“Tracking & Positioning of Mobiles”

By Ankur Kumar

Today ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONSTRAINTS

1. NETWORK ASSISTED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM 2. NETWORK BASED MOBILE POSITIONING 3. TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA) 4. TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL(TDOA)

LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD 1. PROPOSAL2. DESCRIPTION3. DETERMINATION OF LOCATION TRACKING CURVE4. REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTIONWhat is Cellular Network?

A cellular network is a radio network made up of no of cell each served by a fixed transmitter, known as cell site or base station These cells are used to cover different areas in order to provide a radio coverage over wide area.

Advantages of Cellular network over a alternative solution: Increased capacity Reduced power usages Better power usages

What is Base Station?

Wireless computer networking Each cell is served by a base

station (BS) Base station is a GPS receiver Each BS is connected to a

mobile switching center (MSC) through fixed links

Each MSC is connected to other MSCs and PSTN

Base Station CELL STRUCTURES

Cell

PRACTICALY IDEALY

NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING

To facilitate new services to the mobile user. The positioning of the mobile user could provide services like

Emergency service for subscriber safety. Location sensitive billing. Cellular Fraud detection. Intelligent transport system services.

Efficient and effective network performance and management.

EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONSTRAINTS

NETWORK ASSISTED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The mobile telephone is provided with a GPS receiver to calculate its location in latitude and longitude coordinates based on the location information received from a satellite through the GPS receiver.

Increases the price and the size of the mobile telephone. The load on the mobile telephone is increased. Power consumption is high.

NETWORK BASED MOBILE POSITIONING

In the case that the mobile telephone network locates the mobile telephone, at least three base stations (BSs) receive a signal from the mobile telephone; calculate the distances between the BSs and the mobile telephone using the arrival time of the signals at the BSs, then determine the location of the mobile telephone using the trigonometry.

TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA)

The TOA method calculates the distance of a mobile telephone and a BS based on the TOA of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the BS. It is assumed that the mobile telephone is located at the intersection point of three circles having the radius of the distances between the BSs and the mobile telephone.

The distance is calculated by the following equation, Ri = C ti = sqrt ( (xi – X ) 2 + (yi – Y) 2 ) where, C – propagation speed of electromagnetic wave, ti – propagation of time from the mobile telephone to ith base station, xi, yi - location of ith base station,

X, Y – mobile position.

A typical TOA method for locating a mobile telephone

T1,T2,T3 :-Three overlapped Base Stations (BS)

C1,C2,C3 :- Three circles whose radii are the distance between the mobile telephone M1and at least three BSs

L1,L2,L3 :- Three common chords

M1 :- Mobile telephone

TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL (TDOA) The implementation requires

accurate synchronization ofeach BS.

The signal of the mobileTelephone often travels a longerpath to a BS due to the Non- LineOf Sight (NLOS) effects.

In this method, three circles orhyperbolas do not meet at one point but overlap each

other over an area

In this method using a common chord involves a huge location error unless the paths between the mobile telephone and each BS have the same propagation environment

LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD

PROPOSAL several base stations T 1 to T N Base station controller (BSC) mobile switching center (MSC) Location Data Processor

IN LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHODThe steps involved are:A. Each base station nearer to a mobile telephone receives a predetermined

signal from the mobile telephone and calculates the distance between the mobile telephone and the base station and the variances of time arrival of the signal at the base station;

B. A circle is drawn to have a radius being the distance and the coordinates of the base station being the center of the circle;

C. A pair of the first and the second base stations is selected among the base stations. A several location tracking curves connecting two intersection points between the selected circles corresponding to the first and the second base stations are drawn. One of the location tracking curves is selected using the variances of the first and the second base stations;

D. The steps c. and b. are repeated for the other pairs of the base stations;E. The intersection points are obtained among the location tracking curves

selected in step d. and c. and,F. The location of the mobile telephone is determined using the coordinates of

the intersection points obtained in step e.

A flowchart showing the steps involved in locating a mobile telephone

DESCRIPTION

A proposed method for mobile telephone location

DETERMINATION OF LOCATION TRACKING CURVE

Illustrates the determination of location tracking curve.

REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION

The positioning of mobile telephone by the proposed method.

CONCLUSION

The location of a mobile telephone can be accurately tracked even in the NLOS environment, by using more accurate tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles with the radii being the distances between corresponding BSs and the mobile telephone in a cellular mobile communication system.

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