeling paint3. Defective plastered renderings

4. Defective rainwater goods

.

6. Cracking of walls

7. Erosion of mortar joints

8. Dampness penetration through walls

9. Roof defects10. Insect or termite attack

11. Unstable foundation.

12. Poor installation of air-conditioning units


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Fungal Stain / Harmful Growth

Fungal stain or mould usually occurs when there is a

presence of water or high moisture content in masonrywalls. Flourish in conditions of high humidity and lack of

ventilation.

Fungal stain can be seen on wall surfaces of abathroom, kitchen, near rainwater goods includingdown pipes and gutters; and at washing areas.

Harmful growth on walls due to cracks in walls and

mortar joints (creeping and ficus plants) Cracks widen and water penetrationincreases (Roots

can go deep).


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Erosion of Mortar Joints

Causes to the erosion of mortar joints include

presence of salt crystallization scouring action of winds and

disintegrating effects of plant growing on a wall

disintegrating effects of water penetration leading tothe concentrations of moisture and dampness.

Decayed mortar can be removed forcibly by the use of

a mechanical disc or carefully raked out by using aknife or spike manually.


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Peeling Paint

Peeling paint usually occurs on building facades, mainly on

plastered walls, columns and other areas which are exposed to

excessive rain and dampness.

Buildings located near the sea may face a much greater risk once

the signs of peeling paint are visible on the exterior walls.

The amount of constant wind, rain and sun received can easilyturn the surfaces of the paint to be chalky and wrinkled or

blistered.

In many historic buildings, there are layers of paints being

applied on plastered walls. (lime wash emulsion, oil-based, tar,

bituminous and oil-bound water paint).

removing and repairing depends on the nature and conditions of

the paints.


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Defective Plastered Rendering

Defective plastered rendering occurs mostly on

external walls, columns and ceiling. In a tropical climate, the defects of rendering are

normally caused by biological attacks arising out ofpenetrating rain, evaporation, condensation, air

po ution, e y ration an t erma stress. Other causes may come from mould or harmful growth,

insects, animals and traffic vibration.

cracks due to either shrinkage or movement in the

substrate. decomposes and is broken apart


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Cracking of Walls / Leaning Walls

Cracks in wall, either vertical or diagonal, are common symptoms ofstructural instability.

Causes- foundations defects, weak materials and joints; or anyshrinkage or thermal movements (eg timber window frames).

may terminate at the corner of a building, often occur when shallow foundations are laid on shrinkable sub-soil

or

when there is a physical uplifting action of main roots of a large

tree close to the walls. Leaning walls occur due to spreading roof which forces the weight

of a roof down towards the walls,


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Defective Rainwater Goods Common problems associated with the defective rainwater goods include

sagging or missing eaves gutters,

corroded or broken galvanized iron down pipes

leaking rainwater heads.

undersized gutters or down pipes which cause overflow of water,

improper disposal of water at ground level. Causes to the defective of rainwater goods.

inadequate painting, iron rainwater good can become rusted and

fractured.

Lack of proper fixings of the wall, particularly by means of projectinglead ears or lugs can cause instability to the down pipes.

the routines of building inspections and maintenance have been

neglected,


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Decayed Floorboards

The main causes to the deterioration floorboard

Abrasion on surface

insect and termite attacks,

,

electrical or plumbing works;

lack of natural seasoning and preservatives, and

corroded nails.


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Insect or Termite Attacks on Timber

Insect or termite attacks usually happen in a damp and

digestible timber. It can be found in elements such as : wall plates,

the feet of rafters and bearing ends of beams and trusses;

in all timbers which are placed against or built into dampwalling.

insect or termite holes cause softening of timber and

form further cracks. Affected timber can be treated by pressure-spraying

with insecticide or fumigant insecticidal processes.


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Defects in Roof Tiles

Common defects of roof tiles include

corrosion of nails fixing the tiles to battens and rafters, the decay of battens;

cracking of tiles which may be caused by harmful

growth or walk upon. The mortar applied for ridge tiles tends to decay or

flake off over the years.


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Dampness Penetration Through Walls

The main cause of dampness is water which mayenter a building by a number of different routes.

Water penetration

Condensation

Poor ventilation

Dampness may also occur in walls because of otherfactors such as leaking gutters or down pipes,defective drains, burst plumbing.


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Unstable Foundations

Most of the common problems in the foundations depend on the geology of the ground upon which a building stands and its

surrounded by, structural failures; and presence and

height of a water table.

inherent failures ma also ha en in a buildin in which it has to

cope and carry any unsettled problems of the foundations. Other causes include

landslides caused by heavy rain,

heavy construction near by

lowering of water tables( usually by hard landscaping and road areas). traffic vibrations,

deteriorating of building materials

increased loads due to alterations.


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Alterations made to building

Usage of building is for different purpose

Additional loads

Modern materials used for repairs and maintenance

ns a a on o ec an ca ven a on

Poor workmanship and detailing

traditional buildings functioning of the building [compatibility mode] (2)

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