toxic plants native or cultivated in the …studia universitatis “vasile goldiŞ” arad may 2016...

STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS “VASILE GOLDIŞ” ARAD May 2016 Vol.11 Iss.1 pp.25-33 SERIA ŞTIINŢE INGINEREŞTI ŞI AGRO-TURISM http://studia.facultateadeinginerie.ro

“Vasile Goldiş” University Press TOXIC PLANTS NATIVE OR CULTIVATED IN THE ”PAVEL COVACI” UNIVERSITY BOTANICAL GARDEN OF MACEA

Ioan Don, Cornelia Doinita Don

“Vasile Goldiş” Western University of Arad ________________________________________________________________________________

* Author to whom all correspondence should de addressed: e-mail: [email protected]

TOXIC PLANTS NATIVE OR CULTIVATED IN THE “PAVEL COVACI”

UNIVERSITY BOTANICAL GARDEN OF MACEA

Ioan DON¹ ² Cornelia-Doiniţa DON²

¹ Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Economics, Computer Science and Engineering, “Vasile Goldiş” Western University of Arad, Liviu Rebreanu 86, 310426, Arad, Romania

² “Pavel Covaci” University Botanical Garden of Macea, 317210, Macea Village, Arad County, Romania

Abstract “Pavel Covaci” University Botanical Garden of Macea (UBG Macea) belonging to “Vasile Goldiş” Western University of Arad, occupies 21.5 ha and are presently cultivated 3810 plant taxons. The plants with vegetal toxins, native or cultivated at Macea, belonging to 178 genera and 68 plant families. The authors present the inventory of toxic plants. The scientific name of the species (the family), category (native, adventive or cultivated), the toxic parts of the plant and the toxic chemicals are mentioned. Among the most toxic plants are: Aconitum napellus L., Atropa belladonna L., Convallaria majalis L., Mandragora officinarum L., Scopolia carniolica Jacq., Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, etc. Keywords: Macea – Arad – Romania, botanical garden, toxic plants. INTRODUCTION

This paper presents the result of the observations made in last two years by the authors, regarding the toxic plants from “Pavel Covaci” University Botanical Garden of Macea, correlated with the bibliographic study.

A few species are native, but more of them are cultivated. The introduction of many species has been made after 1968, through the reciprocal exchange of seeds, with partner institutions (botanical gardens, arboretums).

The main types of vegetal poisons are the following: alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, ethereal oils and resins, phytotoxins, oxalic acid and oxalates, antivitamins substances, photosensitizing substances and inorganic poisons [Zanoschi et al. 1981; Ionel et al. 2000].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All the toxic plants, native or cultivated in “Pavel

Covaci” University Botanical Garden, were

inventoried. The nomenclature was updated [www.theplantlist.org; www.internationalplantnames.com].

For each taxon are mentioned the family [Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009], category (native, adventive or cultivated), the toxic parts and toxic chemicals [Zanoschi et al. 1981; Bärtels 1981; Frohne & Jürgen 1987; Neamţu et al. 1989; Everest et al. 2005; Dauncey 2010].

RESULTS

The inventory of toxic plants, native or cultivated at Macea, comprises the following species: 1. Acer rubrum L. (Sapindaceae); cultivated; leaves;

gallic acid. 2. Acer saccharinum L. (Sapindaceae); cultivated;

leaves; gallic acid. 3. Acer saccharum Marshall (Sapindaceae);

cultivated; leaves; gallic acid. 4. Achillea millefolium L. (Compositae); native;

herbs; essential oils (camphor, eucalyptol, thujone), alkaloid (achillain), glycosides.





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5. Aconitum napellus L. (Ranunculaceae); cultivated; leaves, roots, all parts; diterpene alkaloids (aconitine).

6. Adonis vernalis L. (Ranunculaceae); cultivated; all parts; adonitoxin, cymarin, k-strophanthin-β, k-strophanthoside, vernadigin, convallatoxin.

