tr - heat treatment
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39 RAININGREGULA IONS
AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
East Service Road, South Superhighwa, Taguig Cit, Metro Ma!i"a
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR(AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING SUB SECTOR)
HEA REA MEN NC II
Page No.
SECTION 1 HEAT TREATMENT NC II QUALIFICATION 1
SECTION 2 COMPETENC STAN!AR!S
Ba"#$ Co%&e'e$#e" 21*
Co%%o Co%&e'e$#e" 1+2,
Co-e Co%&e'e$#e" 233
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
SECTION 3 TRAINING STAN!AR!S
3.1 C/--#$/0/% !e"#g 3*3, 3.2 T-a##g !e0#e- 3 3.3 T-a#ee E'- Re/#-e%e'" 34 3.* L#"' o5 Too0"6 E/#&%e' a7 Ma'e-#a0" 3439 3.+ T-a##g Fa$#0#'#e" *8 3., T-a#e-" Q/a0#5#$a'#o" *8 3. I"'#'/'#oa0 A""e""%e' *8
SECTION * NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN!CERTIFICATION ARRANGEMENTS
*1
ANNE: A; COMPETENC MAP *2
!EFINITION OF TERMS *3
AC
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TRAINING REGULATIONS FOR
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
SECTION 1 HEAT TREATMENT NC II QUALIFICATION
The HEAT TREATMENT NC II Qualification consists of cometencies that a ersonmust achie!e to "e a"le to select the aroriate rocess of heat treatment to achie!e thedesired result# recording and maintaining the heat treatment information in the manufacture ofman$ other metals% It also co!ers heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous metals using a!ariet$ of e&uiment such as "o' t$e it t$e# "oggie t$e furnaces either gas# oil-fired orelectricall$ heated% Heat treatment techni&ues include annealing# case hardening#reciitation strengthening# temeringand &uenching%
This Qualification is ac(aged from the cometenc$ ma of the Automoti!e Industr$
)Manufacturing su"-sector* as sho+n in Anne' A%
The ,nits of Cometenc$ comrising this Qualification include the follo+ing
O!E NO. BASIC COMPETENCIES
.//3000/. Particiate in 1or(lace Communication
.//3000/2 1or( in Team En!ironment
.//3000/ Practice Career Professionalism
.//3000/4 Practice 5ccuational Health and 6afet$ Procedures
O!E NO. COMMON COMPETENCIES
A7T899/0 Read# Interret and Al$ Engineering :ra+ingsA7T3009/9 Perform Mensuration and Calculation
A7T939/3 Read# Interret and Al$ 6ecifications and Manuals
A7T939/. Perform 6ho Maintenance
O!E NO. CORE COMPETENCIES
A7T409304 6elect Heat Treatment Process
A7T40930; Perform Heat Treatment Process
A erson +ho has achie!ed this Qualification is cometent to "e
Hea' T-ea'e-
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_strengtheninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_strengtheninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quench -
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SECTION 2 COMPETENC STAN!AR!S
This section gi!es the details of the contents of the "asic# common and core units ofcometenc$ re&uired in HEAT TREATMENT NC II%
BASIC COMPETENCIES
UNIT OF COMPETENC ; PARTICIPATE IN =OR
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% Aroriate sources 0%0 Team mem"ers
0%9 6uliers0%3 Trade ersonnel
0%8 7ocal go!ernment
0%. Industr$ "odies
9% Medium 9%0 Memorandum
9%9 Circular
9%3 Notice
9%8 Information discussion
9%. @ollo+-u or !er"al instructions
9%2 @ace to face communication
3% 6torage 3%0 Manual filing s$stem
3%9 Comuter-"ased filing s$stem
8% @orms 8%0 Personnel forms# telehone message forms# safet$reorts
.% 1or(lace interactions .%0 @ace to face
.%9 Telehone
.%3 Electronic and t+o +a$ radio
.%8 1ritten including electronic# memos# instruction andforms# non-!er"al including gestures# signals# signsand diagrams
2% Protocols 2%0 5"ser!ing meeting
2%9 Comliance +ith meeting decisions
2%3 5"e$ing meeting instructions
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asects ofcometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate
0%0 Preared +ritten communication follo+ing standard
format of the organi?ation0%9 Accessed information using communication e&uiment0%3 Made use of rele!ant terms as an aid to transfer
information effecti!el$0%8 Con!e$ed information effecti!el$ adoting the formal or
informal communication
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge andattitudes
9%0 Effecti!e communication9%9 :ifferent modes of communication9%3 1ritten communication9%8 5rgani?ational olicies9%. Communication rocedures and s$stems9%2 Technolog$ rele!ant to the enterrise and the indi!iduals
+or( resonsi"ilities
3% ,nderinning s(ills 3%0 @ollo+ simle so(en language3%9 Perform routine +or(lace duties follo+ing simle +ritten
notices3%3 Particiate in +or(lace meetings and discussions3%8 Comlete +or( related documents3%. Estimate# calculate and record routine +or(lace
measures3%2 =asic mathematical rocesses of addition# su"traction#
di!ision and multilication3% A"ilit$ to relate to eole of social range in the +or(lace3%4 Bather and ro!ide information in resonse to +or(lace
Re&uirements
8% Resourceimlications
8%0 @a' machine
8%9 Telehone
8%3 1riting materials
8%8 Internet
.% Method of
assessment
.%0 :irect 5"ser!ation
