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Tracking Gender Equality Commitments in the East African Community

A Monitoring & Evaluation Framework

The Eastern African Sub-Regional SupportInitiative for the Advancement of Women

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 2

A Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

Tracking Gender Equality Commitments in the East African Community:

Published by

Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI)P.O. Box 24965, Kampala, UgandaEmail: [email protected] Website: www.eassi.org

Society for International Development

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Email: [email protected]: www.sidint.net

© 2013 Society for International Development (SID) and Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI)

ISBN: 978 - 9966 - 029 - 20 - 1

With funding from Diakonia

The publication, however, remains the sole responsibility of the Society for International Development (SID) and Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI)

Written by: Okumba Miruka

Technical editing: Katindi Sivi Njonjo

Copy editing: Joy Thitu Kimani & Leonard Wanyama

Design, Printing & Publishing: Ascent Limited

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior express and written permission of the publishers. Any part of this publication may be freely reviewed or quoted provided the source is duly acknowledged. It may not be sold or used for commercial purposes or for profit.

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

Abbreviations 1

Foreword 2

Acknowledgements 4

About SID 5

About EASSI 5

1.0 Introduction 6

1.1 Background on the East African Community (EAC) and its Gender Commitments 6

1.2 Rationale for a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the EAC and its Member States 8

1.3 Objectives of the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 11

2.0 Key Concepts 12

2.1 Gender Equality 12

2.2 Gender mainstreaming 12

2.3 Monitoring 13

2.4 Evaluation 13

3.0 Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 15

3.1 Existing Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 15

Contents


3.1.1 The African Gender and Development Index (AGDI) 153.1.2 The African Gender Equality and

Women’s Rights Monitor (AGM) 17

3.1.3 Gender Impact Analysis Tool by the Federation of Women Lawyers (Kenya). 17

3.2. Proposed Monitoring and Evaluation Tools for the EAC and its Member States 18

3.2.1 General Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming Environment 18

3.2.2 Score Card 213.2.3 Gains Reporting Sheet 233.2.4 Thematic Assessment 24

4.0 Implementation of the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 41

4.1 How to Use the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 41

4.1.1 Questions to Answer 414.1.2 Questions to Ask 424.1.3 Questions to Consider 42

4.2 Implementation Steps 464.2.1 Familiarisation 464.2.2 Pre-testing 464.3.3 Advocacy 474.2.4 Resource Centre 474.2.5 Linkages 47

4.3 Reporting 47

5. References 50

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework1

AbbreviationsAGDI African Gender and Development Index AGM African Gender Equality and Women’s Rights Monitor AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeARV Anti-Retroviral ART Anti-Retroviral Therapy AU African Union AUC African Union Commission BPfA Beijing Platform for Action CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CSO Civil Society OrganizationEASSI Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women EADGE East African Declaration on Gender Equality EAC East African Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa EFA Education for All FGM Female Genital MutilationGBV Gender Based ViolenceGDI Gender-related Development Index GIMAC Gender is My Agenda Campaign GEM Gender Empowerment Measurement GSI Gender Status Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICT Information Communication TechnologyIDEA International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance MDGs Millennium Development GoalsNEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development SDGEA Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in AfricaSID Society for International Development SMT Science, Mathematics and Technical UN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for WomenVAW Violence Against Women


ForewordThere are several commitments and outcomes to gender mainstreaming efforts in Africa. However, the implementation of these commitments has in many occasions been ignored, and in fact, not much is said to have changed. The need to assess the execution of gender equality instruments has therefore been identified in different forums and by various actors as important. For instance, the 7th African Regional Ministerial Conference on Women, held in Addis Ababa in October 2004, concluded that “African governments continue to commit to international instruments promoting and protecting women’s rights, but there has been a lack of effective implementation at the national level”. A similar conclusion was reached at the Beijing+10 conference held in New York in March 2005 which reiterated that “the presence of protocols and conventions on women’s rights would remain mere slogans and political pronouncements without deliberate efforts to hold governments accountable”.

Among the fundamental principles of the East African Community, comprising of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, is gender equality and equal opportunities. Article 5 (3e) commits the EAC to ensuring “the mainstreaming of gender in all its endeavours and the enhancement of the role of women in cultural, social, political, economic and technological development”. The Community has also established the Gender and Community Development Committee which compiled a framework of socio-economic indicators to guide future programmes and activities. However, recognizing the attitudes and approaches that have served to marginalize women’s issues and undermine the agenda of gender equity are well entrenched within individual attitudes and governance structures, the EAC risks to fail in its gender mainstreaming endeavour if these gender commitments are not executed.

The Society for International Development (SID) and the Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) undertook to develop a regional monitoring and evaluation mechanism for Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to ensure that the EAC is accountable for the gender-related commitments entered into. This initiative emanated from a project undertaken by EASSI entitled ‘Towards an East African Declaration on Gender Equality (EADGE) which embarked on the development of a Gender Protocol for the region and a campaign for its adoption by EAC’s partner states.

The primary objective of a regional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework is to have indicators that help civil society groups assess the EAC on issues of: gender parity (equal representation and participation of women and men); equality (equal access, control, opportunities, rewards, and benefits for women and men); equity (the ratio of participation, access, opportunities, rewards, and benefits according to needs/concerns of women and men, women’s empowerment and transformation of gender relations); empowerment (cognitive, behavioral, and affective changes to increase levels of equality and empowerment of women in relation to men); and transformation (transforming the gender order; changing existing distribution of resources and responsibilities to create balanced gender relations).

649184

Evidenziato


By developing a monitoring and evaluation framework and by building capacity of regional CSOs to effectively use the M&E framework, SID and EASSI hopes that: first, CSO’s in the region will have an organized way in which to gauge the progress/ level of gender mainstreaming in national programmes and within the EAC institutions; second, CSO’s in the region will have the ability to enumerate actual gender equity outcomes and evaluate gender impact of national programmes and those of the EAC institutions; and third, CSO’s in the region will establish a way of ranking the performance of all EAC countries on issues of gender. It is envisaged that this process will enhance the realization of gender equity within the EAC.

Marren Akatsa - BukachiExecutive Director, EASSI

Ali HersiRegional Director, SID


AcknowledgementsSociety for International Development (SID) and the Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) are grateful to all the individuals directly involved in this publication. Special mention goes to Katindi Sivi-Njonjo (SID, Programme Director) and Christine Nankubuge (EASSI, Programme Director) for their institutional leadership and management of the project. Many thanks to Leonard Wanyama; Nivatiti Nandujja; Assumpta Muweera, Stefano Prato, Aidan Eyakuze and Jackson Kitololo for the different roles played in the completion of this publication.

SID and EASSI would also like to thank Dr. Consolata Kabonesa, Mrs. Ronah Serwadda Dr. Josephine Ahikire, Ms. Jane Mpagi, Ms. Beatrice Nyamoya, Mr. Eric Tumwesigye, Ms. Mary Muyonga, Ms. Valerie Msoka, and Ms. Ritah Achiro for attending the peer review meeting held on 1st March 2012 and for making invaluable comments that went into improving and finalizing the book. The support of Diakonia in funding the project is also gratefully acknowledged.


About SIDThe Society for International Development (SID) is an international network of individuals and organizations founded in 1957 to promote social justice and foster democratic participation in the development process. Through locally-driven programmes and activities, SID strengthens collective empowerment, facilitates dialogue and knowledge-sharing on people-centered development strategies, and promotes policy change towards inclusiveness, equity and sustainability. SID has over 30 chapters and 3,000 members in more than 50 countries. While headquartered in Rome, Italy, its main operational offices are located in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

About EASSIThe Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) is a sub regional women’s rights organization working to advance the status of women in Eastern Africa, Great Lakes and the Horn. EASSI works to monitor implementation of women’s rights instruments including the African and Beijing Platforms for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women and UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women’s participation in peace and security issues, as a means of holding governments accountable.

6Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

1.1 Background on the East African Community (EAC) and its Gender Commitments

EAC is an intergovernmental organization bringing together Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The origin of the EAC can be traced to 1960 when the Chief Minister of Tanganyika, Julius Nyerere, proposed that the independence of Tanganyika be delayed until Kenya and Uganda were also independent so that the three countries could form a federation. This call was not heeded and Tanganyika and Zanzibar (which later became the Republic of Tanzania), gained independence first. On June 5, 1963, however, the leaders of the three states met and declared an intention to form an East African Federation before the end of 1964. Four years later, the East African Community was born in 1967. Unfortunately, the EAC only lasted for ten years before it collapsed in 1977 largely due to ideological differences among Presidents Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda.

At a meeting of African heads of state in Zimbabwe in 1991, the idea of reviving the cooperation was mooted and accepted. Subsequent meetings of the then three heads of state led to the signing of an agreement for the establishment of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation on November 30, 1993. At the second summit in Arusha on April 29, 1997, the heads of state directed the commission to elevate the agreement into a treaty. The treaty establishing the EAC was signed on November 30, 1999 by the original member states (Kenya,

Introduction1.0


Uganda and Tanzania). It came into force on July 7, 2000 after its ratification. Burundi and Rwanda joined the EAC on July 6, 2009.

The EAC is governed by the Summit of Heads of State, the Council of Ministers, the Coordination Committee, Sectoral Committees, the East African Court of Justice, the East African Legislative Assembly and the secretariat.

The over-riding objective of the EAC is to “develop policies and programmes aimed at widening and deepening cooperation among the partner states in political, economic, social and cultural fields, research and technology, defence, security and legal and judicial affairs, for their mutual benefit” (EAC, 2002:12). Technically, the EAC is a precursor to the East African Federation. Steps towards the formation of an East African federation include the launch of the East African Common Market in 2010, proposals for a common currency, and intended political federation in 2015.

Among the fundamental principles of the EAC is “good governance including adherence to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, accountability, transparency, social justice, equal opportunities, gender equality, as well as the recognition, promotion and protection of human and people’s rights in accordance with the provisions of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights” (Ibid:14). Article 5 (3e) commits the EAC to ensuring “the mainstreaming of gender in all its endeavours and the enhancement of the role of women in cultural, social, political, economic and technological development” (Ibid: 13). Article 121 of Chapter 22 of the treaty, which is dedicated to the role of women in socio-economic development, requires the partner states to:

a. promote the empowerment and effective integration and participation of women at all levels of socio-economic development especially in decision making;

b. abolish legislation and discourage customs that are discriminatory against women;c. promote effective education awareness programmes aimed at changing negative attitudes

towards women;d. create or adopt technologies which will ensure the stability of employment and professional

progress for women workers; ande. take other such measures that shall eliminate prejudices against women and promote the

equality of the female gender with that of the male gender in every aspect.

Article 122 of the same chapter states that the partners will:a. increase the participation of women in business at the policy formulation and

implementation levels;b. promote special programmes for women in small, medium and large scale enterprises;c. eliminate all laws, regulations and practices that hinder women’s access to financial

assistance;


d. initiate changes in educational and training strategies to enable women to improve their technical and industrial employment levels through the acquisition of transferable skills offered by various forms of vocational and on-the-job training schemes;

e. and recognize and support the national and regional associations of women in business established to promote the effective participation of women in the trade and development activities of the Community.