7. Aesculus spp. (Sapindaceae); cultivated; seeds; coumarin glycosides (aesculin), saponins (aescin).

8. Agastache spp. (Lamiaceae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (estragole, methyleugenol).

9. Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Simaroubaceae); adventive; roots; allelopathic chemicals (ailanthone).

10. Amaranthus spp. (Amaranthaceae); native or cultivated; all parts; nitrates, triterpene saponins.

11. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. (Rosaceae); cultivated; flower buds, leaves, seeds, twigs, young shoots; cyanogenic glycosides (prunasin).

12. Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. (Apiaceae); cultivated; all parts; furochromone pyrimidine derivates (khellin, visnagine).

13. Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae); native; quillaia saponins, cucurbitacins.

14. Anemone ranunculoides L. (Ranunculaceae); native; fresh plants; protoanemonin.

15. Aquilegia spp. (Ranunculaceae); cultivated; all parts; cyanogenic glycosides.

16. Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae); cultivated; all parts, seeds; isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, protopine, allocryptopine, sanguinarine).

17. Aristolochia clematitis L. (Aristolochiaceae); native and cultivated; all parts; aristolochic acid.

18. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims (Aristolochiaceae); cultivated; all parts; aristolochic acid.

19. Artemisia absinthium L. (Compositae); cultivated; all parts; thujone.

20. Arum maculatum L. (Araceae); native; roots, seeds; glycosidic saponins (aronin), oxalates (Ca oxalate).

21. Arundo donax L. (Poaceae); cultivated; roots; indole alkaloids (donasine).

22. Asclepias currasavica L. (Apocynaceae); cultivated; all parts, milky sap; glucosides.

23. Asclepias syriaca L. (Apocynaceae); cultivated; leaves, fruits, stems; desglucosyrioide, syrioide, asclepin (in root).

24. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (Annonaceae); cultivated; imature fruits, leaves; alkaloids (anolobine, asiminine).

25. Asparagus spp. (Asparagaceae); cultivated; all parts, fruits; steroidal saponins (furostanol, spirostanol).

26. Atropa belladonna L. (Solanaceae); cultivated; all parts; tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine).

27. Aucuba japonica Thunb. (Cornaceae); cultivated; fruits, leaves; aucubin.

28. Baccharis halimifolia L. (Compositae); cultivated; leaves, flowers; cardiac glycoside.

29. Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae); cultivated; bark, leaves; berbamine, oxyacanthine, magnoflorine, berberrubine, columbamine, berberine.

30. Bryonia alba L. (Cucurbitaceae); native; fruits, root, all parts; bryonin, bryonidin, bryonicine, volatile oils and unknown toxic substances.

31. Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae); cultivated; leaves; buxine, parabuxine, buxenine G, buxinidine, parabuxinidine, buxomegine, cyclobuxine D, cycloprotobuxine C, buxinamine.

32. Calycanthus floridus L. (Calycanthaceae); cultivated; seeds, bark; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (calycanthine).

33. Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. (Calycanthaceae); cultivated; seeds; bark; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (calycanthine).

34. Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière (Pinaceae); cultivated; diterpenes (carboxyatractyloside, wedeloside).

35. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (Rubiaceae); cultivated; leaves; bitter glycosides (cephalin, cephalanthin).

36. Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach (Rosaceae); cultivated; seeds; cyanogenic glycosides.

37. Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae); native; roots, all parts, fresh plants; benzophenantridine alkaloids (chelidonine, berberine, chelerythrine, coptisine, sanguinarine), chelidonic acid (in roots).

38. Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link (Calycanthaceae); cultivated; seeds, bark; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (calycanthine).

39. Citrus trifoliata L. (Rutaceae); cultivated; cultivated; fruits; oil and saponic glycoside.

40. Clematis vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae); native; all parts, fresh plants; protoanemonin.

41. Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. (Menispermaceae); cultivated;





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42. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. (Menispermaceae); cultivated; fruits; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (tetrandrine), aristolochic acid.