.%9 5ral inter!ie+ and +ritten test
2% Conte't ofassessment
2%0 Cometenc$ ma$ "e assessed indi!iduall$ in the actual+or(lace or through accredited institution
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UNIT OF COMPETENC; =OR< IN TEAM ENVIRONMENT
UNIT CO!E ; +8831118,
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR ; This unit co!ers the s(ills# (no+ledge and attitudes to identif$role and resonsi"ilit$ as a mem"er of a team%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicized terms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% Role and o"ecti!eof team
0%0 1or( acti!ities in a team en!ironment +ith enterrise orsecific sector
0%9 7imited discretion# initiati!e and udgment ma$"edemonstrated on the o"# either indi!iduall$ or in a teamen!ironment
9% 6ources ofinformation
9%0 6tandard oerating and>or other +or(lace rocedures
9%9 Do" rocedures
9%3 Machine>e&uiment manufacturers secifications and
instructions9%8 5rgani?ational or e'ternal ersonnel
9%. Client>sulier instructions
9%2 Qualit$ standards
9% 5H6 and en!ironmental standards
3% 1or(lace conte't 3%0 1or( rocedures and ractices
3%9 Conditions of +or( en!ironments
3%3 7egislation and industrial agreements
3%8 6tandard +or( ractice including the storage# safehandling and disosal of chemicals
3%. 6afet$# en!ironmental# house(eeing and &ualit$guidelines
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asects ofcometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate
0%0 5erated in a team to comlete +or(lace acti!it$
0%9 1or(ed effecti!el$ +ith others
0%3 Con!e$ed information in +ritten or oral form
0%8 6elected and used aroriate +or(lace language
0%. @ollo+ed designated +or( lan for the o"
0%2 Reorted outcomes
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge andattitude
9%0 Communication rocess
9%9 Team structure
9%3 Team roles
9%8 Brou lanning and decision ma(ing
3% ,nderinning s(ills 3%0 Communicate aroriatel$# consistent +ith the culture ofthe +or(lace
8% Resourceimlications
The follo+ing resources MUST "e ro!ided
8%0 Access to rele!ant +or(lace or aroriatel$ simulateden!ironment +here assessment can ta(e lace
8%9% Materials rele!ant to the roosed acti!it$ or tas(s
.% Method of
assessment
Cometenc$ ma$ "e assessed through
.%0 5"ser!ation of the indi!idual mem"er in relation to the+or( acti!ities of the grou
.%9 5"ser!ation of simulation and or role la$ in!ol!ing thearticiation of indi!idual mem"er to the attainment oforgani?ational goal
.%3% Case studies and scenarios as a "asis for discussion ofissues and strategies in team+or(
2% Conte't ofassessment
2%0 Cometenc$ ma$ "e assessed in +or(lace or in asimulated +or(lace setting
2%9 Assessment shall "e o"ser!ed +hile tas( are "eingunderta(en +hether indi!iduall$ or in grou
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UNIT OF COMPETENC; PRACTICE CAREER PROFESSIONALISM
UNIT CO!E ; +8831118
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR ; This unit co!ers the (no+ledge# s(ills and attitudes in romotingcareer gro+th and ad!ancement%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicized terms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% E!aluation 0%0 Performance Araisal0%9 Ps$chological Profile
0%3 Atitude Tests
9% Resources 9%0 Human9%9 @inancial9%3 Technolog$
9%3%0 Hard+are
9%3%9 6oft+are
3% Trainings and careeroortunities
3%0 Particiation in training rograms 3%0%0 Technical 3%0%9 6uer!isor$ 3%0%3 Managerial 3%0%8 Continuing Education3%9 6er!ing as Resource Persons in conferences and +or(shos
8% Recognitions 8%0 Recommendations8%9 Citations8%3 Certificate of Areciations8%8 Commendations8%. A+ards
8%2 Tangi"le and Intangi"le Re+ards
.% 7icenses and>orcertifications
.%0 National Certificates
.%9 Certificate of Cometenc$
.%3 6uort 7e!el 7icenses
.%8 Professional 7icenses
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asects ofcometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate0%0 Attained o" targets +ithin (e$ result areas )RAs*
0%9 Maintained intra - and interersonal relationshi in the courseof managing oneself "ased on erformance e!aluation
0%3 Comleted trainings and career oortunities +hich are "asedon the re&uirements of the industries
0%8 Ac&uired and maintained licenses and>or certificationsaccording to the re&uirement of the &ualification
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge Fattitudes
9%0 1or( !alues and ethics )Code of Conduct# Code of Ethics#etc%*
9%9 Coman$ olicies9%3 Coman$ oerations# rocedures and standards
9%8 @undamental rights at +or( including gender sensiti!it$9%. Personal h$giene ractices
3% ,nderinning s(ills 3%0 Aroriate ractice of ersonal h$giene3%9 Intra and Interersonal s(ills3%3 Communication s(ills
8% Resourceimlications
The follo+ing resources MUST"e ro!ided8%0 1or(lace or assessment location8%9 Case studies>scenarios
.% Method ofassessment
Cometenc$ ma$ "e assessed through.%0 Portfolio Assessment
.%9 Inter!ie+.%3 6imulation>Role-la$s
.%8 5"ser!ation
.%. Third Part$ Reorts
.%2 E'ams and Tests
2% Conte't ofassessment