In March 2000, the Community established the Gender and Community Development Committee which compiled a framework of socio-economic indicators to guide future programmes and activities.

1.2 Rationale for a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the EAC and its Member States

The need to assess commitment to and implementation of gender equality instruments in Africa has been identified in various forums and by various actors. For instance, the 7th African Regional Ministerial Conference on Women, held in Addis Ababa in October 2004, concluded that “African governments continue to commit to international instruments promoting and protecting women’s rights, but there has been a lack of effective implementation at the national level” (Westhuizen, 2005:15). A similar conclusion was reached at the Beijing+10 conference held in New York in March 2005. As aptly identified by Mhlanga, “the presence of protocols and conventions on women’s rights would remain mere slogans and political pronouncements without deliberate efforts to hold governments accountable” (Mhlanga, n.d: 5).

Gender mainstreaming efforts in Africa and their impactIndeed there are several commitments to, and outcomes of, gender mainstreaming in Africa. In 1998, for instance, the then Secretary General of the African Union (AU), Dr Salim Ahmed Salim, formed the African Women’s Committee on Peace and Development to advise him on issues pertaining to gender equality. The Committee provided a semi-formal structure through which women could engage with African political principles and advocate for greater political commitment to gender equality. In 2002, the AU adopted the gender equity principle in its first summit. The Constitutive Act of the AU promotes gender equality as one of its founding principles with the rider that one in five members of the Pan-African Parliament has to be a woman. It has since maintained the principle in the election of commissioners. Other key developments include the:

a. Establishment of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights (1998).b. Establishment of the African Court on Human and People’s Rights to enforce the

African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1998).c. Appointment of the first Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Women in Africa

(1999).


d. Establishment of the Directorate of Women, Gender and Development in the African Union (2000).

e. Adoption of the Optional Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003).

f. Development and publication of the African Gender and Development Index (2004) to assess the extent to which African countries are meeting their commitments at policy and legal levels.

g. Election of Ellen Sirleaf Johnson as President of Liberia in 2006, becoming the first elected female president in Africa.

h. Appointment of the first African woman to the position of Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations (UN) in 2007.

i. Appointment of the first African woman to the position of UN Special Envoy on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Africa (2007).

j. Ascension to power of Joyce Banda as President of Malawi in 2012 becoming the second female head of state in Africa.

k. Election of the first female Chairperson of the AU Commission, Dr. Dlamini Zuma (2012).

Of significance is the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (SDGEA), adopted by African heads of state in July 2004, which committed African states to achieving concrete progress on the status of women. The heads of state agreed to:

a. Accelerate the implementation of gender specific economic, social and legal measures aimed at combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic and effectively implement the Abuja and Maputo declarations on malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and related infectious diseases.

b. Ensure the full and effective participation and representation of women in peace processes including the prevention, resolution and management of conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction in Africa as stipulated in UN Resolution 1325 (2000) and to appoint women as special envoys and special representatives of the AU.

c. Launch, within the next year, a campaign for systematic prohibition of the recruitment of child soldiers and abuse of girl children as wives and sex slaves in violation of their rights as enshrined in the African Charter on the Rights of the Child.

d. Initiate, launch and engage, within two years, sustained public campaigns against gender based violence (GBV) as well as the problem of trafficking in women and girls; and reinforce legal mechanisms that will protect women at the national level and end impunity for crimes committed against women in a manner that will positively alter the attitude and behaviour of African society.


e. Expand and promote the gender parity principle adopted regarding the African Union Commission (AUC) to all organs of the AU including its New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) programme, to the Regional Economic Communities, and the national and local levels in collaboration with political parties and national parliaments.

f. Ensure the active promotion and protection of all human rights for women and girls including the right to development by raising public awareness or by creating legislation where necessary.

g. Actively promote the implementation of legislation to guarantee women’s land, property and inheritance rights including their rights to housing.

h. Take specific measures to ensure the education of girls and literacy of women, especially in the rural areas, to achieve the goal of the World Declaration on Education for All (EFA).

i. Undertake to sign and ratify the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa by the end of 2004 and to support the launching of public campaigns aimed at ensuring its entry into force by 2005 and usher in an era of domesticating and implementing the protocol as well as other national, regional and international instruments on gender equality by all states.

j. Establish AIDS Watch Africa as a unit within the Office of the Chairperson of the Commission to: render annual reports on HIV/AIDS situation in the continent during annual summits; and promote the local production of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs.

k. Establish an African Trust Fund for Women for the purpose of building the capacity of African women and further request the AUC to work out the modalities for the operationalisation of the fund with special focus on women in both urban and rural areas.

l. Commit to report annually on progress made in terms of gender mainstreaming and to champion all issues raised in this declaration both at the national and regional levels, and regularly provide each other with updates on progress made.

m. Request the chairperson of the AUC to submit, for consideration, an annual report, during ordinary sessions, on measures taken to implement the principle of gender equality and gender mainstreaming, and all issues raised in the declaration both at the national and regional levels.

The ‘Gender is My Campaign’ (GIMAC) Network carried out an evaluation of the implementation of the SDGEA in 2011. The evaluation which was based on 31 reports submitted by AU member states found that the reporting obligation had been consistently ignored, and that not much had changed.


1.3 Objectives of the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

In essence, the aim of the framework is to promote dialogue on performance regarding gender equality commitments within the EAC and among its member countries and identify what can be improved to attain even greater achievements. The purpose of this M&E framework is to provide Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) with an instrument to:

a. Establish the level of a country’s commitment to gender equality and equity.b. Gauge the level of gender mainstreaming in national programmes and processes.c. Assess the gender impact of national programmes and processes.d. Establish the progress of implementation of the gender commitments.e. Enumerate actual gender equity outcomes. f. Compare the performance of all EAC countries.

12

2.1 Gender Equality This is the similarity of treatment of women and men. This derives from human rights provisions (all born equal) as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW ) (1979). It means that women and men have equal conditions for realising their full human rights and potential to contribute to political, economic, social and cultural development and benefit equally from the results. There are two types of equality. First is equality of opportunity, which means access for girls and boys, women and men e.g. enrolment in school. This is also called “competitive equality”. Second is equality of outcome or result, which means proximate results for women and men, girls and boys e.g. completion rates for girls and boys in primary school and their levels of performance. This is also called substantive equality. Equality of opportunity on its own does not give a true picture of gender equality because it does not capture the historical and systemic causes of gender disparities

2.2 Gender Mainstreaming This is a strategy for ensuring that women’s and men’s concerns and experiences are integral to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all legislation, policies and programmes so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The term came into widespread use with the adoption of the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) at the 1995 UN International Conference on Women. Successful gender mainstreaming depends on adherence to basic principles which are listed below.


Key Concepts2.0


a. Existence of policy frameworks at national and sectoral levels to obligate and guide gender mainstreaming in practice.

b. Diagnosis of gender differences through research and analysis that produce gender disaggregated data and information.

c. Establishment of institutional steps, mechanisms and processes to systematize mainstreaming e.g. gender focal points and working groups.

d. System-wide responsibility and accountability to ensure that everyone contributes to gender mainstreaming.

e. Gender balance at all levels in the public and private sectors.f. Existence and manifestation of political will at the highest level to spur and sustain

mainstreaming in implementation at lower levels.g. Allocation of adequate resources (human, financial, material and non-tangible) to ensure

that planned activities are implemented effectively.h. Capacity building to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for mainstreaming. i. Setting of targets and indicators for tracking progress in mainstreaming.j. Use of targeted and gender-specific policies and programmes that address problems

unique to both genders where necessary. k. Collaboration between and among government, civil society, development partners, private

sector and communities.l. Availability of gender expertise internally and externally to an organization or establishment.m. Networking for information and experience sharing. n. Monitoring, evaluation and reporting on achievements, shortcomings and lessons.

2.3 Monitoring This is the systematic gathering and analysis of information about the progress of an intervention over time to enable decision making to improve its quality. It is a continuous check on implementation in the context of a plan.

2.4 EvaluationThis is the process of identifying the broader positive and negative outcomes of an intervention so as to reach a conclusion as to its overall value/worth and whether the objectives have been met.

Baltiwala (2011:2-3) states that M&E should be “a fundamental expression of our accountability to our cause and our constituencies, and a critical means of advancing our individual and collective learning”. She notes that “even when we have extremely strong M&E systems, our learning from them tends to remain at the organisational level or, at best, is shared with our donors” and that “this falls short of


the most important goal of all - building and advancing a shared knowledge base on what works and what doesn’t - so that together, we strengthen our collective capacity for advancing gender equality and women’s rights” (ibid).

15 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

3.1 Existing Monitoring and Evaluation ToolsThere are a number of tools that have been developed to monitor and evaluate gender mainstreaming efforts around the world. A User’s Guide to Measuring Gender-Sensitive Basic Service Delivery (UNDP/Unifem: 2009) is a survey of several tools for measuring gender inequality that presents the tools, their areas of focus and exemplar indicators. Some of these tools / instruments include:

3.1.1 The African Gender and Development Index

(AGDI) One of the most comprehensive gender equality M & E tools is the African Gender and Development Index (AGDI) developed by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). It can be used to measure the performance of all governments in addressing gender equality, women’s empowerment and the advancement of women. In addition the tool can be used to streamline reporting on various instruments such as the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). AGDI takes into account African instruments, focuses on selected power blocks and relies on available national statistics. Based on the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM) developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the 1990s, it allows a comparison of gender gaps and government performance among African countries rather than with non-African countries.

3.0 Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools


The AGDI consists of two parts. First is the Gender Status Index (GSI) which provides quantitative data related to social (education, health), economic and political power. An index close to zero means that discrimination against women is very high while an index of 1 means no discrimination. Second is the African Women’s Progress Scoreboard which tracks government progress in ratifying relevant conventions and implementing their provisions. It highlights what government has and has not done in relation to women’s agency (the ability of women to influence processes and decisions as integral rather than subordinate actors) and captures factors that cannot be strictly quantified e.g. women’s rights. It rates specific actions (not general interventions) that promote gender equality, gives prominence to African conventions, charters or policy documents and includes some relevant international conventions. For each document, a selection of the most salient issues is made. The scorecard has two axes. The vertical axis presents the four variables to be measured namely: women’s rights, social power, economic power and political power. The horizontal axis presents the units of measurement. The score is against:

x Ratification without reservation. x Reporting. x Existence of laws at national level. x Commitment expressed to implement a policy. x Existence of a plan with measurable objectives and targets. x Existence of institutional mechanisms to implement the plan. x Whether there is a sufficient budget allocated to the plan. x Whether there are sufficiently qualified human resources to implement the plan. x Whether government has commissioned research on relevant issues. x Whether government involved civil society in its programmes. x Whether monitoring, evaluation and dissemination have been done.