43. Convallaria majalis L. (Asparagaceae); cultivated; all parts; cardiac glucoside (convallatoxin), saponins.

44. Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae); cultivated; all parts; furanocoumarins, essential oils (camphor).

45. Coriaria myrtifolia L. (Coriariaceae); cultivated; roots, leaves, fruits; sesquiterpe lactones (coriamyrtin, coriarin).

46. Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte. (Papaveraceae); native; all parts; bulbocapnine, isoapocavidine, corydaline, corydine, tetrahydropalmine.

47. Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. (Papaveraceae); native; all parts; isoquinoline alkaloids (bulbocapnine, corydaline, corydine).

48. Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Anacardiaceae); cultivated; all parts; hydrochinone.

49. Cotoneaster ssp. (Rosaceae); cultivated; seeds; cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin, prunasin).

50. Crinum spp. (Amaryllidaceae); cultivated; roots; isoquinoline alkaloids (lycorine, crinidine, crinamine).

51. Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae); cultivated; seeds; cyanogenic glycosides.

52. Cynoglossum officinale L. (Boraginaceae); native aroud, cultivated in garden; all parts; pyrrolizidine alkaloids (cynoglossine, consolidine, echinatine, heliosupine).

53. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (Leguminosae); cultivated; seeds; all parts; cytisine, lupanine, hydroxylupanine, sparteine, isosparteine, ammodendrine, glycoside (scoparin).

54. Cupressus spp. (Cupressaceae); cultivated; leaves, cones; essential oils, phenolic compounds.

55. Daphne pontica L. (Thymelaeaceae); cultivated; all parts, fruits; mezereinic acid anhydride, mezerein, daphnetoxin.

56. Datura spp. (Solanaceae); native or cultivated; all parts; tropane alkaloids (scopolamine, hyoscyamine, atropine).

57. Delphinium spp. (Ranunculaceae); cultivated; all parts; diterpene alkaloids (delphinine, ajacine, ajaconine, staphisine).

58. Dianthus spp. (Caryophyllaceae); cultivated; triterpene saponins.

59. Dictamnus albus L. (Rutaceae); cultivated; roots, all parts; furoquinoline alkaloids (dictamine,

trigonelline, skimmiamine), furanocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin).

60. Diervilla florida Siebold. & Zucc. (Caprifoliaceae); cultivated; fruits; narceine.

61. Digitalis purpurea L. (Plantaginaceae); cultivated; leaves, seeds; cardiac and steroid glycosides (digitalin, digoxin).

62. Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich. (Cucurbitaceae); cultivated; fruits; tetracyclic triterpens (cucurbitacins).

63. Eschscholzia californica Cham. (Papaveraceae); cultivated; all parts; isoquinoline alkaloids (californidine).

64. Euonymus europaeus L. (Celastraceae); native; bark, leaves, seeds; cardenolids (euonoside, euobioside, euomonoside, evonine, evozide, evorine).

65. Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae); native or cultivated; leaves, stems and sap; phorbol esters.

66. Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae); cultivated; unripe seeds; saponic glucoside.

67. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (estragole).

68. Frangula alnus Mill. (Rhamnaceae); cultivated; bark, leaves, fruits; emodin.

69. Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will. (Papaveraceae); native; all parts; isoquinoline alkaloids (bicuculline).

70. Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. (Amaryllidaceae); native; bulbs; galanthamine, haemanthamine, lycorine, tazettine.

71. Galanthus nivalis L. (Amaryllidaceae); native; bulbs; lycorine, nivaline, tazettine.

72. Genista tinctoria L. (Leguminosae); cultivated; all parts; cytisine.

73. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae); cultivated; fleshy, outer pulp of the seeds, and raw seed kernel; ginkgolic acid 1, 4-O-methylpyridoxine.

74. Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Curtis (Papaveraceae); cultivated; all parts; aporphine alkaloids (predicentrine, glaufidine, dehydrocorydine, corydine, isocorydine, protopine, α-allocryptopine).

75. Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae); native; leaves, stems; unknown chemicals.

76. Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Leguminosae); cultivated; leaves, seeds; triacanthine, cytisine.

77. Glycyrrhiza echinata L. (Leguminosae); cultivated; roots; essential oils (estragole), triterpene saponins (glycyrrhizin).





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78. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K.Koch (Leguminosae); cultivated; leaves, seeds; cytisine.

79. Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae); native; leaves, fruits, plant juices; α-hederin, didehydrofalcarinol, falcarinol, hederasaponins A, B, C.

80. Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. (Ranunculaceae); native and cultivated; all parts; helleborin, celliamine, sprintillamine, nervine, bufadienole hellebrin.

81. Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae); adventive and cultivated; sap; furanocoumarins (bergapten, xanthotoxin, imperatoxin).

82. Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae); native; strobils; 8-prenylnaringenin.

83. Hydrangea spp. (Hydrangeaceae); cultivated; bark, leaves, flower buds; hydrangin.

84. Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae); native and cultivated; all parts; tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine).

85. Hypericum spp. (Hypericaceae); native or cultivated; all parts; naphtodianthrone (hypericin), alkaloids, xanthone.

86. Hyssopus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (eucalyptol, estragone, carvanol, methyleugenol, thujones).

87. Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae); cultivated; all parts; saponins, phenolic compounds, terpenoides, sterols, alkaloids, anthocyanines.

88. Iris spp. (Iridaceae); cultivated; rhizomes and rootstocks; irisin, iridin.

89. Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae); cultivated; leaves; quinoline alkaloids (tryptanthrin).

90. Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae); cultivated; roots, bark, leaves, fruits (epicarp); naphthoquinone (juglone).

91. Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae); cultivated; fleshy cones, leaves; ethereal oils with α-pinen.

92. Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae); cultivated; all parts; ethereal oils with 40% sabinol, sabinen, thujol.

93. Juniperus virginiana L. (Cupressaceae); cultivated; all parts; ethereal oils including thujol.

94. Laburnum anagyroides Medik. (Leguminosae); cultivated; all parts, bark, leaves, seeds; quinolizidine alkaloids (cytisine).

95. +Laburnocytisus adamii (Poit.) Schneid. (Leguminosae); cultivated; all parts; quinolizidine alkaloids (cytisine).

96. Lactuca virosa L. (Compositae); cultivated; all parts; sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin, lactucopicrin).

97. Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (Papaveraceae); cultivated; all parts; isoquinoline alkaloids (dihydrosanguinarine, sanguinarine, scoulerine, cheilanthifoline, corydine, protopine).

98. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (camphor, eucalyptol, eugenol).

99. Leonurus cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae); native; all parts; pyrrolidine alkaloids (leonurine, stachydrine), diterpenes (leosibericin).

100. Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam. (Compositae); cultivated; herbs; pyrrolidine alkaloids (senecionine, platiphylline).

101. Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae); native and cultivated; leaves, fruits; iridoid glycosides (ligustroside, oleuropein).

102. Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae); cultivated; all parts; cyanogenic glycosides (linostatin, linamarin).

103. Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae); cultivated; inner bark; alkaloids (tulipiferine).

104. Lobelia erinus L. (Campanulaceae); cultivated; all parts; piperidine alkaloids (lobeline).

105. Lonicera spp. (Caprifoliaceae); cultivated; fruits; pyridine alkaloids, triterpene saponins.

106. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (Leguminosae); cultivated; seeds; quinolizidine alkaloids (lupanine, anagyrine, sparteine, hydroxylupanine).

107. Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae); cultivated; all parts; tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine), steroidal saponins.

108. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. (Moraceae); cultivated; plant juices; unknown chemicals.

109. Magnolia spp. (Magnoliaceae); cultivated; bark; essential oils (estragole), phenolic compounds, isoquinoline alkaloids.

110. Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. (Berberidaceae); adventive and cultivated; aporphine alkaloids (corytuberine, magnoflorine, isothebaine, isocorydine), isoquinoline alkaloids (berbamine, berberine, oxyacanthine).

111. Malus spp. (Rosaceae); cultivated; seeds; cyanogenic glucoside (amygdalin).

112. Mandragora officinarum L. (Solanaceae); cultivated; fruits; tropane alkaloids (scopolamine, hyoscyamine).





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113. Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae); cultivated; fruits, leaves; triterpenoids (meliatoxins), resins, also possibly a saponin.

114. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (Leguminosae); native and cultivated; stems, leaves; essential oils (estragole), dicumarol, melilotoside.

115. Menispermum canadense L. (Menispermaceae); cultivated; all parts, fruits; isoquinoline alkaloids (dauricine, berberine), aristolochic acid.

116. Menispermum dauricum DC. (Menispermaceae); cultivated; all parts, fruits; isoquinoline alkaloids (dauricine, berberine), aristolochic acid.

117. Mentha spp. (Lamiaceae); native or cultivated; leaves, stems, seeds; essential oils (pulegone, eucalyptol, thujone), coumarins.

118. Nandina domestica Thunb. (Berberidaceae); cultivated; isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine).

119. Narcissus spp. (Amaryllidaceae); cultivated; all parts; isoquinoline alkaloids (lycorine, galanthamine, homolycorine, haemanthamine).

120. Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae); cultivated; all parts, leaves; essential oils (camphor), alkaloids (nepetalactones)

121. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. (Solanaceae); cultivated; fruits; tropane alkaloids.

122. Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae); cultivated; leaves; pyridine alkaloids (nicotine, anabasine).

123. Nigella spp. (Ranunculaceae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (elemene, cymene, thymol), isoquinoline alkaloids.

124. Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (camphor, estragole).

125. Orixa japonica Thunb. (Rutaceae); cultivated; eduline 2, isobalfourodine, isopteleflorine, methylorixine.

126. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (Asparagaceae); native; bulbs, flowers, all parts; convallatoxin, convalloside.

127. Oxalis spp. (Oxalidaceae); native; all parts; oxalic acid.

128. Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc. (Buxaceae); cultivated; leaves; pachysamine, pachysandrine A, B, C, D.

129. Papaver spp. (Papaveraceae); native or cultivated; all parts; isoquinoline alkaloids (papaverine, protopine).

130. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon (Vitaceae); adventive; leaves; oxalates (Ca oxalate).

131. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae); cultivated; leaves; cyanogenic glycosides, possibly harman alkaloids.

132. Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae); cultivated; all parts; indole alkaloids (harmine, harmaline), quinazoline alkaloids (vasicine, vasicinone).

133. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (Lamiaceae); cultivated; leaves, seeds; myristicin.

134. Periploca graeca L. (Asclepiadaceae); cultivated; all parts; periplocin, periplocymarin.

135. Periploca sepium Bunge (Asclepiadaceae); cultivated; all parts; periplocin, periplocymarin.

136. Phellodendron spp. (Rutaceae); cultivated; bark; isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, palmatine).

137. Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae); cultivated; roots, fruits; steroid alkaloids (solanine), tropane alkaloids, pyrrolidine alkaloids.

138. Phytolacca americana L. (Phytolaccaceae); adventive; all parts; triterpene saponins (phytolaccatoxin), lectins (mitogenic lectins), phytolaccigenin, oxalic acid.

139. Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte (Phytolaccaceae); adventive; all parts; triterpene saponins (phytolaccatoxin), lectins (mitogenic lectins), phytolaccigenin, oxalic acid.

140. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. (Pinaceae); cultivated; needles, young shoots; unknown chemical.

141. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (Cupressaceae); cultivated; young twigs, cones; ethereal oils with α & β-thujon, pinen & camphen, thujic acid, thujopsene, taxifolin.

142. Polygonatum hirtum (Bosc ex Poir.) Pursh (Asparagaceae); native and cultivated; all parts; steroidal saponins (chelidonic acid).

143. Prunus spp. (Rosaceae); native or cultivated; seeds, leaves; cyanogenic glucosides (amygdalin, prunasin).

144. Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A.Webb var. amara L. (Rosaceae); cultivated; seeds; cyanogenic glucosides (amygdalin, prunasin).

145. Prunus laurocerasus L. (Rosaceae); cultivated; leaves, buds, bark, seeds; cyanogenic glucosides (prunasin, prulaurasin).

146. Pulsatilla montana (Hoppe) Rchb. (Ranunculaceae); cultivated; all parts fresh; protoanemonin, saponins.

147. Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae); cultivated; bark, roots; pyridine alkaloids (pelletierine), tannins (punicalagin).





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148. Quercus ssp. (Fagaceae); native or cultivated; acorns, young leaves; gallotannins, quercitrin, quercitin, tannic acid.

149. Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae); native; all parts in generally fresh; protoanemonin.

150. Rhamnus cathartica L. (Rhamnaceae); native and cultivated; bark, fruits; emodin.

151. Rhododendron ssp. (Ericaceae); cultivated; all parts; diterpenes (andromedotoxin, grayanotoxins).

152. Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Mak. (Rosaceae); cultivated; fruits; cyanogenic glucoside (amygdalin).

153. Rhus typhina L. (Anacardiaceae); cultivated; leaves, fruits; tannin.

154. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae); cultivated; seeds; lectins (ricin).

155. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Leguminosae); cultivated; inner bark, seeds; lectins (robin, phasin), glycoside (robitin).

156. Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae); cultivated; roots; anthraquinones (lucidin, alizarin, rubiadin).

157. Rumex spp. (Polygonaceae); native; leaves; oxalates (Ca oxalate).

158. Ruscus aculeatus L. (Liliaceae); native and cultivated; fruits; ruscogenin.

159. Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae); cultivated; all parts; rutin, furocoumarins, alkaloids, tannin and essential oils.

160. Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae); native or cultivated; all parts; essential oils (camphor, eucalyptol, estragol, carvacrol, thujone), diterpenes (carnosol).

161. Sambucus ebulus L. (Adoxaceae); native; fruits; cyanogenic glycosides (ebuloside), lectins (selid).

162. Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae); native; bark, leaves, roots, unripe fruits; sambunigrin, vicianin.

163. Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn. (Sapindaceae); cultivated; fruits; saponic glycosides.

164. Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae); native and cultivated; all parts, seeds; triterpene saponins (saponarrioside A and B).

165. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (Lauraceae); cultivated; all parts, bark; essential oils (safrole, isosafrole, methyleugenol).

166. Schizanthus pinnatus Ruiz & Pav. (Solanaceae); cultivated; fruits; propane alkaloids (schizanthines).

167. Scopolia carniolica Jacq. (Solanaceae); cultivated; all parts; tropane alkaloids (scopolamine, hyoscyamine, atropine).

168. Senecio spp. (Compositae); cultivated; leaves; jacobine, seneciphylline.

169. Smilax tamnoides L. (Smilacaceae); cultivated; roots; steroidal saponins (sarsaporin, parallin, sarsasapogenin, neotigenin).

170. Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae); native and cultivated; all parts; steroid alkaloids glycosides (solanine, soladulcidine), steroid saponins (dulcamarin).

171. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae); native; all parts except the ripe fruits; steroid alkaloids glycosides (solanine, solasonine, solamargine), steroid saponins.

172. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Poaceae); adventive; leaves, stems; dhurrin, nitrate.

173. Stellaria spp. (Caryophyllaceae); native; all parts; saponins.

174. Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott (Leguminosae); cultivated; seeds; quinolidizine alkaloids (cytisine, anagyrine, epi-lupinine, delta5-dehydrolupanine), lectins, isoflavonids.

175. Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae); cultivated; leaves, seeds; lactones (parasorbic acid).

176. Spartium junceum L. (Leguminosae); cultivated; all parts, especially the seeds; sparteine, cytisine.

177. Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake (Caprifoliaceae); cultivated; fruits; viburnin, chelidonine, saponins, tannins, terpenes, tryglycerides, coumarins.

178. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (Caprifoliaceae); cultivated; fruits; viburnin, chelidonine, saponins, tannins, terpenes, tryglycerides, coumarins.

179. Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae); native; all parts; pyrrolizidine alkaloids (lycopsamine, intermedine, symphytine, echimidine).

180. Tagetes spp. (Compositae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (estragole).

181. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Compositae); cultivated; all parts; essential oils (camphor, thujone, bornyl acetate, pinocarvone, terpinolene), sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide).

182. Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae); cultivated; all parts without arils; alkaloids (taxine A and B, ephedrine), cyanogenic glycoside (taxiphyllin) and a volatile oil.





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183. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Taxaceae); cultivated; all parts without arils; taxine including paclitaxel.

184. Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. (Taxaceae); cultivated; all parts without arils; taxine.

185. Tetradium spp. (Rutaceae); cultivated; fruits; indole alkaloids (evodiamine, rutecarpine).

186. Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae); cultivated; young twigs, cones; ethereal oils with α & β-thujon, pinen & camphen.

187. Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. (Meliaceae); cultivated; bark; diterpenes, quinones.

188. Torreya californica Torr. (Taxaceae); cultivated; fleshy seeds; unknown chemical.

189. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (Anacardiaceae); cultivated; all parts, leaves, fruits, plant juices; urushiol oil, 3-pentadecyl catechol.

190. Toxicodendron sylvestre (Siebold & Zucc.) Kuntze (Anacardiaceae); cultivated; all parts, leaves, fruits, plant juices; urushiol oil.

191. Toxicodendron verniciflua (Stokes) F.A.Barkley (Anacardiaceae); cultivated; all parts, leaves, fruits, plant juices; urushiol oil.

192. Tussilago farfara L. (Compositae); native; all parts; pyrrolizidine alkaloids (senkirkine, tussilagine, isotussilagine).

193. Viburnum ssp. (Adoxaceae); cultivated; fruits, bark, leaves; viburnin.

194. Vicia spp. (Leguminosae); native; seeds; cyanogenetic glycosides.

195. Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae); native; all parts; indole alkaloids (vincamine, akuammine).

196. Wisteria spp. (Leguminosae); cultivated; all parts; lectins (wistarine).

197. Xanthium strumarium L. (Compositae); adventive; seeds, seedlings; diterpenes (carboxyatractyloside), alkaloids (xanthatin).

198. Yucca filamentosa L. (Asparagaceae); cultivated; roots, leaves; saponins (sarsasaponegin, tigogenin).

199. Zanthoxylum spp. (Rutaceae); cultivated; bark; furanocoumarins (bergapten, umbelliferone).

Fig.1. Adonis vernalis L. - 2016 April 8 - UBG Macea

Fig.2. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims - 2014 June 6 - UGB Macea

Fig.3. Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. - 2015 May 19 - UGB Macea





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Fig.4. Cneorum tricoccon L. - 2015 September 8 - UGB Macea

Fig.5. Periploca graeca L. - 2014 August 7 - UGB Macea

Fig.6. Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte - 2014 August 1 - UGB Macea

CONCLUSIONS The list of toxic plants of Macea’s botanical

garden comprises species belonging to 177 genera and 68 families. Among the most toxic plants are: Aconitum napellus L., Atropa belladonna L., Convallaria majalis L., Mandragora officinarum L., Scopolia carniolica Jacq., Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, etc.

