1,4-dichlorobenzene

Also Known As:

paradichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, PDCB, paramothballs, para crystals, paracide, p-DCB

Description

Paradichlorobenzene is a white solid in the halogenated organic class of chemicals. It has a sweet, mothball-like odor and evaporates easily. It is widely sold for household use as deodorizer and moth control blocks for toilet bowls, diaper pails and closets, and as mothballs. PDCB is also an ingredient in some toilet bowl cleaners, miticides for pet birds, rodent repellents, and insecticide used on fruit trees.

Children may be exposed to PDCB fumes, or they could accidentally ingest the moth balls.

Paradichlorobenzene is also used to manufacture plastics and other industrial chemicals.

Health Effects

Immediate Health Effects

If SWALLOWED, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is Highly Toxic If ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is Moderately Toxic If INHALED (SNIFFED OR BREATHED IN), 1,4-dichlorobenzene is Not Available

Longterm or Delayed Health Effects

This chemical is likely to cause cancer.  It is considered a Probable Carcinogen by the World Health Organization, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or another agency.

Allergen Neurotoxin = Can harm brain and central nervous system High vapor concentrations may irritate eyes, nose, skin and respiratory tract. Other effects include headache, weakness,

dizziness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, trembling, numbness in the arms and legs and swelling of the eyes, hands, and feet. Prolonged skin contact may produce a burning sensation or allergic rash/dermatitis. Long-term exposure may damage the liver, kidneys, lungs, skin, and central nervous system, and may damage blood cells,

causing anemia. Cancer. Test animals exposed to PDCB developed kidney and liver tumors.

Upon breathing paradichlorobenzene vapors for a few hours, as much as 20% of the chemical that has entered the body will get into the bloodstream.

 

How Exposures Occur

From Indoor Air

Children can be exposed to paradichlorobenzene by breathing contaminated indoor air. Indoor air levels of PDCB can rise due to use of mothballs, deodorizing blocks for toilets and diaper pails, some toilet bowl cleaners and pesticides that contain it. Clothing stored with mothballs may continue to emit paradichlorobenzene vapors, exposing children if they spend time in or near such clothing.

Accidental Ingestion

Children may eat mothballs or deodorizing blocks used in toilets and diaper pails, or swallow cleaners containing paradichlorobenzene. They can also ingest it by touching these products and putting their fingers in their mouths.

 

 http://healthychild.org/issues/chemical-pop/1,4-dichlorobenzene/

Solutions

How to detect 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Read labels. Look for paradichlorobenzene in ingredient listings on packages of mothballs, deodorizing blocks, toilet bowl cleaners, mite sprays and other pesticides. White deodorizer blocks labeled as ?cedar,? ?pine,? ?lavender,? or other natural scents may contain or consist primarily of paradichlorobenzene. If you are unsure about the ingredients in such products, ask the manufacturer to send you a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), which they are required to provide.

Smell the product (carefully). Paradichlorobenzene smells similar to mothballs and is the sweet odor often encountered in public restrooms.

How to minimize exposure to Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) Avoid using mothballs and deodorizer blocks in your home, particularly if you have small children,who may

mistake them for candy and eat them. If you have used them, open windows and provide adequate ventilation throughout the home to reduce naphthalene fumes. Mothball-scented clothing and bedding should be thoroughly washed before use. Wash mothball-treated clothing and bedding thoroughly before use.

Dispose of mothballs and deodorizing blocks carefully to prevent children from finding them. Contact you local sanitation department or look up the hazardous waste rules in your community on Earth 911.

Avoid accumulating unused woolens. Never store dirty clothes.

  http://healthychild.org/issues/chemical-pop/1,4-dichlorobenzene/

For More information

Other government agencies

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Division of Toxicology 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-29

Atlanta, GA 30333 800-447-1544

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov

U.S. EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water

Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460-0003 EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline: 800/426-4791

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/

Nonprofit organizations

Other websites

Environmental Defense Chemical Scorecard

http://www.scorecard.org

Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database

http://www.pesticideinfo.org

Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Advisor

http://www.panna.org/resources/advisor.dv.html

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Urinal Deodorizers

Deotec urinal deodorizers utilize an effective and safe cleaner, a tough descaling agent, and a fragrant deodorizing disc to clean, unclog, and freshen urinals with every flush.

Deotec urinal deodorizers eliminate the need for urinal pucks which often contain the possible carcinogen paradichlorobenzene (PDCB). The use of products with this chemical results in environmental contamination which will eventually affect the health of humans and other living creatures. This makes Deotec urinal deodorizers an environmentally sound choice!