The scores are rated as follows: x 0 = No performance on the particular variable e.g. law, policy or budget. x 1 = Poor or fair performance on the variable. x 2 = Good to excellent performance on the variable e.g. law passed, adequate budget

allocated etc. x X = Not possible to score or not applicable.

The AGDI has been piloted in Uganda, Tanzania, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cameroon, South Africa, Mozambique, Egypt, Tunisia, Ethiopia and Madagascar.


3.1.2 The African Gender Equality and Women’s Rights Monitor

(AGM)This is an initiative that was established in 2006 by gender activists in Africa to “contribute to the full realization of women’s emancipation and eradication of all forms of discrimination, oppression and abuse so as to uplift women’s rights as human rights” (Mhlanga: 5). The initiative aimed to produce data on the successes and failures of governments to place women’s participation at the centre of national development. Its objectives were to:

a. Monitor the domestication and implementation of international women’s human rights instruments.

b. Monitor the ratification, domestication and implementation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and the SDGEA.

c. Research and document good practices on the implementation of instruments on gender equality.

d. Support and partner with existing national and regional CSOs and networks on promotion of gender equality and women’s rights to fulfill their mandate.

e. Support AU gender machinery in addressing issues such as gender, family, youth and people with disabilities through research, training and capacity building.

It does not appear, however, that AGM made any progress beyond the publication of its plan in 2007.

3.1.3 Gender Impact Analysis ToolThis tool was developed by the Federation of Women Lawyers (Kenya) to measure government compliance with CEDAW and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCRs). It focuses on population, health, violence against women, household, marital status and fertility, education, work and income, women in power and decision making, and land and inheritance laws. The Gender Impact Analysis tool has eight indicators on compliance and changes in women’s circumstances. These indicators are highlighted below.

a. Availability of up to date data on the current situation of women and men. b. The extent to which gender is recognized in national policies.c. Enactment of enabling gender sensitive legislation.d. Development of strategies and action plans to facilitate the implementation of legislation

and policies.e. Allocation of resources devoted to gender equality work.f. Provision and delivery of necessary services which have been identified as being of highest

priority in reducing the burdens on women and reducing gender gaps in health, education, income, law, power and decision making.


g. Monitoring and evaluation processes which integrate gender indicators into policy and programme reviews of gender equality work.

h. Regular reporting to parliament, line ministries and treaty bodies (as well as other relevant stakeholders).

Other tools include: Gender Equality Index by Social Watch; Gender Info by UN Statistics Division; Gender Statistics by UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean; Gender Statistics by UN Economic and Social Council for Asia/Europe; Genderstats by the World Bank; Global Database of Quotas for Women by the International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) and Stockholm University; Global Gender Gap Index by the World Economic Forum; and Women in Parliaments by the Inter-parliamentary Union.

Most of the tools measure specific variables plotted against relevant indicators.

3.2. Proposed Monitoring and Evaluation Tools for the EAC and its Member States

This section contains four proposed monitoring and evaluation tools. These tools have adopted elements from existing tools guided by the conviction that “no single tool or method can respond to all our learning needs, since each has been designed to track or capture specific dimensions of change or operational effectiveness” (Baltiwala, 2011:5). Each tool is described below.

3.2.1 General Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming Environment This is a list of questions that seeks to assess the general gender mainstreaming environment of the country and the status of gender equality based on common measures.


Measure Analytical Questions

1 Commitment to international and regional equality instruments.

x What international and regional gender equality instruments has the country committed to (signed, ratified)?

x What provisions for domestication of the international and regional instruments are provided for?

x What action plans and strategies are there to implement the instruments committed to?

x To what extent have the plans been implemented? x What reporting mechanisms are there against each instrument

committed to? x To what extent has the country adhered to the reporting

requirements? x What key issues have been raised with regard to government

reports on compliance with gender equality instruments by treaty bodies?

2 National constitution and legislation.

x What are the national constitutional provisions for gender equality and non-discrimination?

x What laws have been developed to implement the constitution, promote gender equality and protect women’s rights?

x What are the key provisions of the laws?

3 Gender policy. x Is there a national gender policy? If so, what does it provide for? x What sectoral gender policies are there to implement the

national gender policy? x Are there gender action plans to implement the national and

sectoral gender policies? x To what extent is gender equality articulated in all other policy

documents? x Do the gender equality action plans contain measureable

results? x What penalties are applied to institutions that do not adhere to

the national gender policy?



4 Gender mainstreaming mechanisms.

x What national machinery has been established to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights?

x To what extent are gender mainstreaming mechanisms established and operational in all government institutions?

x What is the stature of the gender mainstreaming machinery relative to comparative structures?

x Where is the machinery located within the government system? To what extent is this location strategic?

x What mandate and authority does the gender machinery have to coordinate other government structures and ensure meaningful gender mainstreaming in the whole government system?

x What is the proportion of resources allocated to the machinery in relation to other structures? How adequate are the resources to enable meaningful gender mainstreaming?

x To what extent is the staff of the gender machinery equipped with the requisite knowledge and skills to carry out the expected work?

5 Gender responsive budgeting.

x To what extent is gender responsive budgeting mandated and applied by the government?

x What specific gender responsive budgeting initiatives have been put in place?

x What policy framework is there to ensure that gender responsive budgeting is carried out?

x What mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that the government carries out gender responsive budgeting?

x To what extent have government officers been equipped with the knowledge and skills to carry out gender responsive budgeting?

x How adequate are the resources allocated for sectors that have high potential for reducing gender inequalities and addressing women’s rights?

x What improvements have been brought about by carrying out gender responsive budgeting?

x What challenges are faced in applying gender responsive budgeting?



6 Gender analysis and disaggregated data.

x To what extent is gender analysis mandated and conducted to inform government programmes?

x Is there an obligation to disaggregate all data by gender? x What data are available on the status of women and men

nationally and per sector? x What gender disparities do these data portray? x To what extent are the data used to plan national development

in order to address gender disparities?

7 Overall gender equality status.

x What is the overall state of gender equality in the country? x What are the main challenges to realising gender equality in

the country?

3.2.2 Score Card This is an assessment of a country’s implementation of its gender commitments. The instrument has two broad components: the instruments that a country has committed to; and the major implementation steps taken. Under commitment, the scorecard looks at whether the country has signed, ratified and domesticated the instrument. Under implementation, the scorecard focuses on national action plan(s), policy framework(s), implementing institution(s), budgetary allocation(s), achievements from implementation and the reporting record. The proposed rating scale for each variable is:

0 = No action.1 = Little action.2 = Satisfactory action.3 = Excellent action.

The total possible score on each instrument is 24. A score of 17-24 indicates that the country’s performance is excellent; 13-16 indicates a satisfactory performance; 7-12 indicates fair performance; and 0-6 indicates serious commitment and implementation gaps. The below table is an example of a score card. It captures only those instruments that are enforceable i.e. conventions or treaties but it can be expanded to incorporate new gender commitments that countries commit to.


Coun

tryCo

mm

itmen

tIm

plem

entat

ionInstrument

Signature

Ratification

Domestication

Mechanism

National Action Plan

Policy Framework

Implementing Institution(s)

Budget Allocation

Reporting Record

Total Score

Regional Rank

Africa

n Cha

rter o

n the

Righ

ts an

d Welf

are of

the C

hild (

1990

).

The P

rotoc

ol to

the A

frica

n Cha

rter o

n Hum

an an

d Peo

ple’s R

ights

on th

e Righ

ts of

Wom

en in

Afric

a (20

03).

Protoc

ol to

the A

frica

n Cha

rter o

n Hum

an an

d Peo

ples’ R

ights o

n the

Estab

lishm

ent

of an

Afric

an Co

urt o

n Hum

an an

d Peo

ples’

Right

s (20

04).

UN Co

nven

tion o

n the

Politi

cal R

ights

of W

omen

(195

2).

Conv

entio

n on t

he N

ation

ality

of M

arried

Wom

en (1

957)

.

Conv

entio

n on

the E

limina

tion

of All

Form

s of D

iscrim

inatio

n ag

ainst

Wom

en

(197

9)

Conv

entio

n for

the S

uppr

essio

n of th

e Traf

fic in

Perso

ns an

d of th

e Exp

loitat

ion of

th

e Pros

titut

ion of

Oth

ers (1

949)

.

Discr

imina

tion (

Emplo

ymen

t and

Occu

patio

n) Co

nven

tion (

1958

).

Conv

entio

n aga

inst D

iscrim

inatio

n in E

duca

tion (

1960

).

Rom

e Stat

ute o

f the I

ntern

ation

al Cr

imina

l Cou

rt (1

998)

.


3.2.3 Gains Reporting SheetThis is a three point reporting sheet which provides the evaluator with an opportunity to capture key events and variables in the country and indicate positive developments, reversals or defence of the status quo with regard to gender equality. Gains are major steps taken towards gender equality and improvements in women’s lives as a result of the steps taken during the period of assessment e.g. passage of new law promoting women’s rights. Defence refers to progressive interventions that have been retained against regressive forces e.g. retention of affirmative policies beneficial to women and girls against opposition to the same. Lastly, reversals are negative changes brought about by the interventions, regressive forces and changing circumstances e.g. amendment of legislation to dilute women’s gains, court rulings against progressive gender equality provisions, failure to implement existing laws and policies and dilution of the mandates of gender machinery.

The rationale for including reversals and defence is that there is often resistance to women’s advancement and it is unrealistic to expect only positive results. In fact, the negative reactions can also indicate positive impact because they show that the intervention has received attention. For example, opposition to a requirement for mandatory gender balance in elective and appointive offices opens up space for debate on the issue hence clarification on how it should be implemented. Defence of existing gains is important to ensure that progress already made is not lost e.g. good laws are not repealed or diluted. Key variables to consider are listed in the table below for illustration only.

Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Comparative Notes

Gains Constitution

Legislation

Policy

Elections

Appointments

Gender mainstreaming structures & mechanisms

Gender responsive budgeting

Gender management information systemCo

untry

Com

mitm

ent

Imple

men

tation

Instrument

Signature

Ratification

Domestication

Mechanism

National Action Plan

Policy Framework

Implementing Institution(s)

Budget Allocation

Reporting Record

Total Score

Regional Rank

Africa

n Cha

rter o

n the

Righ

ts an

d Welf

are of

the C

hild (

1990

).

The P

rotoc

ol to

the A

frica

n Cha

rter o

n Hum

an an

d Peo

ple’s R

ights

on th

e Righ

ts of

Wom

en in

Afric

a (20

03).

Protoc

ol to

the A

frica

n Cha

rter o

n Hum

an an

d Peo

ples’ R

ights o

n the

Estab

lishm

ent

of an

Afric

an Co

urt o

n Hum

an an

d Peo

ples’

Right

s (20

04).