2%0 Cometenc$ ma$ "e assessed in the +or( lace or in asimulated +or( lace setting
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UNIT OF COMPETENC ; PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AN! SAFETPROCE!URES
UNIT CO!E ; +88311184
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR ; This unit co!ers the outcomes re&uired to coml$ +ithregulator$ and organi?ational re&uirements for occuationalhealth and safet$%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedterms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% 6afet$ regulations Ma$ include "ut are not limited to0%0 Clean Air Act0%9 =uilding code0%3 National Electrical and @ire 6afet$ Codes0%8 1aste management statutes and rules0%. Philiine 5ccuational 6afet$ and Health 6tandards0%2 :57E regulations on safet$ legal re&uirements0% ECC regulations
9% Ha?ards>Ris(s Ma$ include "ut are not limited to9%0 Ph$sical ha?ards G imact# illumination# ressure# noise#
!i"ration# temerature# radiation9%9 =iological ha?ards- "acteria# !iruses# lants# arasites# mites#
molds# fungi# insects9%3 Chemical ha?ards G dusts# fi"ers# mists# fumes# smo(e# gasses#
!aors9%8 Ergonomics
Ps$chological factors G o!er e'ertion> e'cessi!e force#
a+(+ard>static ositions# fatigue# direct ressure# !ar$ing
meta"olic c$cles
Ph$siological factors G monoton$# ersonal relationshi# +or(out c$cle
3% Contingenc$measures
Ma$ include "ut are not limited to3%0 E!acuation3%9 Isolation3%3 :econtamination3%8 )Calling designed* emergenc$ ersonnel
8% PPE Ma$ include "ut are not limited to8%0 Mas(8%9 Blo!es8%3 Boggles8%8 Hair Net>ca>"onnet8%. @ace mas(>shield8%2 Ear muffs8% Aron>Bo+n>co!erall>um suit8%4 Anti-static suits
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VARIABLE RANGE
.% Emergenc$-relateddrills and training
.%0 @ire drill
.%9 Earth&ua(e drill
.%3 =asic life suort>CPR
.%8 @irst aid
.%. 6illage control
.%2 :econtamination of chemical and to'ic
.% :isaster rearedness>management
2% 5H6 ersonalrecords
2%0 Medical>Health records2%9 Incident reorts2%3 Accident reorts2%8 5H6-related training comleted
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asects ofcometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate0%0 E'lainedclearl$ esta"lished +or(lace safet$ andha?ard
control ractices and rocedures
0%9 Identified ha?ards>ris(s in the +or(lace and its corresondingindicators in accordance +ith coman$ rocedures
0%3 Recogni?ed contingenc$ measures during +or(laceaccidents# fire and other emergencies
0%8 Identified terms of ma'imum tolera"le limits "ased onthreshold limit !alue- T7ris(s in +or(lace
0%2 ,sed Personal Protecti!e E&uiment )PPE* in accordance+ith coman$ 5H6 rocedures and ractices
0% Comleted and udated 5H6 ersonal records in accordance
+ith +or(lace re&uirements
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge andAttitudes
9%0 5H6 rocedures and ractices and regulations9%9 PPE t$es and uses9%3 Personal h$giene ractices9%8 Ha?ards>ris(s identification and control9%. Threshold 7imit ris(s identification and control s(ills3%3 Interersonal s(ills3%8 Communication s(ills
8% Resourceimlications
The follo+ing resources MUST"e ro!ided8%0 1or(lace or assessment location8%9 5H6 ersonal records8%3 PPE8%8 Health records
.% Method ofassessment
Cometenc$ MUST"e assessed through.%0 Portfolio Assessment.%9 Inter!ie+.%3 Case 6tud$>6ituation
2% Conte't ofassessment
2%0Cometenc$ ma$ "e assessed in the +or( lace or in asimulated +or( lace setting
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COMMON COMPETENCIES
AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING
UNIT TITLE REA!6 INTERPRET AN! APPL ENGINEERING !RA=INGS
UNIT CO!E; ALT*2281
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR This unit deals +ith identif$ing# interreting and al$ing secificationfrom engineering "lue rints or dra+ings that ro!ides themeasurements of the roduct and attern that is to "e roduced%
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedterms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% Engineering dra+ings inds of dra+ings0%0 Casting dra+ing0%9 Machining dra+ing0%3 Proect lan0%8 Technical dra+ing
9% :ata :ata includes "ut not limited to9%0 Material secifications9%9 Process secifications9%3 6ecial instructions9%8 Machining locating oints9%. Claming oints
9%2 Amount of draft9% 6urface finish
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0%Critical asects of
cometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate
0%0 Identified and accessed dra+ings>secification0%9 Interreted dra+ings0%3 Alied information in dra+ings0%8 6tored dra+ings
9%,nderinning(no+ledge andattitudes
9%0 T$es of dra+ings used in automoti!e manufacturing industr$9%9 Identification of s$m"ols used in the dra+ings9%3 Identification of units of measurements9%8 ,nit con!ersion9%. Attention to details# Perse!erance# Honest$
3% ,nderinnings(ills
3%0Reading and comrehension s(ills re&uired to identif$ andinterret engineering dra+ings and secifications
3%9 Accessing information and data
8% Resourceimlications