A Universal Services Representative will visit your business to carefully replace your Deotec unit on a regular schedule. This will ensure your restroom is deodorized on a consistent basis. With a quick ten second installation, you can forget about taking costly, complicated measures to get clean urinals. You’ll be amazed at how effective – and simple – Deotec is for you.

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AX)

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SCAP ALERT

(SCAP Alert Policy)

TO: SCAP Member Agencies and Air Quality Committee Members

FROM: Raymond C. Miller, Executive Director

DATE: May 26, 2004

Proposed Amendments to the California Consumer Products Regulations and Proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Paradichlorobenzene

The California Air Resources Board (ARB), has formally proposed to ban paradichlorobenzene urinal/toilet products and solid air fresheners. As you may be aware, these products are carcinogenic and cause problems in our wastewater treatment plants. The ARB is also proposing to prohibit the use of methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene in adhesive removers, contact adhesives, general purpose degreasers, electrical cleaners, electronic cleaners, footwear/leather care products, and graffiti removers. Many of these chemical products are problematic for POTWs.

The SCAP Air Quality Committee recommends that our members use the sample letter attached to this Alert to notify the Air Resources Board that POTWs support the phase out of paradichlorobenzene in toilet care products and other proposed chemical prohibitions that cause air and water quality problems. Also attached is a copy of the draft TriTAC letter for your reference.

ARB's proposal to prohibit the use of paradichlorobenzene in toilet/urinal products and to prohibit the use of chlorinated toxic solvents in certain consumer products will be considered for adoption at a public hearing on June 24 and June 25, 2004 in El Monte, California. Support letters and email will be accepted until noon on June 23. However, ARB does request that they be submitted 10 days in advance (by June 13 or June 14). Comments can be mailed to: Clerk of the Board, ARB, 1001 I Street, 23rd

Floor, Sacramento, CA 95814; e-mailed to: conprod@listserv.arb.ca.gov; or faxed to: Clerk of the Board at 916-322-3928.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

May 14, 2004

Clerk of the BoardAir Resources Board1001 I Street, 23rd FloorSacramento, CA 95814

Proposed Amendments to the California Consumer Products Regulations and Proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Paradichlorobenzene

<AGENCY NAME> supports the proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) for paradichlorobenzene, which would phase out the use of paradichlorobenzene in toilet/urinal care products. We additionally support the proposed amendments to the California Consumer Products Regulations, particularly the provisions that would phase out the use of perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene in seven consumer product categories.

Paradichlorobenzene, perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene are of concern to us for both air quality and water quality reasons. When these compounds enter wastewater treatment plants, much of the loading is volatilized and can impose a cancer risk on neighboring communities. Most of the remaining loading passes through treatment plants, and can have detrimental impacts on the quality of water recycled and/or discharged.

Although <AGENCY NAME> supports the proposed measures to phase out paradichlorobenzene toilet/urinal care products and the use of toxic chlorinated solvents in certain consumer products, we believe the compliance schedule for the measures are too lengthy. They would allow these toxic chemicals to be used for up to five and a half more years, potentially causing detrimental air and water quality impacts at the our wastewater treatment facilities. Substitutes for these products are readily available and widely used.

Thank you for your consideration in this matter. We appreciate the opportunity to work with the Air Resources Board on this important rule, which will not only improve air quality but water quality as well.

Sincerely,

<NAME>

<TITLE>

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DRAFT: Tri-Tac Letter

May 14, 2004

Clerk of the BoardAir Resources Board1001 I Street, 23rd FloorSacramento, CA 95814

Proposed Amendments to the California Consumer Products Regulations and Proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Paradichlorobenzene

The purpose of this letter is to comment on the proposed amendments to the California Consumer Products Regulations and proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) for paradichlorobenzene (PDCB). Tri-TAC strongly supports the proposed ATCM, which prohibits the use of PDCB in toilet/urinal care products. Tri-TAC also strongly supports the proposed prohibition on the use of methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene in adhesive removers, contact adhesives, general purpose degreasers, electrical cleaners, electronic cleaners, footwear/leather care products, and graffiti removers. However, we do believe that the compliance schedule for these prohibitions should be shortened.

As background, Tri-TAC is a statewide technical advisory group jointly sponsored by the California Association of Sanitation Agencies, the California Water Environment Association, and the League of California Cities. The constituency base for Tri-TAC collects, treats, and reclaims more than two billion gallons of wastewater each day and serves most of the sewered population of California.