UN Co

nven

tion o

n the

Politi

cal R

ights

of W

omen

(195

2).

Conv

entio

n on t

he N

ation

ality

of M

arried

Wom

en (1

957)

.

Conv

entio

n on

the E

limina

tion

of All

Form

s of D

iscrim

inatio

n ag

ainst

Wom

en

(197

9)

Conv

entio

n for

the S

uppr

essio

n of th

e Traf

fic in

Perso

ns an

d of th

e Exp

loitat

ion of

th

e Pros

titut

ion of

Oth

ers (1

949)

.

Discr

imina

tion (

Emplo

ymen

t and

Occu

patio

n) Co

nven

tion (

1958

).

Conv

entio

n aga

inst D

iscrim

inatio

n in E

duca

tion (

1960

).

Rom

e Stat

ute o

f the I

ntern

ation

al Cr

imina

l Cou

rt (1

998)

.


Defence Constitution

Legislation

Policy

Elections

Appointments



Gender management information system

Reversals Constitution

Legislation

Policy

Elections

Appointments



Gender management information system

3.2.4 Thematic Assessment This is a thematic tool that looks at specific areas of concern with regard to gender equality and women’s empowerment. It lists questions under each theme and proposes some indicators to


measure the prevailing status. These indicators can be expanded or modified as need be. From data generated, it should be possible to provide a general summary of the status of gender equality in the country in each area of concern. The information can then be updated from time to time.Theme One: Women in Politics and Decision-Making

Serial Number

Questions Quantitative Indicators

Qualitative Indicators

1 a. How does the national constitution address gender equality in leadership and decision making?

b. To what extent have the constitutional provisions been implemented?

c. What improvements have been realized as a result of implementing the constitutional provisions?

• Percentage of women occupying leadership and decision making positions per sector.

• Explicit constitutional provisions on gender equality in leadership and decision making positions.

• Measures taken to ensure that women occupy leadership and decision making positions in all sectors.

2 a. What legislation is there to promote gender equality in political leadership and decision making?

b. To what extent has the legislation been implemented?

c. What improvements have been realized as a result of the legislation?

• Number of laws enacted to promote gender equality in political leadership and decision making.

• Compliance of laws with international gender equality standards.

• Themes and content of legislation.


Serial Number

Questions Quantitative Indicators

Qualitative Indicators

3 a. In what ways are political parties obliged and committed to gender equality and equity?

a. To what level have political parties complied with the obligations?

a. How has the participation of women in politics changed as a result of action by political parties?

• Proportion of women to men in party membership, leadership and nominations at all levels.

• Explicit gender equality provisions in manifestoes of political parties.

• Affirmative action provisions in political party constitutions and manifestoes.

• Mechanisms in place to guarantee women’s participation in political parties and occupation of top party leadership positions.

• Gender equality provisions in registration criteria for and public funding of political parties.

• Existence of accountability mechanisms to ensure compliance by political parties.

• Penalties against political parties for non compliance with gender equality requirements.

4 a. What measures are in place to ensure gender balance in the legislature, executive and judiciary?

b. To what extent have the measures been implemented?

c. How has the implementation of the measures changed the ratio and positions of women to men in the three arms of government?

• Proportion and hierarchy of women to men in the executive, legislature and judiciary.

• Explicit provisions for gender balance in recruitment and appointments.

• Affirmative action provisions for recruitment in the public and private sector.

• Electoral measures in place to ensure gender balance in the distribution of decision making and political positions.

• Penalties for flouting the law on gender balance.

• Reforms to make institutional environments equally responsive to women’s and men’s needs.


Them

e Two

: Wom

en in

Educ

ation

SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

1a.

Wha

t con

stitu

tiona

l, leg

al an

d poli

cy

mea

sures

are t

here

to en

sure

gend

er eq

uality

and e

quity

in ed

ucati

on w

ith re

gard

to

acce

ss, re

tentio

n, pe

rform

ance

and

trans

ition?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

been

trans

lated

into

actio

n?c.

Wha

t impr

ovem

ents

have

been

regis

tered

as

a res

ult of

imple

men

ting t

he m

easu

res?

• Nu

mbe

r and

geog

raphic

al dis

tribu

tion o

f sch

ools.

•

Avera

ge di

stanc

es to

scho

ols.

• Sc

hool

enrol

men

t rates

by se

x at a

ll lev

els.

• Sc

hool

atten

danc

e by s

ex.

• Dr

opou

t rates

by se

x.•

Com

pletio

n rate

s by s

ex an

d cyc

le of

educ

ation

.•

Relat

ive le

vels

of fem

ale pa

rticip

ation

in di

fferen

t fie

lds of

stud

y.•

Num

ber a

nd pe

rcent

age o

f fem

ales b

enefi

ting f

rom

affirm

ative

mea

sures

.

• Ex

isten

ce of

laws

on co

mpu

lsory

basic

ed

ucati

on fo

r all c

hildr

en.

• Fre

e edu

catio

n poli

cies.

• M

easu

res to

ensu

re th

at ed

ucati

on is

aff

orda

ble.

• Affi

rmati

ve m

easu

res to

bridg

e ge

nder

gap i

n edu

catio

n at a

ll lev

els.

2a.

Wha

t bud

getar

y mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to

ensu

re th

at m

ales a

nd fe

male

s ben

efit

equa

lly an

d equ

itably

from

educ

ation

?b.

How

have

fem

ales b

enefi

ted fro

m th

e bu

dgeta

ry pr

ovisi

ons?

• Pro

porti

on of

educ

ation

budg

et be

nefiti

ng fe

male

s. •

Perce

ntag

e of e

ligibl

e fem

ales b

enefi

ting f

rom th

e bu

dgeta

ry pr

ovisi

ons.

• Pro

porti

on an

d hier

archy

of ed

ucati

onal

staff t

hat is

fem

ale.

• Ex

isten

ce of

affir

mati

ve bu

dgeta

ry pr

ogram

mes

for fe

male

s e.g.

bursa

ry sch

emes

and s

chola

rship

for fe

male

s.

3

a. W

hat m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace t

o ens

ure t

hat

biolog

ical fa

ctors

do no

t disa

dvan

tage a

nd

cons

train

female

parti

cipati

on in

educ

ation

?b.

To w

hat e

xtent

have

the m

easu

res be

en

imple

men

ted?

c. W

hat re

sults

have

been

achie

ved?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f fem

ale st

uden

ts wi

th ac

cess

to sa

nitary

we

ar.•

Perce

ntag

e of fe

male

stud

ents

with

acce

ss to

sanit

ation

facil

ities i

n edu

catio

nal in

stitu

tions

.•

Perce

ntag

e of g

irls w

ho be

com

e preg

nant

that

are

re-ad

mitte

d to s

choo

l ann

ually

.

• Re

-adm

ission

polic

ies fo

r fem

ale

stude

nts w

ho ge

t preg

nant

. •

Pena

lties a

gains

t perp

etrato

rs of

schoo

l girl

preg

nanc

y.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

4a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to p

romote

an

d sus

tain f

emale

parti

cipati

on in

sci

ence

, math

emati

cs, te

chnic

al (SM

T) an

d pr

ofessi

onal

subje

cts?

b. W

hat im

prov

emen

ts ha

ve be

en re

gister

ed in

th

e enr

olmen

t and

perfo

rman

ce of

fem

ales

in SM

T and

profe

ssion

al su

bjects

?

• Nu

mbe

r of e

duca

tiona

l insti

tutio

ns de

dicate

d to

ensu

ring t

hat fe

male

s pur

sue S

MT s

ubjec

ts.•

Num

ber o

f fem

ale SM

T tea

chers

at al

l leve

ls.•

Num

ber o

f fem

ale st

uden

ts pu

rsuing

SMT s

ubjec

ts at

all le

vels.

• Nu

mbe

r of fe

male

stud

ents

bene

fiting

from

SMT

bursa

ries a

nd sc

holar

ships

at di

fferen

t leve

ls.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f fem

ale st

uden

ts ex

cellin

g in S

MT

subje

cts at

all le

vels.

• Str

uctu

re of

the c

urric

ulum

at al

l lev

els.

• Affi

rmati

ve in

itiativ

es to

prom

ote

female

parti

cipati

on in

SMT s

ubjec

ts e.g

. bur

sarie

s and

scho

larsh

ips fo

r fem

ales i

n SM

T sub

jects.

5a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e tha

t sch

ool e

nviro

nmen

ts are

cond

ucive

for

female

s?b.

How

have

the m

easu

res im

prov

ed fe

male

pa

rticip

ation

in ed

ucati

on at

all le

vels?

• Pro

porti

on of

educ

ation

al ins

titut

ions w

ith

imple

men

ting p

olicie

s on G

BV.

• Pe

rcent

age r

educ

tion i

n GBV

in ed

ucati

onal

instit

ution

s.•

Perce

ntag

e of e

duca

tiona

l staf

f take

n thr

ough

gend

er se

nsitis

ation

.

• M

easu

res to

prev

ent a

nd re

spon

d to

GBV i

n edu

catio

nal in

stitu

tions

. •

Avail

abilit

y of a

dequ

ate ph

ysica

l fac

ilities

for fe

male

s.•

Chan

ges i

n org

aniza

tiona

l cult

ure t

o m

ake i

t more

gend

er res

pons

ive.


Them

e Thr

ee: W

omen

’s Eco

nom

ic Em

powe

rmen

tSN

Ques

tions

Quan

titati

ve In

dicato

rsQu

alitat

ive In

dicato

rs1

a. W

hat m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace f

or ge

nder

balan

ced r

ecru

itmen

t in th

e priv

ate an

d pu

blic s

ector

?b.

To w

hat e

xtent

have

the m

easu

res be

en

imple

men

ted?

c. W

hat e

ffect

has i

mple

men

tation

of th

e m

easu

res cr

eated

in th

e con

dition

s and

po

sition

s of w

omen

in th

e pub

lic an

d priv

ate

secto

rs?

• Ra

tio of

wom

en to

men

in fo

rmal

and i

nform

al em

ploym

ent b

y sec

tor.

• Ra

tio of

skille

d (pr

ofessi

onal,

tech

nical)

and

unsk

illed f

emale

to m

ale w

orke

rs.•

Unem

ploym

ent ra

tes by

sex.

• La

ws gu

arant

eeing

non-d

iscrim

inatio

n in

recru

itmen

t on t

he ba

sis of

gend

er.•

Trans

paren

t and

fair r

ecru

itmen

t pr

oced

ures

devo

id of

gend

er bia

s and

se

xual

haras

smen

t.•

Gend

er-ba

sed a

ffirm

ative

recru

itmen

t m

easu

res.

2a.

Wha

t legis

lation

and p

olicie

s are

there

on

equa

l pay

for w

ork o

f equ

al va

lue?

b. W

hat is

the l

evel

of co

mpli

ance

with

the l

aws

and p

olicie

s in p

ublic

and p

rivate

secto

rs?c.

