toxicology. toxicology the study of poisons and the identification of drugs that may have been used...
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Toxicology
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ToxicologyThe study of poisons and the
identification of drugs that may have been used for medicinal, recreational, or illegal purposes.
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PoisonA naturally occurring or
manufactured substance that can cause severe harm or death◦A toxin is a subgroup of poisons that
are naturally produced by bacteria, plants, or animals.
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ExposureIngestionInhalationInjectionAbsorption
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ExposureCan be:
◦Intentional◦Accidental◦Deliberate
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ToxicityThe degree to which a substance
is poisonous.◦Depends on a variety of factors:
Dose THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON
Duration Method of exposure Individual factors
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MurderLess than one percent of
homicides result from poisoning.Most common agents are arsenic,
cyanide, strychnine, and fertilizers.
Accidental overdoses are much more common.
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Acute or ChronicAcute poisoning is caused by a
high dose in a short time which produces immediate symptoms.◦Cyanide
Chronic poisoning is lower doses over a longer time which produce gradual symptoms◦Mercury or Lead
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DID YOU KNOW?Saliva based drug tests are just
as accurate as urine based tests.If two people use the exact same
amount of a drug the person with darker hair will retain more of the drug in their hair.
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Organic toxinsPoisonous substances produces
by living organisms.◦Bee Sting◦Snake bite
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Bacterial ToxinsBotulism
◦Most poisonous biological agent known
◦Neurotoxin that paralyzes muscles◦Toxic in small amounts◦If caught early an antitoxin is
available◦From contaminated food or bacterial
spores◦Current uses????
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Bacterial ToxinsTetanus
◦Severe muscle spasms◦Often called lockjaw◦1 million deaths per year◦About 5 per year in US---Why?
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Heavy Metals and PesticidesPesticides
◦Accumulate in fat causing anxiety, seizures, twitching, weakness, sweating, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, coma, and death
Lead◦Nausea, stomach pain, headache,
weight loss, anemia, kidney problems, seizure, coma, death
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Heavy Metals and PesticidesMercury
◦Acute---flu like symptoms◦Chronic: personality changes, irritability,
memory and balance problems, damage to gums, teeth, and mouth. Can cause death.
Cyanide◦Fatal in 6-8 minutes◦Weakness, confusion, coma, and pink skin◦Almond odor◦Used in manufacturing of precious metals
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Heavy MetalsArsenic
◦Within 30 minutes produces nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty speaking, kidney failure, convulsions, death
◦Chronic exposure causes skin lesions, pigment changes, personality changes, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, and coma.
◦Found in metal finishing, some pesticides and insecticides, and treating wood
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PesticidesStrychnine
◦Spasms, increased temperature, convulsions, and rigor mortis within minutes.
◦Found in pesticides
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Bioterrorism Ricin
◦Results from production of castor oil.◦Tiny amount can be fatal◦Can be inhaled, ingested, or injected◦Prevents cells from making proteins
which causes cell death◦Symptoms appear 6-8 hours later.
Fever, cough, nausea, vomiting, bloody urine, low blood pressure, hallucinations, convulsions, death
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BioterrorismAnthrax
◦Caused by a bacteria◦Human to human transmission has
not been reported. ◦Inhalation—most fatal type. More
than 70% die with treatment◦Ingestion—25-60% fatal◦Skin---20% of untreated cases result
in death. Causes a painless black sore
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Alcohol FACTS40% of all traffic deaths are
alcohol-relatedIt is the most widely used drugIt’s also the most commonly
abused drug40 billion dollars a year are spent
on alcohol
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Alcohol ToxicologyBeer is absorbed more slowly
than other alcohol because of the carbohydrates.
Alcohol is absorbed faster on an empty stomach.
Alcohol is broken down by the liver at a rate of .015% per hour (but this varies person to person)
Highest Blood Alcohol level is 30-90 minutes after your last drink
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Testing for IntoxicationThe Breathalyzer
◦Concerns: mouth alcoholField Sobriety Testing
◦Concerns: SubjectiveBlood Alcohol Level
◦Concerns: convenience; nonalcoholic disinfectant; storage
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Legal StatusLegal limit is .08 for private drivers and .04
for commercial driversFifth Amendment rights vs. implied
consentSupreme court ruled that your 5th
amendment right applies only to testimonial evidence not physical evidence
SC also ruled that it constitutes “an emergency circumstance” and that waiting for a warrant could destroy evidence.
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Markov and Kostov (1978)Markov (political writer) was injected
with ricin while walking.Modified umbrella was used to
administer the poison.Died after three daysKostov was poisoned ten days earlier
but survived because the poison lodged in a muscle which prevented it from circulating.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/umbrella-assassin-watch-full-episode/1549/
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Tylenol tampering (1982)Laced with cyanideClaimed seven lives in the
Chicago areaThree additional bottles were
found on the shelvesNever solvedhttp://
www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/29021271#29021271
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Stella Nickell (1986)Laced Excedrin with cyanide to
kill her husband for his life insurance.
Placed three additional bottles in the Seattle store to make it look random.
Killed one additional woman, Susan Snow
Sentenced to 99 years in prison.https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2xVAKuhrIU