The follo+ing resources MUST"e ro!ided8%0All dra+ings>engineering secifications relati!e to automoti!e
manufacturing8%9Do" order# re&uisitions8%3 Product samle
. Method ofassessment
Cometenc$ MUST"e assessed through
.%05"ser!ation +ith &uestioning.%9Inter!ie+
2 Conte't ofassessment
2%0 Assessment must "e underta(en in accordance +iththe endorsed TE6:A assessment guidelines
2%9 Assessment ma$ "e conducted in the +or(lace or asimulated en!ironment%
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UNIT OF COMPETENC; PERFORM MENSURATION AN! CALCULATION
UNIT CO!E; ALT311282
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR; This unit includes identif$ing# caring for# handling# using andmaintaining measuring instruments%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedterms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% Measuringinstruments
Measuring instruments includes
0%0 Multitester0%9 Micrometer )In-out# deth*0%3
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asectof cometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate0%0 6elected measuring instruments0%9 Carried-out measurements and calculations%
0%3 Maintained measuring instruments
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge andattitudes
9%0 T$es of Measuring instruments and its uses9%9 6afe handling rocedures in using measuring instruments9%3 @our fundamental oeration of mathematics9%8 @ormula for
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UNIT TITLE REA!6 INTERPRET AN! APPL SPECIFICATION AN! MANUALS%
UNIT CO!E; ALT23283
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR This unit deals +ith identif$ing# interreting and al$ing ser!ice
secification manuals# maintenance rocedure manuals and eriodicmaintenance manual%
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedterms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% Manualsinds of manuals9%0 Manufacturers secification manual9%9 Reair manual9%3 Maintenance Procedure Manual9%8 Periodic Maintenance Manual
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0%Critical asects ofcometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate0%0 Identified and accessed manual>secification
0%9 Interreted manuals0%3 Alied information in manuals0%8 6tored manuals
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge andattitudes
9%0 T$es of manuals used in automoti!e industr$9%9 Identification of s$m"ols used in the manuals9%3 Identification of units of measurements9%8 ,nit con!ersion
3% ,nderinnings(ills
3%0%Reading and comrehension s(ills re&uired to identif$ andinterret automoti!e manuals and secifications
3%9% Accessing information and data
8 ResourceImlications
The follo+ing resources must "e ro!ided8%0 All manuals>catalogues relati!e to Automoti!e8%9 Do" order# re&uisitions8%3 Actual !ehicle or simulator
. Method ofassessment
Cometenc$ must "e assessed through.%05"ser!ation +ith &uestioning.%9Inter!ie+
2 Conte't ofassessment
2%0 Assessment must "e underta(en in accordance +iththe endorsed TE6:A assessment guidelines
2%9 Assessment ma$ "e conducted in the +or(lace or asimulated en!ironment%
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,NIT 5@ C5MPETENC PERFORM SHOP MAINTENANCE
,NIT C5:E ALT2328+
,NIT :E6CRIPT5R This unit deals +ith insecting and cleaning of +or( area
including tools# e&uiment and facilities% 6torage and chec(ingof tools> e&uiment and disosal of used sulies>materials arealso incororated in this cometenc$%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedtermsare ela"orated in the Range of e&uiment 8%0 Comlete in!entor$ of tools>e&uiment is maintained8%9 :amaged tools>e&uiment>facilities are identified and
reair recommendation is gi!en
8%3 Reorts reared has no error>discreanc$
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
0% 1or( area 1or( areas include
0%01or(sho areas for ser!icing>reairing light and>or hea!$!ehicle and>or lant transmissions and>or outdoor o+ere&uiment
0%9 5en +or(sho>garage and enclosed# !entilated office area
0%3 5ther !aria"les ma$ include +or(sho +ith
Mess hall
1ash room
Comfort room
9% Cleaning
re&uirement
9%0 Cleaning sol!ent
9%9 In!entor$ of sulies# tools# e&uiment# facilities9%3 7ist of mechanics>technicians
9%8 Rags
9%. =room
9%2 Mo
9% Pail
9%4 ,sed oil container
9%; 5iler
9%0/ :ust>+aste "in
3% Manuals 3%0 lant manufacturer secifications
3%9 Coman$ oerating rocedures3%3 Industr$>1or(lace Codes of Practice
3%8 Product manufacturer secifications
3%. Customer re&uirements
3%2 Industr$ 5ccuational Health and 6afet$
8% Coman$ standardoerating rocedure
1earing of Personal rotecti!e e&uiment include
8%0 Blo!es
8%9 Aron
8%3 Boggles
8%8 6afet$ shoes
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asectsof cometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate
0%0 Cleaned +or(sho tools>facilities
0%9 Maintained e&uiment# tools and facilities
0%3 :isosed +astes and used lu"ricants>fluid as er re&uiredrocedure
9% ,nderinning(no+ledge andattitudes
9%0 . 6 or TQM
9%9 6er!ice rocedures
9%3 Rele!ant technical information
9%8 6afe handling of e&uiment and tools
9%.