Wha

t impr

ovem

ents

have

been

regis

tered

on

gend

er eq

uality

in in

com

es?

• W

omen

’s ann

ual p

er ca

pita i

ncom

e rela

tive t

o men

’s an

nual

per c

apita

inco

me i

n for

mal

and i

nform

al em

ploym

ent.

• La

ws ou

tlawi

ng di

scrim

inatio

n in

emplo

ymen

t and

paym

ent.

• Sta

ndard

ized s

alary

scales

rega

rdles

s of

gend

er.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

3a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to m

ake t

he w

ork

place

and c

ultur

e more

gend

er res

pons

ive?

b. W

hat c

hang

es ha

ve be

en re

alize

d as a

resu

lt of

imple

men

ting t

he m

easu

res?

• Nu

mbe

r of h

ours

worke

d in p

ublic

and p

rivate

secto

r by

wom

en co

mpa

red to

men

.•

Propo

rtion

of w

omen

to m

en be

nefiti

ng fro

m

spec

ific em

ploye

e ben

efits.

• Nu

mbe

r and

sprea

d of p

ublic

, priv

ate an

d civi

l so

ciety

instit

ution

s with

gend

er res

pons

ive po

licies

an

d fac

ilities

e.g.

baby

care

room

s.

• Le

gislat

ion ag

ainst

gend

er ba

sed

discri

mina

tion i

n rec

ruitm

ent,

prom

otion

, caree

r prog

ressio

n and

all

ocati

on of

oppo

rtunit

ies.

• Co

nditio

ns of

wor

k for

wom

en in

all

secto

rs.

• Sim

ilarit

ies an

d diffe

rence

s in

insur

ance

sche

mes

for fe

male

and

male

wor

kers.

• Ge

nder-

spec

ific m

edica

l con

dition

s co

vered

by in

suran

ce.

• Pro

vision

s for

mate

rnity

and p

atern

ity

leave

.•

Gend

er res

pons

ivene

ss of

other

types

of

leave

e.g.

com

passi

onate

leav

e.4

a. W

hat m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace t

o ens

ure t

hat

wom

en ha

ve eq

ual ri

ghts

with

men

to

owne

rship

of pr

opert

y?b.

To w

hat e

xtent

have

wom

en’s r

ights

to pr

opert

y bee

n prot

ected

and e

nforce

d?c.

Wha

t are

the r

esult

s of e

nforci

ng w

omen

’s rig

ht to

prop

erty?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en w

ith tit

les to

prop

erty.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en ha

ving s

ecur

ity of

tenu

re wi

th

regard

to di

fferen

t type

s of p

ropert

y.•

Redu

ction

in nu

mbe

r and

perce

ntag

e of w

omen

, es

pecia

lly w

idows

and s

pinste

rs, di

sinhe

rited

or

dispo

ssesse

d of p

ropert

y.

• La

ws gu

arant

eeing

fem

ales t

he rig

ht

to inh

erit a

nd ac

quire

prop

erty i

n own

na

mes

.•

Supe

riorit

y of s

tatut

ory o

ver c

ustom

ary

law on

matt

ers of

perso

nal la

w.•

Wom

en’s f

reedo

m to

disp

ose o

f own

inc

ome a

nd pr

opert

y.•

Wom

en’s s

ecur

ity of

land

and t

enur

e.•

Wom

en’s i

ndep

ende

nce t

o ent

er int

o co

ntrac

ts an

d ent

erpris

e.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

5a.

Wha

t spe

cific m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace t

o ad

dres

s wom

en’s p

overt

y, inv

estm

ent,

entre

pren

eursh

ip an

d fina

nce?

a. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

chan

ged w

omen

’s lev

el of

pove

rty, in

vestm

ent, e

ntrep

reneu

rship

and a

ccess

to fin

ance

?

• Le

vels

of po

verty

by se

x of h

ouse

hold

head

. •

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

with

bank

acco

unts.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en w

ith ac

cess

to ba

nk lo

ans a

nd

credit

facil

ities.

• Sp

ecial

initia

tives

to en

hanc

e wom

en’s

acce

ss to

econ

omic

empo

werm

ent

oppo

rtunit

ies e.

g. low

inter

est lo

ans,

tax ho

liday

s, ca

sh tra

nsfer

sche

mes

, wo

men

’s ent

erpris

e fun

ds et

c.•

Mea

sures

to sc

ale up

wom

en’s

enter

prise

s int

o main

strea

m ec

onom

ic ac

tivitie

s.6

a. W

hat ta

xatio

n mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to

cush

ion w

omen

from

econ

omic

adve

rsity?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e exis

ting t

axati

on m

easu

res

affec

ted w

omen

posit

ively

or ne

gativ

ely?

• Nu

mbe

r and

type

s of b

asic

item

s use

d by w

omen

th

at are

zero

rated

e.g.

sanit

ary to

wels.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en he

ads o

f hou

seho

lds w

ho ca

n aff

ord ba

sic ne

eds.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en’s i

ncom

e spe

nt on

basic

ne

eds:

shelt

er, fo

od, cl

othing

, fuel,

med

ical c

are an

d tra

nspo

rt.

• M

easu

res to

cont

rol th

e rise

in pr

ices

of ba

sic co

mm

oditie

s.


Them

e Fou

r: Wom

en’s H

ealth

SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

1a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to a

ddres

s wo

men

’s and

girls

’ sex

ual a

nd re

prod

uctiv

e he

alth r

ights?

b. W

hat is

the l

evel

of wo

men

’s acce

ss to

safe

moth

erhoo

d fac

ilities

and s

ervice

s?

c. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

affec

ted th

e sex

ual

and r

eprod

uctiv

e hea

lth of

wom

en an

d girl

s po

sitive

ly or

nega

tively

?d.

Wha

t impr

ovem

ents

have

been

regis

tered

on

safe

moth

erhoo

d?

• Re

ducti

on in

dista

nces

to he

alth a

nd m

atern

ity

facilit

ies.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en an

d girl

s acce

ssing

sexu

al an

d rep

roduc

tive h

ealth

servi

ces.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en in

repr

oduc

tive a

ge th

at are

us

ing co

ntrac

eptiv

es.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en re

ceivi

ng or

acce

ssing

pre-

natal

and a

nte n

atal c

are se

rvice

s.•

Life e

xpec

tancy

by se

x.•

Perce

ntag

e of b

irths

atten

ded b

y prof

essio

nal

healt

h wor

kers.

• Re

ducti

on in

mate

rnal

mor

tality

rates

.•

Unde

r-five

mor

tality

rates

by se

x.

• Sti

pulat

ion of

the r

ight to

healt

h in

the c

onsti

tutio

n and

legis

lation

.•

Freed

om fo

r wom

en to

mak

e de

cision

s abo

ut th

eir re

prod

uctiv

e he

alth w

ithou

t inter

feren

ce by

cu

lture,

tradit

ion, re

ligion

and o

ther

factor

s.•

Legis

lation

outla

wing

harm

ful

tradit

ional

prac

tices

.•

Leve

l of w

omen

’s and

girls

’ aw

arene

ss of

repro

ducti

ve he

alth

servi

ces a

nd in

form

ation

.•

Publi

c sup

port

for co

ntrac

eptio

n and

oth

er sa

fe m

otherh

ood i

nitiat

ives.

2a.

Wha

t reso

urce

s are

alloc

ated t

o mate

rnal

healt

h, se

xual

and r

epro

ducti

ve he

alth a

nd

other

areas

of pr

imary

bene

fit to

wom

en an

d gir

ls?b.

Wha

t impr

ovem

ents

in th

e hea

lth of

girls

an

d wom

en ca

n be a

ttribu

ted to

reso

urce

all

ocati

on m

easu

res?

• Pro

porti

on of

budg

et all

ocate

d to h

ealth

and

parti

cular

ly are

as th

at dir

ectly

affec

t wom

en an

d gir

ls.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en an

d girl

s who

can a

ccess

healt

h serv

ices l

ocall

y.

• Typ

es an

d dist

ribut

ion of

facil

ities

addr

essin

g mate

rnal,

sexu

al an

d rep

rodu

ctive

healt

h.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

3a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e tha

t he

alth s

ervice

s (pr

even

tive a

nd cu

rative

) are

afford

able

to wo

men

and g

irls?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

affec

ted th

e hea

lth

of wo

men

and g

irls?

• Av

erage

cost

of he

alth s

ervice

s in p

ublic

and

priva

te he

alth f

acilit

ies.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en w

ho ca

n affo

rd he

alth

servi

ces i

n priv

ate an

d pub

lic fa

cilitie

s. •

Num

ber a

nd ty

pes o

f hea

lth se

rvice

s for

wom

en

and g

irls p

rovide

d free

by th

e gov

ernm

ent.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en be

nefiti

ng fro

m na

tiona

l he

alth i

nsur

ance

sche

mes

.

• Typ

es of

gend

er sp

ecific

need

s and

co

nditio

ns co

vered

by na

tiona

l he

alth i

nsur

ance

e.g.

mate

rnity

, gy

naec

ologic

al co

nditio

ns et

c.

4a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to r

educ

e wo

men

’s infe

ction

by H

IV an

d moth

er-to-

child

trans

miss

ion?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

impr

oved

wom

en’s

and i

nfant

s’ he

alth?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en in

repr

oduc

tive a

ge aw

are of

HI

V tran

smiss

ion m

ethod

s.•

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

able

to aff

ord po

st-ex

posu

re pr

ophy

laxis

again

st HI

V.•

Perce

ntag

e of e

xpec

tant w

omen

scree

ned a

nd

place

d on a

nti-r

etrov

iral (A

RV) m

edica

tion.

• Pro

porti

on of

wom

en in

fected

by H

IV rec

eiving

free

anti-r

etrov

iral th

erapy

(ART

) and

ARV d

rugs

.

• Av

ailab

ility o

f HIV/

AIDS c

ouns

elling

se

rvice

s in r

epro

ducti

ve he

alth

facilit

ies.

• La

ws cr

imina

lizing

delib

erate

trans

miss

ion of

HIV.

• Av

ailab

ility o

f free

ARV a

nd AR

T in

publi

c hea

lth fa

cilitie

s.

5a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to p

reven

t and

res

pond

to G

BV?

b. To

wha

t exte

nt ha

ve th

e mea

sures

been

im

plem

ented

?c.

Wha

t leve

ls of

succe

ss ha

ve be

en re

alize

d in

prev

entio

n and

resp

onse

to G

BV?

• Nu

mbe

r and

distr

ibutio

n of h

ealth

facil

ities

hand

ling G

BV ca

ses.

• Di

stanc

e to m

edica

l, sec

urity

, adm

inistr

ative

, ps

ycho

-socia

l and

com

mun

ity ba

sed s

uppo

rt for

su

rvivo

rs of

GBV.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f pub

lic an

d priv

ate se

ctor in

stitu

tions

wi

th G

BV po

licies

.