Numerous toxic plants have medicinal usage [Schönfelder & Schönfelder 2004]. Numerous substances, in small doses have therapeutically actions, but in large doses have a toxic and even deadly action.

Choosing the right plants for planting in green spaces, especially those destined for children, must be done with attention avoiding the toxic ones.

Knowing the toxic plants cultivated in botanical gardens and paying attention to the public regarding these and their effects, it’s extremely important in order to avoid unwelcomed accidents.

REFERENCES Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009. An update of the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 105-121.

Ardelean A. 2006. Flora și vegetația județului Arad. Romanian Academy Publishing House, Bucharest.

Ardelean A. & Covaci P. 2005. Grădina Botanică Universitară Macea. Second edition. ”Vasile Goldiş” University Press, Arad.

Ardelean A. & Don I. 2010. Toxic woody plants cultivated in the Macea University Botanical Garden. Analele Grădinii Botanice Universitare Macea, 4: 5-12.

Ardelean A. & Mohan Gh. 2008. Flora medicinală a României. ALL Publishing House, Bucharest.

Bärtels A. 1981. Gartengehölze. Second edition. Ulmer Publishing House, Stuttgart.

Dauncey A. E. 2010. Poisonous Plants. A guide for parents & childcare providers. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew.

Everest J.W., Powe T.A. & Freeman J.D. 2005. Poisonous Plants of the Southeastern United States. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities.

Frohne D. & Jürgen H. 1987. Giftpflanzen. Ein Handbuch für Apotheker, Ärzte, Toxicologen und Biologen. Third edition.





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Wissenschaftliche Publishing House, Stuttgart.

Ionel Ad., Zanoschi V. & Pascal P. 2000. Plante furajere, toxice şi medicinale. A92 Publishing House, Iaşi.

Jesse Wagstaff D. 2008. International poisonous plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York.

Laar H. J. van de & P.C. de Jong. 1995. Naamlijst van houtige gewassen / List of Names of Woody Plants. Proefstation voor de Boomkwekerij, Boskoop.

Metzner H. 1973. Biochimie der Pflanzen. Ferdinand Enke Publishing House, Stuttgart.

Neamţu G., Cîmpeanu G. & Enache A. 1989. Dicţionar de biochimie vegetală. Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest.

Palade M. 1998. Botanică farmaceutică. Vol. 2. Tehnical Publishing House, Bucharest.

Sârbu I., Ștefan N. & Oprea Ad. 2013. Plante Vasculare din România. Determinator ilustrat de teren. Victor B Victor Publishing House.

Schönfelder I. & Schönfelder P. 2004. Das neue Handbuch der Heilpflanzen. Kosmos & Wissenschaftliche Publishing Houses, Stuttgart.

Tiţă I. 2005. Botanică farmaceutică. Didactic and pedagogic Publishing House, Bucharest.

Toma C.C. 2015. Famacognozie. Revised edition. “Vasile Goldiș” University Press, Arad.

Tutin T., et al. (eds.). 1964-1980. Flora Europaea 1-5. Cambridge.

Zanoschi V., Sârbu I. & Toniuc A. 1996. Flora lemnoasă spontană şi cultivată din România I. ”Glasul Bucovinei” Publishing House, Iaşi.

Zanoschi V., Sârbu I. & Toniuc A. 2000, 2004. Flora lemnoasă spontană şi cultivată din România II-IV. University ”Al. I. Cuza” Publishing House, Iaşi.

Zanoschi V., Turenschi E. & Toma M. 1981. Plante toxice din România. Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest.

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toxic plants native or cultivated in the …studia universitatis “vasile goldiŞ” arad may 2016...

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