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CORE COMPETENCIES
UNIT OF COMPETENC ; SELECT HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS
UNIT CO!E ; ALT412314
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR This unit co!ers selecting the aroriate rocess toachie!e the desired result# recording and maintaining theheat treatment information%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedterms are ela"orated in the Range of
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RANGE OF VARIABLE
VARIABLE RANGE
0% Heat-treatmentrocess
0%0 Preheating0%9 6oa(ing0%3 Quenching )air# +ater# oil*0%8 Temering0%. Annealing0%2 Normali?ing0% Car"uri?ing0%4 sintering
9% Metal comosition 9%0 High9%9 7o+ car"on steel
3% E&uiment 3%0 6alt "aths3%9
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asect ofCometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate0%0 :etermined o" re&uirements
0%9 Identified and selected aroriate heat treatment rocess0%3 Tested materials and recorded and maintained heat treatment
information
9% ,nderinningno+ledge andattitudes
9%0 Metal chemical comosition%9%9 :ifferent heat-treatment rocesses# e&uiment and
alication%9%3 Heat-treatment faults and counter-measures%9%8 :estructi!e and non-destructi!e testing of metals%9%. Mechanical > h$sical roerties of metals%9%2 Time# temerature diagram of metals%
9% ,se of ersonal rotecti!e unit%9%4 6afe +or( ractices and rocedures%
3% ,nderinning
s(ills3%0 6electing aroriate heat-treatment e&uiment and rocess%3%9Identif$ing and rectif$ing heat-treatment faults )e&uiment and
rocess*%3%3Reading# interreting and follo+ing information on +ritten o"
instructions# secifications# standard oerating rocedures#manufacturers manual and instructions# chart# list# dra+ingsand alica"le reference documents%
3%8Accomlishing ro-forms and standard +or(lace form usingroutine and familiar information3%.Perform standard metal hardness tests%3%2 Chec( and clarif$ tas(s selected information%
8% Resourceimlications
The follo+ing resources MUST"e ro!ided8%0 Manuals>catalogues relati!e to heat treatment8%9 Do" order# re&uisitions sli for materials8%3 Materials# tools and e&uiment rele!ant to the acti!it$
.% Method of
assessment
Cometenc$ MUST"e assessed through
.%0 5"ser!ation +ith &uestioning
.%9 Portfolio
.%3 Third Part$ Reort
2% Conte't ofassessment
Assessment ma$ "e conducted in the +or(lace or a simulateden!ironment%
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UNIT OF COMPETENC ; PERFORM HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS
UNIT CO!E ; ALT412319
UNIT !ESCRIPTOR ; This unit co!ers heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous
metals# selecting the aroriate rocess to achie!e thedesired result using a !ariet$ of e&uiment such as "o't$e# it t$e# "oggie t$e furnaces either gas# oil-fired orelectricall$ heated%
ELEMENTPERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicizedterms are ela"orated in the Range of or manufacturers instructions
0%8Personal rotecti!e e&uiment>de!ices are used inaccordance +ith occuational health and safet$ )5H F 6*re&uirements
9% 7oad> arrangematerials
9%0,aterialis iece- or "atch-loaded and unloaded inaccordance +ith standard oerating rocedures%
9%9@i'tures are used to a!oid >minimi?e damage to the materialduring handling and heating or cooling%
9%3E&uiment aroriate to the situation is alied accordingto standard oerating rocedure%
3% 5erate and monitorheating e&uiment
3%0@urnace start-u is erformed as er standard oeratingrocedures and safet$ re&uirements%
3%9Information related +ith e&uiment and rocess is recordedas er standard rocedures%
3%3Re&uired heating temerature# soa(ing time and cooling
time is alied and maintained according to standardoerating rocedure%
3%8Ha?ards are identified and control measures areimlemented to maintain a safe +or( en!ironment%
3%.5timum furnace oeration re&uirement is maintained as erstandard oerating rocedures%
3%2@urnace atmoshere is maintained as er standardoerating rocedures
3%Temerature distri"ution inside the furnace is monitored andadusted# if necessar$# in accordance +ith standardoerating rocedures%
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8% Heat treat materials 8%0Quenching medium >tan( is reared as re&uired "$ therocess%
8%9Air "last for air cooling is reared# if re&uired "$ therocess%8%3Material is remo!ed from the furnace as er standard
oerating rocedures and safel$ re&uirements8%8Materials is heat treated to achie!e re&uired result in
accordance +ith standard oerating rocedures andcustomer re&uirements
.% 6hut do+n furnace .%0@urnace is shut do+n as er standard oerating rocedures.%9Routine maintenance is erformed on thermo-coules and
temerature meter as er standard oerating rocedures
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RANGE OF VARIABLE
VARIABLE RANGE
0% HeatingE&uiment
Heating e&uiment include gas# oil fired and electric furnaces#such as
0%0 it furnace0%9 "o' t$e furnace0%3 "oggie )car t$e* furnace or0%8 muffle furnace%
9% Heat treatmentrocess
9%0 6tress relie!ing9%9 Annealing
9%3 Normali?ing9%8 Quenching )air# +ater# oil*9%. Temering
3% Materials 3%0 Cast iron3%9 Car"on steels3%9 Allo$ steels3%8 Aluminum allo$s%