• Ex

isten

ce of

natio

nal s

trateg

y and

pla

n of a

ction

on G

BV.

• La

ws on

sexu

al cri

mes

.•

Types

of se

rvice

s offe

red by

med

ical,

secu

rity,

adm

inistr

ative

, psy

cho-

socia

l and

com

mun

ity ba

sed s

uppo

rt pr

ovide

d for

survi

vors

of GB

V.


Them

e Five

: Wom

en’s A

ccess

to W

ater, E

nerg

y and

Hou

sing

SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

1a.

Wha

t is th

e lev

el of

wom

en’s a

ccess

to po

table

water

?b.

Wha

t is th

e effe

ct of

the a

ccess

or la

ck of

ac

cess

to po

table

water

on w

omen

’s wor

kload

, he

alth a

nd ge

neral

welf

are?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f hou

seho

lds w

ith ac

cess

to po

table

water

.•

Dista

nces

trave

lled b

y wom

en to

acce

ss po

table

water

.•

Num

ber o

f hou

rs sp

ent b

y wom

en to

acce

ss wa

ter.

• Pe

rcent

age r

educ

tion i

n prev

alenc

e of w

ater-b

orne

dis

ease

s.

• Typ

es of

wate

r sou

rces f

or do

mes

tic

use.

• Bu

dgeta

ry m

easu

res to

ensu

re ac

cess

to po

table

water

.

2a.

Wha

t is w

omen

’s lev

el of

acce

ss to

clean

and

afford

able

energ

y?

b. W

hat a

ffect

has a

ccess

to cle

an en

ergy c

reated

on

wom

en’s h

ealth

and w

orklo

ad?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f hou

seho

lds w

ith ac

cess

to cle

an

energ

y.•

Perce

ntag

e of h

ouse

holds

using

clea

n ene

rgy.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f fem

ale he

ads o

f hou

seho

lds w

ho ca

n aff

ord cl

ean d

omes

tic en

ergy.

• Re

ducti

on in

uppe

r res

pirato

ry tra

ct inf

ectio

ns

result

ing fro

m us

e of u

nhea

lthy e

nerg

y sou

rces.

• Re

ducti

on in

wom

en’s w

orklo

ad in

searc

h of

dom

estic

energ

y.

• Typ

es of

energ

y ava

ilable

to w

omen

.•

Budg

etary

mea

sures

to en

sure

acce

ss to

clean

energ

y.

3a.

Wha

t is th

e lev

el of

wom

en’s

acce

ss to

and

owne

rship

of de

cent

and a

dequ

ate ho

using

? b.

How

has o

wners

hip of

dece

nt an

d ade

quate

ho

using

impr

oved

wom

en’s c

ondit

ions a

nd

posit

ions i

n the

socie

ty?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en liv

ing in

dece

nt an

d ade

quate

ho

using

. •

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

with

titles

to ow

n hou

ses.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en ac

cessi

ng m

ortg

age f

acilit

ies.

• Typ

es of

hous

ing av

ailab

le.•

Budg

etary

mea

sures

to en

sure

wom

en’s a

ccess

to an

d own

ership

of

dece

nt ho

using

.•

Chan

ges i

n soc

ial st

atus f

or w

omen

ow

ning d

ecen

t and

adeq

uate

hous

ing.


Them

e Six:

Wom

en, E

thics

and A

ccoun

tabilit

ySN

Ques

tions

Quan

titati

ve In

dicato

rsQu

alitat

ive In

dicato

rs1

a. W

hat n

ation

al law

s are

in pla

ce to

com

bat

corru

ption

and p

romote

acco

untab

ility?

b. To

wha

t exte

nt ha

ve th

e law

s bee

n enfo

rced?

• Nu

mbe

r and

type

s of a

nti-c

orru

ption

laws

. •

Num

ber a

nd st

ature

of ind

ividu

als he

ld ac

coun

table

for co

rrupt

ion an

d eco

nom

ic cri

mes

.

• Eth

ics an

d ant

i-cor

rupt

ion la

ws

enac

ted.

• Pu

blic r

ealiz

ation

of th

e righ

t to

publi

c info

rmati

on.

2a.

Wha

t insti

tutio

nal m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace

to co

mba

t cor

rupt

ion an

d prom

ote

acco

untab

ility?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

impa

cted o

n pr

otecti

on of

natio

nal w

ealth

and r

esou

rces?

• Nu

mbe

r and

statu

re of

indivi

duals

being

held

acco

untab

le for

corru

ption

and e

cono

mic

crim

es.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en sa

tisfie

d with

anti-c

orru

ption

m

easu

res.

• M

echa

nism

s in p

lace t

o com

bat

corru

ption

.•

Publi

catio

n of g

overn

men

t bud

gets.

• Pu

blica

tion o

f brib

ery in

dex.

• Re

quire

men

t for p

ublic

offic

ials t

o tak

e res

pons

ibility

for c

orru

ption

, ec

onom

ic cri

mes

and a

cts of

omiss

ion

and c

omm

ission

.3

a. W

hat is

the l

evel

of wo

men

’s pa

rticip

ation

in

anti-c

orru

ption

initia

tives

?b.

How

has w

omen

’s part

icipa

tion i

n ant

i-co

rrupt

ion in

itiativ

es im

pacte

d on i

nstit

ution

al cu

lture

and p

rotec

tion o

f nati

onal

wealt

h and

res

ource

s?

• Ra

tio an

d hier

archy

of w

omen

to m

en in

anti-

corru

ption

mec

hanis

ms.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en sa

tisfie

d with

ethic

s and

anti-

corru

ption

mea

sures

e.g.

mea

sures

take

n to p

unish

offi

cials

who a

buse

their

posit

ions,

are co

rrupt

, m

isuse

publi

c res

ource

s, m

anipu

late e

lectio

ns et

c.•

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

who

have

confi

denc

e in t

he

exec

utive

, judic

iary,

legisl

ature,

med

ia an

d oth

er ins

titut

ions.

• Inv

olvem

ent o

f wom

en in

budg

eting

pr

oces

ses a

nd po

licy f

orm

ulatio

n.•

Wom

en’s p

artici

patio

n in p

ublic

dis

cour

se e.

g. so

cial a

udits

, deb

ates

with

lead

ers, re

ceipt

of re

ports

from

loc

al co

uncil

s etc.

• Di

fferen

ces i

n int

egrit

y of in

stitu

tions

led

by w

omen

com

pared

to th

ose l

ed

by m

en.


Them

e Sev

en: W

omen

’s Righ

ts an

d Acce

ss to

Justi

ce

SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

1a.

Whic

h wom

en’s c

ivil, p

olitic

al, ec

onom

ic,

socia

l and

cultu

ral rig

hts a

re pr

otecte

d by t

he

coun

try’s c

onsti

tutio

n?

b. W

hat m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace t

o enfo

rce

wom

en’s c

ivil, p

olitic

al, ec

onom

ic, so

cial a

nd

cultu

ral rig

hts?

c. W

hat im

prov

emen

ts ha

ve be

en re

gister

ed

in th

e rea

lizati

on of

wom

en’s c

ivil, p

olitic

al,

econ

omic,

socia

l and

cultu

ral rig

hts?

• Nu

mbe

r of la

ws di

rectly

focu

sing o

n wom

en’s

right

s.•

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

issu

ed w

ith id

entit

y card

s, m

arriag

e cert

ificate

s, tit

le de

eds,

licen

ces e

tc.

• Sp

ecific

wom

en’s r

ights

prote

cted b

y the

co

nstit

ution

e.g.

citize

nship

, nati

onali

ty,

suffr

age,

mari

tal eq

uality

, pro

perty

, do

mici

le etc

.•

Cont

ent o

f laws

direc

tly fo

cusin

g on

wom

en’s r

ights.

• Le

gislat

ion ou

tlawi

ng ge

nder

base

d dis

crim

inatio

n.

2a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to p

rotec

t wom

en

and g

irls f

rom G

BV?

b. To

wha

t exte

nt ar

e the

se m

easu

res be

ing

imple

men

ted?

c. W

hat re

sults

have

been

regis

tered

as a

result

of

imple

men

ting t

he m

easu

res?

• Re

ducti

on in

perce

ntag

e of w

omen

expe

rienc

ing

GBV.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en sa

tisfie

d with

secu

rity

servi

ces.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f fem

ale G

BV su

rvivo

rs ab

le to

acce

ss sh

elters

.•

Dista

nce t

o serv

ices f

or su

rvivo

rs of

GBV.

• Nu

mbe

r of s

ervice

s for

GBV

survi

vors

that

have

qu

alifie

d pers

onne

l.

• W

omen

’s perc

eptio

n of th

eir pe

rsona

l se

curit

y. •

Instit

ution

al m

easu

res to

prote

ct wo

men

fro

m al

l form

s of G

BV.

• La

ws cr

imina

lizing

GBV

. •

Initia

tives

by pu

blic, p

rivate

and c

ivil

socie

ty org

aniza

tions

to pr

even

t and

res

pond

to G

BV.

• Fri

endli

ness

of se

rvice

s to s

urviv

ors o

f GB

V.•

Avail

abilit

y of p

rofes

siona

lly tra

ined

servi

ce pr

ovide

rs ha

ndlin

g GBV

case

s.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

3a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to p

rotec

t wom

en

from

discr

imina

tory a

nd ha

rmful

tradit

ional

prac

tices

, cultu

res an

d cus

toms e

.g. fe

male

ge

nital

mut

ilatio

n (FG

M), f

orced

and a

rrang

ed

marr

iages

, wido

w inh

eritan

ce et

c?b.

Wha

t impr

ovem

ents

have

been

reali

zed w

ith

regard

to pr

otecti

on of

wom

en an

d girl

s from

ha

rmful

tradit

ional

prac

tices

?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en ex

pose

d to h

armful

tra

dition

al pr

actic

es.

• La

ws cr

imina

lizing

harm

ful tra

dition

al pr

actic

es.

• Ini

tiativ

es to

disco

ntinu

e harm

ful

tradit

ional

prac

tices

. •

Attitu

de ch

ange

towa

rds h

armful

tra

dition

al pr

actic

es.

4a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e th

at th

e jud

iciary

, poli

ce st

ation

s and

loca

l ad

mini

strati

on ar

e acce

ssible

to w

omen

and

respo

nsive

to th

eir ne

eds?

b. W

hat im

prov

emen

ts ha

ve be

en re

alize

d in

term

s of th

e res

pons

ivene

ss of

the j

udici

ary,

polic

e stat

ions a

nd lo

cal a

dmini

strati

on to

wo

men

’s nee

ds?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en aw

are of

their

lega

l righ

ts.•

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

seek

ing ju

dicial

servi

ces

who c

an af

ford t

hem

.•

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

in ne

ed of

lega

l cou

nsels

wh

o can

affor

d the

m.