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EVI!ENCE GUI!E
0% Critical asect ofCometenc$
Assessment re&uires e!idence that the candidate0%0 :etermined o" re&uirements0%9 6et-u heat treatment e&uiment
0%3 7oaded > arranged the materials0%8 5erated and monitored heating e&uiment0%. Heat treated materials0%2 6hut do+n furnace
9% ,nderinningno+ledge andattitudes
9%0 Metal chemical comosition%9%9 :ifferent heat-treatment rocesses# e&uiment and
alication%9%3 Heat-treatment faults and counter-measures%9%8 :estructi!e and non-destructi!e testing of metals%9%. Mechanical > h$sical roerties of metals%
9%2 Time# temerature diagram of metals%9% ,se of ersonal rotecti!e unit%9%; 6afe +or( ractices and rocedures%
3% ,nderinning
s(ills3%0 6electing aroriate heat-treatment e&uiment and rocess%3%2Identif$ing and rectif$ing heat-treatment faults )e&uiment and
rocess*%3%Reading# interreting and follo+ing information on +ritten o"
instructions# secifications# standard oerating rocedures#manufacturers manual and instructions# chart# list# dra+ings
and alica"le reference documents%3%4Entering routine and familiar information into ro-forms andstandard +or(lace form%
3%;Perform standard metal hardness tests%3%2 Chec( and clarif$ tas(s selected information%
8% Resourceimlications
The follo+ing resources MUST"e ro!ided2%0 Manuals>catalogues relati!e to heat treatment2%9 Do" order# re&uisitions sli for materials2%3 Materials# tools and e&uiment rele!ant to the acti!it$
% Method ofassessment
Cometenc$ MUST"e assessed through%0 5"ser!ation +ith &uestioning%9 Portfolio%3 Third Part$ Reort
4% Conte't ofassessment
Assessment ma$ "e conducted in the +or(lace or a simulateden!ironment%
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SECTION 3 TRAINING STAN!AR!S
These guidelines are set to ro!ide the Technical and
0% Particiate in+or(lacecommunication
0%0 5"tain and con!e$ +or(lace information%0%9 Comlete rele!ant +or(
related documents%0%3 Particiate in +or(lace
meeting and discussion%
Brou
discussion
Interaction
7ecture
Reortorial
1ritten test
Practical>erfo
rmance test
Inter!ie+
9% 1or( in a teamen!ironment
9%0 :escri"e and identif$team role andresonsi"ilit$ in a team%
9%9 :escri"e +or( as a team mem"er%
Brou
:iscussion >Interaction
Case studies
6imulation
1ritten test
5"ser!ation
6imulation
Role la$ing
Case studies
3% Practice careerrofessionalism
3%0 Integrate ersonalo"ecti!es +ithorgani?ational goals%
Brou
:iscussion
Interaction
6imulation
Role la$
Inter!ie+
1ritten
e'amination
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_strengtheninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_strengtheninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_strengtheninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_strengtheninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quench -
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3%9 6et and meet +or(riorities%
3%3 Maintain rofessionalgro+th and de!eloment%
:emonstration
6elf-aced
instruction
6tructured
acti!it$ @ilm !ie+ing
Portfolio
assessment
8% Practiceoccuationalhealth and safet$
8%0Identif$ ha?ardous ris(s8%9 E!aluate ha?ard and ris(s8%3 Control ha?ards and ris(s8%8 Maintain occuational
health and safet$a+areness
Interacti!e-
lecture
6imulation
6$mosium
Brou
d$namics
@ilm !ie+ing
6ituation
anal$sis
6elf-aced
instruction
6ituation
anal$sis
Inter!ie+
Practical
e'amination
1ritten
e'amination
Portfolio
assessment
COMMON COMPETENCIES
U#' o5Co%&e'e$
Lea-#g O/'$o%e" Me'>o7o0ogA""e""%e'
A&&-oa$>
0% Read# Interretand Al$Engineering
:ra+ings
0%0 Identif$ and accessengineering dra+ings>secification
0%9%Interret dra+ings0%3%Al$ information in the
dra+ings F secifications0%8 6tore dra+ings
7ecture>
:emonstration
:ual training
:irect
o"ser!ation
Inter!ie+
9% PerformMensuration andCalculation
9%0% 6elect measuringinstrument and
9%9 Carr$ out measurementand calculations%
9%3% Maintain measuringinstruments
7ecture>
:emonstration
6imulation
E'ercises
1ritten test
5ral
&uestioning
:irect
o"ser!ation
3% Read# Interretand Al$6ecificationsand Manual
8%0% Identif$>accessedmanuals and interretdata and secification
8%9 Al$ informationaccessed in manual
8%3 6tore manual
7ecture>:emonstration
:ual training
:istance
7earning
1ritten test :irect
o"ser!ation
Proect method
Inter!ie+
8% Perform 6hoMaintenance
8%0Insect>clean tools and+or( area
8%96tore>arrange tools andsho e&uiment
8%3:isose +astes>usedlu"ricants
7ecture>
:emonstration
:ual training
6elf aced
)modular*
1ritten test
:irect
o"ser!ation
:emonstration
Inter!ie+
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8%8Reort damagedtools>e&uiment
6imulation
CORE COMPETENCIES
U#' o5 Co%&e'e$ Lea-#g O/'$o%e" Me'>o7o0ogA""e""%e'
A&&-oa$>
0% 6elect HeatTreatmentProcess
0%0 :etermine o"re&uirements
0%9 Identif$ and selectaroriate heattreatment rocess
0%3 Test materials# recordand maintain heattreatment information
7ecture :uali?ed
training
:istance
learning
5"ser!ation+ith&uestioning
Portfolio
Third art$
reort
9% Perform HeatTreatmentProcess
9%0 :etermine o"re&uirements
9%9 6elect aroriate
e&uiment andaccessories
9%3 Conduct aroriatematerial loading
9%8 5erate the furnace9%. Insect > test the roduct
7ecture
:uali?ed
training
:istance
learning
5"ser!ation
+ith&uestioning
Portfolio
Third art$
reort
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3.2 TRAINING !ELIVER
The deli!er$ of training should adhere to the design of the curriculum% :eli!er$should "e guided "$ the 0/ "asic rinciles of cometenc$-"ased T
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3.3 TRAINEE ENTR REQUIREMENTS
This section secifies the &ualifications of trainees and educational
e'erience% 5ther re&uirements li(e health and h$sical re&uirements are alsostated% Passing entr$ +ritten e'aminations ma$ also "e indicated if necessar$%
1ith e'erience in "asic machining
Can communicate "oth orall$ and in +ritingJ and
Ph$sicall$ and mentall$ fit
3.* LIST OF TOOLS6 EQUIPMENT AN! MATERIALS HEAT TREATMENT NC II
Recommended list of tools# e&uiment and materials for the training of 9. trainees forHeat Treatment NC II
TOOLS EQUIPMENT MATERIALS
QT QT QT
9 sets 1ire roe Kharness# 09mmdia roe '0/meters long
0 unit =o' t$efurnace
9 cs Cold rolled steel G 9. dia6AE 0/3/ 9//mm long
8 sets Tongs 0 unit =ogie t$e
furnace
9 cs Cold rolled steel G ./ dia
6AE 0/3/ 9//mm long0 set 6oc(et +rench 0 unit Muffle t$e
furnace8 cs Mild steel late )9//mm
long ' 0//mm +ide* 09mmthic(
0 set 5en +rench 0 unit 5!er-headcrane
8 cs Mild steel late )9//mmlong ' 0//mm +ide* 9/mmthic(
9 cs =all einhammer3//mm long
0 unit A-crane 8 cs Mild steel late )9//mmlong ' 0//mm +ide* 2mmthic(
0/ sets Toogle clam 0 unit Quenchingtan(
. gallon Quenching oil
0/ sets =olt 8 units =lo+er fan 9 cs Cold rolled steel 6AE-0/8/>808/ 0//mm long G9.dia
9 cs Mechanicallier
0 unit @or( lift 9 tons 9 cs Cold rolled steel 6AE-0/8/>808/ 0//mm long G./dia
0 c Electrical lier 8 units =as(et 7PB fuel
0 set Hac( sa+ 0 set Thermocoule :iesel fuel
9 cs Hac( sa+ "lade 9 sets Thermocoule
tis
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9 sets Pie +rench 9inches
0 set Temeraturemeter G09//oC
9 rolls Teflon tae 0 set Temeraturereorder
0 c Triangular filemedium
0 set 1eldingmachine G 3//am
0 c @lat file medium 0 set Hardnesstester )=,N*
9 sets 6cre+ dri!er)lus > minus*
0 set Electricangulargrinder G0//mm
9/meters
long
6teel "ars G09mm dia
0 c Hard hat
9 cs Adusta"le+rench G3//mm
0 air 6afet$ shoes
3 cs Pentel enmar(er
9 sets E$e goggles
9 cs =all en 0 air 7eather glo!es
0 c Cli "oard 0 set Aron
0 set 7etter unch 0 air Arm "and
0 set Num"er unch
. sets 1ater container. galloncaacit$
0 c
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3.+ TRAINING FACILITIES HEAT TREATMENT NC II
=ased on a class si?e of 9. students>trainees
SPACEREQUIREMENT
SI?E IN METERS AREA IN SQ.METERS
TOTAL AREA INSQ. METERS
=uilding )ermanent* 92%// ' 94%// 94%// 94%//
Trainee 1or(ing
6ace
3%./ ' 3%./ erstudent > trainee
0/%9. erstudent
093
7ecture room ;%// ' 0/%// ;/%// ;/%//
7earning resource
center
.%// ' 4%// 8/%// 8/%//
@acilities >
E&uiment >
Circulation area
- - 9;0%.
3., TRAINER@S QUALIFICATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING SUB SECTOR
HEAT TREATMENT NC IITRAINER Q,A7I@ICATI5N )TQ II*
Must "e a holder of HEAT TREATMENT NC II
Must ha!e undergone training on Training Methodolog$ II )TM II*1
Must "e comuter literate
Must "e h$sicall$ and mentall$ fit Must ha!e at least 9 $ears o">industr$ e'erience-
Must "e a ci!il-ser!ice eligi"le or holder of aroriate rofessional license issued "$
the Professional Regulator$ Commission )for go!ernment ositions
1 This shall "e changed to LMust "e a holder of Trainer Qualification 7e!el II )TQII* or e&ui!alentuon romulgation "$ the TE6:A =oard of the TQ>AQ training regulations
2 5tional% 5nl$ +hen re&uired "$ the hiring institution
Reference TE6:A =oard Resolution No% 9//8 /3
3. INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT
Institutional assessment is underta(en "$ trainees to determine their achie!ementof units of cometenc$% A certificate of achie!ement is issued for each unit ofcometenc$%
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SECTION * NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN! CERTIFICATION ARRANGEMENTS
8%0To attain the National Qualification of HEAT TREATMENT NC II# the candidate mustdemonstrate cometence in all the units listed in 6ection 0% 6uccessful candidates shall "ea+arded a National Certificate signed "$ the TE6:A :irector Beneral%
8%9The &ualification of HEAT TREATMENT NC II ma$ "e attained through demonstration ofcometence through roect-t$e assessment co!ering all re&uired units of cometenc$ ofthe &ualification%
8%9%0 Pe-5o-% Hea' T-ea'%e' 5o- Fe--o/" Me'a0"
6elect Heat Treatment Process
Perform Heat Treatment Process
8%3Assessment shall focus on the core units of cometenc$% The "asic and common unitsshall "e integrated or assessed concurrentl$ +ith the core units%
8%8The follo+ing are &ualified to al$ for assessment and certification
8%8%0 Braduates of formal# non-formal and informal including enterrise-"asedtraining rograms%
8%8%9 E'erienced +or(ers )+age emlo$ed or self-emlo$ed*
8%. The guidelines on assessment and certification are discussed in detail in theProcedures Manual on Assessment and Certificationand Guidelines on theImplementation of the Philippine TVET Qualificationand Certification System(PTQCS!