• Di

stanc

es co

vered

by w

omen

to le

gal, s

ecur

ity an

d loc

al ad

mini

strati

ve se

rvice

s.

• Av

ailab

ility o

f infor

mati

on on

wom

en’s

right

s in m

edia

and l

angu

ages

ac

cessi

ble to

wom

en.

• Co

nfide

ntial

ity of

repo

rting

syste

ms.

• Sim

plicit

y of s

ecur

ity, ju

dicial

and

adm

inistr

ative

proc

esse

s.

5a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e tha

t wo

men

are r

epres

ented

in se

curit

y and

judic

ial

agen

cies?

b. W

hat im

pact

has t

he in

creas

ed pr

esen

ce of

wo

men

in ju

dicial

and s

ecur

ity se

rvice

s crea

ted

in en

hanc

ing th

e rea

lizati

on of

wom

en’s

right

s?

• Ra

tio an

d pos

itions

of w

omen

to m

en in

secu

rity

and j

udici

al org

ans.

• Ch

ange

s in t

he in

stitu

tiona

l cult

ure

of se

curit

y and

judic

ial or

gans

to

acco

mm

odate

more

wom

en.

• Ne

w law

s, po

licies

and p

roced

ures

in

secu

rity a

nd ju

dicial

servi

ces t

hat a

re be

nefic

ial to

wom

en.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

6a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e tha

t pe

nal c

ustod

ial in

stitu

tions

and f

acilit

ies ar

e sa

fe for

wom

en an

d res

pons

ive to

their

need

s?b.

To w

hat e

xtent

have

the m

easu

res be

en

imple

men

ted?

c. W

hat re

sults

have

been

reali

zed f

rom

imple

men

ting t

he m

easu

res?

• Nu

mbe

r and

capa

city o

f sep

arate

pena

l ins

titut

ions f

or fe

male

and m

ale of

fende

rs.•

Num

ber o

f pris

oners

by se

x and

type

of cr

ime.

• Nu

mbe

r of p

enal

instit

ution

s with

phys

ical

facilit

ies th

at are

resp

onsiv

e to w

omen

’s biol

ogica

l ne

eds.

• Nu

mbe

r of p

enal

instit

ution

s with

mate

rnity

and

child

care

servi

ces f

or ex

pecta

nt an

d nur

sing

female

offen

ders.

• Pe

rcent

age a

nd ra

nk of

fem

ale of

ficers

in pe

nal

instit

ution

s for

fem

ales.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f pen

al offi

cers

hand

ling f

emale

off

ende

rs th

at ha

ve go

ne th

rough

gend

er tra

ining

.

• M

easu

res to

prev

ent G

BV in

pena

l ins

titut

ions.

• Ins

titut

ional

chan

ges t

o ens

ure t

he

safet

y and

com

fort o

f fem

ale in

mate

s.•

Leve

ls of

aware

ness

by pe

nal o

fficers

of

the r

ights

of fem

ale an

d male

inm

ates.

Them

e Eigh

t: Wom

en, C

onflic

t and

Emerg

ency

Situ

ation

s SN

Ques

tions

Quan

titati

ve In

dicato

rsQu

alitat

ive In

dicato

rs1

a. W

hat m

easu

res ha

s the

gove

rnm

ent ta

ken t

o im

plem

ent U

N Re

solut

ion 13

25?

b. W

hat a

re th

e res

ults o

f the m

easu

res ta

ken?

• Inc

rease

in pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en in

secu

rity a

nd

peac

e ope

ration

s at d

ifferen

t leve

ls.•

Exist

ence

of na

tiona

l plan

on Re

solut

ion

1325

.•

Spec

ific ac

tivitie

s im

plem

ented

from

th

e plan

.•

Visibi

lity of

wom

en in

secu

rity a

nd

peac

e ope

ration

s.


SNQu

estio

nsQu

antit

ative

Indic

ators

Quali

tative

Indic

ators

2a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to p

rotec

t wom

en

from

confl

icts a

nd th

eir co

nseq

uenc

es?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

ensu

red w

omen

’s pr

otecti

on an

d jus

tice f

or fe

male

victi

ms?

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en ne

eding

med

ical,

psyc

ho-so

cial a

nd le

gal s

ervice

s in c

onflic

t and

em

ergen

cy si

tuati

ons w

ho ca

n acce

ss th

em.

• Nu

mbe

r and

statu

re of

perp

etrato

rs of

violen

ce

again

st wo

men

in co

nflict

situ

ation

s held

ac

coun

table.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f wom

en sa

tisfie

d with

prote

ctive

m

easu

res in

confl

ict an

d em

ergen

cy si

tuati

ons.

• Na

tiona

l con

flict p

reven

tion m

easu

res.

• Ra

pid re

spon

se m

echa

nism

s to

mini

mize

effec

ts of

confl

ict an

d disa

ster

on w

omen

.•

Laws

again

st pe

rpetr

ators

of vio

lence

ag

ainst

wom

en in

confl

ict an

d em

ergen

cy si

tuati

ons.

3a.

To w

hat e

xtent

are w

omen

repr

esen

ted

in co

nflict

prev

entio

n and

peac

e buil

ding

initia

tives

?b.

How

has w

omen

’s part

icipa

tion e

nhan

ced

secu

rity f

or an

d prot

ectio

n of w

omen

?

• Ra

tio an

d pos

itions

of w

omen

in co

nflict

pr

even

tion a

nd pe

ace b

uildin

g init

iative

s.•

Refle

ction

of w

omen

’s con

cern

s in

confl

ict pr

even

tion a

nd pe

ace b

uildin

g ini

tiativ

es.


Them

e Nine

: Wom

en, M

edia

and I

nform

ation

Tech

nolog

ySN

Ques

tions

Quan

titati

ve In

dicato

rsQu

alitat

ive In

dicato

rs1

a. W

hat m

easu

res ar

e in p

lace t

o ena

ble w

omen

ac

cess

and d

issem

inate

infor

mati

on?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

enha

nced

wom

en’s

acce

ss to,

and u

se of

, the m

edia?

• Nu

mbe

r and

dive

rsity

of m

ass m

edia

chan

nels.

•

Perce

ntag

e of w

omen

who

can a

fford

news

pape

rs,

radio,

telev

ision

and i

ntern

et se

rvice

s. •

Ratio

and h

ierarc

hy of

wom

en to

men

wor

king i

n m

edia

organ

izatio

ns.

• La

ws gu

arant

eeing

freed

om of

the

mas

s med

ia, ex

pres

sion a

nd ac

cess

to inf

orm

ation

.•

Laws

and p

olicie

s req

uiring

ba

lance

d rec

ruitm

ent in

the m

edia

and I

nform

ation

Com

mun

icatio

n Te

chno

logy (

ICT) s

ector

s.

2a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e tha

t th

e mas

s med

ia an

d ICT

secto

rs are

gend

er res

pons

ive?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

chan

ged t

he cu

lture

of m

edia

and I

CT in

stitu

tions

?

• Nu

mbe

r of m

edia

hous

es an

d ICT

insti

tutio

ns w

ith

gend

er po

licies

. •

Ratio

of w

omen

to m

en en

rolled

in IC

T cou

rses.

• Ra

tio of

fem

ale IC

T exp

erts.

• Pe

rcent

age o

f med

ia sp

ace d

edica

ted to

gend

er iss

ues.

• La

ws an

d poli

cies c

ompe

lling g

ende

r res

pons

ivene

ss in

med

ia ho

uses

and I

CT

secto

r. •

Attitu

de of

med

ia pe

rsonn

el to

gend

er eq

uality

.•

User-

frien

dline

ss of

med

ia pr

oduc

ts to

rural

wom

en.

3a.

Wha

t mea

sures

are i

n plac

e to e

nsur

e tha

t wo

men

have

acce

ss to

ICT?

b. Ho

w ha

ve th

e mea

sures

chan

ged t

he IC

T se

ctor?

• Nu

mbe

r of in

stitu

tions

prov

iding

ICT c

ourse

s.•

Ratio

of w

omen

to m

en en

rolled

in IC

T cou

rses.

• Ra

tio of

fem

ale to

male

ICT e

xpert

s.

• Att

itude

of w

omen

to IC

T cou

rses.

41 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

4.1 How to Use the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools

4.1.1 Questions to AnswerEvery monitoring and evaluation system seeks to answer questions related to the following:

a. Objectives: What was the intervention designed to do? b. Effectiveness: Did the intervention do what it was designed to do? c. Relevance: Was the intervention appropriate to the needs of the target

population? d. Efficiency: To what extent was the intervention cost-effective (achieve

greatest impact at minimum cost)? e. Results: What has the intervention achieved in the immediate term

(outputs), intermediate term/period (outcomes) and long (impact) term? f. Divergence: Has there been a remarkable deviation of actual performance

from what was planned? What could be the causes of such divergence?g. Indicators: How do we measure the difference created? h. Attribution: How can the difference created be linked with the

intervention? i. Lessons: What worked, what did not work and why? What are the

alternatives? What are best practices?

4.0

Implementation of the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools


4.1.2 Questions to AskThe actual process of monitoring and evaluation is guided by the following questions.

a. What kind of information is needed from the exercise?b. How much information should be gathered?c. Where will the information come from? d. What instruments will be used to gather the information?e. How will the information be analyzed?f. How will the information be presented to different audiences?

4.1.3 Questions to ConsiderThe user of the framework should consider the following questions.

a. Why Monitor and Evaluate: The basic idea is to hold member states accountable for gender equality commitments. The M&E should generate objective data on commitments, status of implementation and progress towards achieving the commitments. This will help states see themselves individually and in comparison with other states. It will, therefore, act as a peer review catalyst for good practices and improvement where gaps exist.

b. What to Monitor and Evaluate (Indicators): This refers to the specific measures of achievement around which to collect quantifiable data and qualitative information. These indicators include gender parity (equal representation and participation of women and men), equality (equal access, control, opportunities, rewards and benefits for women and men), equity (the ratio of participation, access, opportunities, rewards and benefits according to needs/concerns of women and men, women’s empowerment and transformation of gender relations), empowerment (cognitive, behavioural and affective changes to increase levels of equality and empowerment of women in relation to men), and transformation (changing the gender order and existing distribution of resources and responsibilities to create balanced gender relations). Ideally, the user/evaluator should structure the data collection instruments around variables provided in each gender equality instrument and themes. Below is a list of key instruments to consider at national, regional and global levels.

Some Key Gender Equality Instruments to Monitor and

Evaluate National Instruments

x Constitution. x Legislation. x Policies.

Regional Instruments x African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1981). x African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990).


x Dakar Platform for Action (1994). x African Plan of Action to Accelerate the Implementation of the Dakar and Beijing

Platforms for Action for the Advancement of Women (1999). x Constitutive Act of the African Union (2000, Articles 3 and 4). x Abuja Declaration on HIV and AIDS, Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious

Diseases (2001). x African Union Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Corruption (2003). x The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of

Women in Africa (2003). x African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa. (2004). x Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment

of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (2004). x Inter-Governmental Authority on Development Gender Policy (2004). x The Maputo Plan of Action on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (2006). x The African Union Summit on Maternal, Infant and Child Health and Development

(2010).

Global InstrumentsWomen’s Human Rights

x UN Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952). x Convention on the Nationality of Married Women (1957). x Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

(1979) x Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against

Women (1999) x Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies (1985). x UN Declaration on Violence Against Women (1993). x Plan of Action from the International Conference on Population and Development

(1994). x Beijing Platform for Action (1995). x Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women

and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000).

x Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000).

x UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000). x UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (2007).


Human Rights x International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). x International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). x Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). x Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty (1989). x The Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference on Human

Rights (1993). x Millennium Development Goals - MDGs (2000).

Slavery and Slavery-Like Practices x Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of

the Prostitution of Others (1949).Torture, Ill-Treatment and Disappearance

x Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984).

Rights of the Child x Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). x Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination

of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999). x Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement

of Children in Armed Conflicts (2000). x Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of

Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2000).Freedom of Association

x Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948). x Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949).

Employment and Forced Labour x Equal Remuneration Convention (1951). x Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957). x Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958). x Employment Policy Convention (1964). x Convention Concerning Occupational Safety and Health and the Working

Environment (1981). x Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members

of their Families (1990).


Education x Convention against Discrimination in Education (1960). x World Declaration on Education for All (1990).

War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, Genocide and Terrorism x Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948). x Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and

Crimes Against Humanity (1968). x Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998).

Armed Conflict x Geneva Convention Relating to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War

(1949). x Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to

the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I, 1977). x Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to

the Protection of Victims on Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II, 1977).Disability

x Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007).Corruption and Organised Crime

x United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003). x United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000).

c. When (Frequency of Monitoring and Evaluation). At the minimum, there should be annual monitoring which leads to annual reports and updates. This requires the monitors/evaluators to continuously gather information on each country of focus by following key events as they happen in order to make the process of compilation relatively easy at the end of the year.

d. Where (Information Sources). The required information will be available mainly from secondary sources. However, there will be need to analyze and interpret the information using primary data and information generated through consultation with relevant stakeholders. Some key sources of information will be: World Bank reports, UN reports, country reports to various international and regional treaty bodies, national MDGs reports, national gender machineries, national bureaus of statistics, censuses, the African Union, the East African Community secretariat, Inter-parliamentary Union, national legislatures and CSOs. The success of this framework will depend to a large extent on the availability of updated and authentic data. It is therefore critical to get the data from the most current and credible sources. Because data collection is a sensitive issue, there is need to adhere to protocols in each country hence the importance of working closely with national bureaus of statistics and gender machineries to collect and verify the data and information collected.


Helpful tips when monitoring and evaluating gender

mainstreamingBaltiwala (2011a) identifies a number of helpful tips when monitoring and evaluating gender mainstreaming. These are:

a. Balance quantitative and qualitative data and avoid over-emphasizing one at the expense of the other.

b. Emphasize methods that acknowledge the contribution of other actors towards change.

c. Do not go for more information than can be analyzed as it is not the quantity but quality of information that matters.

d. Use multiple frameworks adapted to different contexts and data requirements.e. Use participatory approaches that trace change through the eyes of the target

population, in this case, women. f. Conduct baseline surveys in the first year of work and update them periodically.g. Track not only positive results but also reversals (negative changes) of existing

positive situations such as the repealing of a progressive law

The framework is a broad guideline on themes and variables to assess. Users are therefore advised to consider it as a basket of tools from which to choose, pull out, amplify and adapt to their unique mandates and interests. For example, if a CSO’s main focus is on women and politics, it may choose to select components of the various tools that address political issues.

The aggregation of the various reports should lead to status of the region report on gender equality commitments in the EAC. A generic reporting format is provided in the last section of this framework.

4.2 Implementation StepsThe following actions are recommended to assist in the effective implementation of this framework.

4.2.1 FamiliarizationUsers of this framework should undergo training and orientation on how the framework is designed and how best to adopt it to different circumstances. This training should cover at least basic concepts on monitoring and evaluation, women’s rights instruments and gender mainstreaming.

4.2.2 Pre-testing The framework should be pre-tested (piloted) to enable intended users get a practical feel of what it will entail to use the tools and to fine tune the tools.


4.3.3 AdvocacyThis tool is basically meant to lead to advocacy for implementation of gender equality commitments. In this regard, the M&E reports should be translated into different advocacy products such as: statistical fact sheets, “Did You Know?” challenge questions, graphs and tables of significant data, illustrative case studies, fliers and digests. Practical evidence based advocacy strategies should also be developed on how to present and share the data generated, with the EAC secretariat, individual member countries and other duty bearers who can influence them positively.

4.2.4 Resource CentreIn the long run, there should be a comprehensive repository of information on the status of implementation of various gender equality instruments in the region. This repository will essentially be a one-stop resource centre updated annually. The resources can be used to develop subsidiary reports on specific themes of interest to member countries, academics, activists, NGOs, policy makers, governments and UN organizations.

4.2.5 LinkagesThe users of this framework will require strategic linkages with governments and treaty bodies to enable collection of credible and reliable data as well as to disseminate the findings. Such linkages could be fostered through rapport with expected providers of information, granting of observer status to the CSOs, regular access to the EAC secretariat and government statistical offices, regular de-briefing with various actors, sharing of reports on women’s rights, and joint planning and implementation of M&E activities.

4.3 ReportingFor purposes of comparison, a uniform reporting format is recommended. To this end, a standard format is proposed below modeled on common formats used in reporting to treaty bodies. The format has also been adopted to reflect the information gathered from each tool proposed.

In this format, the Introduction should summarize the findings. The information is then to be presented sequentially under the chapter on findings. The information should be presented using narrative, tables, graphs and case studies to illustrate achievements, challenges and determinant factors. The chapter Discussion of Findings then analyzes the findings in terms of the country’s performance or in comparison with other countries. This gives way to the conclusions and recommendations, which should be built around the framework objectives. The proposed reporting format is in the box below.


1.0 Introduction1. 1 Context

x Objectives x Country Profile: size; demographics; system of government; historical landmarks x Period Assessed and Major Gender-related Events

1.2.Methodology x Approaches and Instruments Used to Gather Data x Challenges Faced and How They were Overcome x Limitations of the Findings

2.0 Findings2.1 Findings on Gender Mainstreaming Environment

x Current Status of Gender Equality in the Country x National Gender Mainstreaming Environment x Gender Equality Instruments Assessed x What Government has done in Regard to its Commitments

2.2 Findings from Scorecard x Commitments. x Implementation.

2.3 Findings on Gains, Reversals and Defence x Constitution x Legislation x Policy x Elections x Appointments x Gender Mainstreaming Structures and Mechanisms x Gender Responsive Budgeting x Gender Information Managemnet System


2.4 Findings on Thematic Assessment x Theme One: Women in Politics and Decision-Making x Theme Two: Women in Education x Theme Three: Women’s Economic Empowerment x Theme Four: Women’s Health x Theme Five: Women’s Access to Water, Energy and Housing x Theme Six: Women, Ethics and Accountability x Theme Seven: Women’s Rights and Access to Justice x Theme Eight: Women, Conflict and Emergency Situations x Theme Nine: Women, Media and Information Technology

3.0 Discussion of Findings x Analysis of Achievements, Challenges and Determinants x Comparison of Member Countries by Performance

4.0 Conclusion x Lessons Learnt x Recommendations

Annexes x Data Collection Schedule x Instruments Used to Gather Data x List of Respondents x Any relevant texts that add value but would be intrusive in the main text or which

help to understand the findings better e.g. laws enacted or repealed, new policies and statistics

Bibliography x Major texts and other sources of information used to generate the report

50Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

Baltiwala (2011a). Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation for Women’s Rights: Thirteen Insights for Women’s Organisations. Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.

East African Community - EAC (2002). The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community. Arusha: East African Community.

Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women -EASSI (2009). Protocol on Gender and Development (5th Draft). Kampala: EASSI.

Mhlanga, P. (n.d). Beyond the Signatures: Radicalising the Monitoring of Women’s Rights. Pretoria: Oxfam-GB-Southern Africa.

Westhuizen, C. (ed) (2005). Gender Instruments in Africa: Critical Perspectives, Future Strategies. Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue.

Further ReadingAjayi, O.A. & Juma, M.K. (n.d). Gender Mainstreaming in Africa (2000-2008):

Lessons Learnt and Opportunities for Future Engagement. Dakar: Femmes Africa Solidarite (under the Gender is My Agenda Campaign – GIMAC).

Baltiwala (2010). Capturing Change in Women’s Realities: A Critical Overview of Current Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks and Approaches. Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.

Baltiwala (2011b). Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation for Women’s Rights: Twelve Insights for Donors. Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.

References5.0


East African Community - EAC (2004). “Report of the Committee on Fast Tracking East African Federation”. Submitted to the Sixth Summit of Heads of State of East African Community. Arusha: East African Community.

East African Community - EAC (2012) EAC Strategic Plan For Gender, Youth, Children, Persons with Disability, Social Protection and Community Development (2012-2016). Arusha: East African Community.

East African Community – EAC (2013). Final Draft EAC Social Development Policy Framework. Arusha: East African Community.

Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women -EASSI (2012). The Beijing + 17 (2012) Scorecard. Kampala:EASSI.

Economic Commission for Africa – ECA (2004). African Gender and Development Index. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.

Economic Commission for Africa – ECA African Women’s Report 2009 - Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa: Experiences and Lessons from the African Gender and Development Index. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.

Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Kenya (2006). Gender Impact Analysis Tool on CEDAW and ICESCR. Nairobi: Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Kenya.

League of Kenya Women Voters (2007). The Kenya Women’s Manifesto. Nairobi: League of Kenya Women Voters

Mook, B. (2003). Evaluating an Information Project: A Letter to a Project Manager. Wageningen: International Service for National Agricultural Research.

Musa, R. (2011). Evaluation of the Implementation of the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa. Dakar: Femmes Africa Solidarite (under GIMAC)

Republic of Tanzania (2010). Tanzania Gender Indicators Booklet. Dar es Salaam: Research on Poverty Alleviation

United Nations Development Programme - UNDP/ United Nations Development Fund for Women - UNIFEM (2009). A User’s Guide to Measuring Gender-Sensitive Basic Service Delivery. Oslo: United Nations Development Programme.

United Nations Children’s Fund -UNICEF (2006). Setting up a Gender Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation System: The Process. Panama City: United Nations Children’s Fund.

Women’s Empowerment Link (2011). Kenya Women’s National Charter. Nairobi: Women’s Empowerment Link.

Internet http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/Gender_Equaility. [Accessed on January 15, 2013].

Tracking Gender Equality Commitments in the East African Community

A Monitoring & Evaluation Framework

The Eastern African Sub-Regional SupportInitiative for the Advancement of Women

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