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TR - HEAT TREATMENT NC II Promulgated
ANNE: A
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
ANNE: A
CO
M
M
ON
CO
MP
ET
EN
CI
ES
Recei!e andresond +or(lace
communication
Particiate in+or(lace
communication
7ead in +or(lacecommunication
,tili?e secialistcommunication s(ills
1or( in teamen!ironment
:e!elo teamand indi!idual
6ol!e +or(lacero"lems relatedto +or( acti!ities
1or( +ith 5ther
7ead small Team
Apply problemsolving techniques
in the workplace
Plan andorgani?e +or(
BA
SIC
CO
MP
ET
EN
CI
ES
-
7egend
CO
RE
CO
MP
ET
EN
CI
ES
:emonstrate+or( !alues
Practice "asichouse(eeing
rocedures
Practice careerrofessionalism
Practice occuationalhealth and safet$
rocedures
:e!elo andractice negotiation
s(ills
,se mathematicalconcets andtechni&ues
,se rele!anttechnologies
Read F InterretEngineering :ra+ings
Perform Mensuration andCalculation
Read# Interret and Al$6ecifications and Manuals
Perform 6ho Maintenance
:e!elo and manufacture+ood attern
:e!elo and manufactureol$mer attern
:e!elo and manufactureassem"led lated attern
:e!elo and manufactureroduction attern
Perform general+ood+or(ing machine
oerations
,se and maintain measuringinstrument
Preare F mi' sand formetal molding
Produce molds "$ hand Produce cores "$ hand 5erate molding machine 5erate core-ma(ingmachine
Pour molten metal to molds,se and maintain measuring
instrument
5erate melting furnaces)non-electric*
5erate cuola meltingfurnace
5erate electric inductionmelting furnace
@ettle F trim metalcastings>forgings
Perform refractor$installation F reair
,se F maintain measuringinstrument
Melt Aluminum- 6iliconAllo$s for 6afet$ Tested
Castings
Melt Metals ,sing CorelessInduction @urnace
Melt Automoti!e Bra$ IronCastings in Cuola
Preare 6and Mi'ture forHea!$ Casting
Perform Hand Moldingto roduce Hea!$Castin
Pour Molten metal to Hea!$Castings
Manufacture andde!elo core"o' for
6hell Core =o':e!elo and Manufacture Bear#Con!e$or 6cre+ and Proeller
Pattens
:e!elo Bra!it$ :ieCasting Mold
COMPETENC MAPAUTOMOTIVE PARTS MANUFACTURING
Machine arts Perform recision assem"l$
6elect Heat TreatmentProcess
Perform Heat TreatmentProcess
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!EFINITION OF TERMS (HEAT TREATMENT)
1. Hea' T-ea'%e'A rocess in +hich metal in the solid state is su"ected to one or moretemerature c$cles to attain certain desired roerties%
2. Aea0#g Heating to and holding a"o!e the critical range follo+ed "$ controlledslo+-cooling in the furnace%
3. Q/e$>#gIs a hardening rocess% It in!ol!es heating to a temerature +ithin acritical temerature range follo+ed "$ &uenching in a medium +hichare li&uid or air medium% Quenching is a distinct oeration carried oute'ternal to the furnace%
*. T>e-%a0 $-#'#$a0-age
Metals ha!e its o+n distinct chemical comosition% The thermal criticalrange deends on the chemical comosition of the metal% Heatinga"o!e and "elo+ the critical temerature range changes in a solidstate constitution% 1hile maor constitutional change cannot occur"elo+ the lo+er limits some changes in microstructure are do so%
+. P-e$#'a'#o>a-7e#g%e'a0"
Hardening in metals caused "$ the reciitation of a constituent from asuersaturated solid solution% This occurs after &uenching of allo$seseciall$ the maraging steel grous and stainless steels%
,. !#55e-e'#a0>a-7e#g
6ome techni&ues allo+ different areas of a single o"ect to recei!edifferent heat treatments% This is called differential hardening% It is
common in high &ualit$ (ni!esand s+ords%The Chineseianis one ofthe earliest (no+n e'amles of this# and the Daanese (atanathemost +idel$ (no+n% The Nealese hu(uriis another e'amle%
. Fe--o/" %e'a0"The term ferrous is deri!ed from the latin +ordmeaning containingiron% This can include ure iron# such as +rought iron#or an allo$such as steel% @errous metals are often magnetic# "ut not e'clusi!el$%
4. A00oAn allo$ is a mi'ture of t+o or more elementsin solid solution in +hichthe maor comonent is a metal% Com"ining different ratios of metalsas allo$s modifies the roerties of ure metals to roduce desira"le
characteristics% The aim of ma(ing allo$s is generall$ to ma(e themless "rittle# harder# resistant to corrosion# or ha!e a more desira"lecolor and luster% E'amles of allo$s are steel )iron and car"on*# "rass)coerand ?inc*# "ron?e)coerand tin*# and duralumin)aluminiumand coer*% Allo$s seciall$ designed for highl$ demandingalications# such as et engines# ma$ contain more than tenelements%
9. Me'a0In chemistr$# a %e'a0)Bree(Metallo# "#$%&&'* is a chemical element+hose atoms readil$ lose electrons to form ositi!e ions)cations*# andform metallic "onds"et+een other metal atoms and ionic "onds
"et+een nonmetalatoms%
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khukurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khukurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal -
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