PDCB Regulation

Tri-TAC is concerned about PDCB both for air quality and water quality reasons. Many publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in California must meet air quality criteria imposed by the State of California through its Toxic Hot Spots Program, which requires public notification if the cancer risk imposed on neighboring communities is greater than ten in a million. PDCB is one of the pollutants included under this program. POTWs located in the South Coast Air Basin must also meet the requirements of South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1401, which requires best available control technology if cancer risk is above one in a million for any new construction or expansion, and Rule 1402, which limits overall risk from any facility to twenty-five in a million. Most other local air districts in the state have similar rules or policies governing toxic risk management.

PDCB is a major contributor to cancer risk at POTWs. PDCB volatilizes from wastewater during the treatment process and thus is transferred from wastewater to the air. For

instance, the two largest POTWs in the state are the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County's Joint Water Pollution Control Plant and the City of Los Angeles' Hyperion Treatment Plant. PDCB contributes 35% of the cancer risk at the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant and 41% of the cancer risk at the Hyperion Treatment Plant. Tri-TAC members are interested in reducing PDCB air emissions both to minimize risks from existing activities and to ensure that any future expansions of treatment plants will not trigger exceedances of acceptable risk levels.

PDCB is also a water quality concern. POTWs producing recycled water are required to meet California drinking water standards, including the 5 part per billion maximum contaminant level for PDCB. Several POTWs in California that produce recycled water have exceeded this limit on occasion. California law has established mandatory minimum penalties for violations of wastewater treatment plant permit limits. The best and most cost-effective alternative for preventing PDCB violations is through source control measures such as the proposed ATCM, particularly since it is very difficult for POTWs to effectively control domestic sources like toilet deodorizers. Essentially all of the PDCB at California POTWs is coming from toilet deodorizers. A study done by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County indicated that over 99% of PDCB influent to their wastewater treatment plants came from toilet deodorizers.

As noted in the Initial Statement of Reasons for the ATCM, drop-in replacements for paradichlorobenzene toilet deodorizers are readily available and widely used. Clearly, as there are adequate substitutes available on the market, there is no need to continue usage of a product that is detrimental to California's air and water quality and poses compliance concerns for POTWs.

Because of these concerns with PDCB, we strongly encourage the Air Resources Board (ARB) to adopt the proposed ATCM that prohibits the usage of PDCB in toilet/urinal care products. We believe that such action will essentially eliminate PDCB entering sewerage systems throughout California, making the trillion gallons of wastewater produced yearly in California free of PDCB. This will improve water quality and reduce cancer risk in communities neighboring POTWs. Because PDCB is a toxic product with readily available substitutes that are already widely used, we believe that the phase-out period for its manufacture and sale should be as short as possible. However, as proposed, the ATCM would allow PDCB to be manufactured for another two and half years and to be sold for an additional year. Tri-TAC recommends that the phase out period be shortened to one year.

Toxic Chlorinated Solvents

Tri-TAC is also concerned about perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene for both water quality and air quality reasons. At wastewater treatment plants, these chlorinated solvents can volatize as wastewater undergoes treatment, and the resulting emissions can be significant contributors to overall cancer risk. For example, perchloroethylene contributes a 1.9 in a million cancer risk at the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County's Joint Water Pollution Control Plant, representing 40 percent of the total cancer risk from the plant.

POTWs must also meet a 5 part per billion drinking water limit on water that is recycled, an increasingly important means of supplementing California's limited water supply. A single can of perchloroethylene electrical cleaner contains enough perchloroethylene to contaminate 8 million gallons of water to the 5 part per billion drinking water limit. Although such products are not typically rinsed to the sewer, they are widely sold at automotive repair supply stores and may be used by consumers and businesses for off-label applications such as engine degreasing and brake cleaning. Therefore, such products may enter sewers.

Despite extensive source control efforts over the past decade, including prohibitions on the discharge of perchloroethylene-containing separator water from dry cleaners, POTWs continue to experience effluent concentrations of perchloroethylene and methylene chloride exceeding the 5 part per billion target concentration. It is suspected that much of the perchloroethylene and methylene chloride entering sewers is coming from consumer products, since other sources have been highly regulated. For example, from 1996 to 2003 effluent from the City of Los Angeles' DCT Treatment Plant exceeded 5 part per billion perchloroethylene in 3 of 45 samples. Their LAG Treatment plant effluent exceeded 5 parts per billion methylene chloride in 8 of 94 samples and perchloroethylene in 1 of 55 samples and their Terminal Island Treatment Plant exceeded 5 part per billion methylene chloride in 2 of 38 samples.

Adverse wastewater impacts arose in the past as a result of the ARB's 1996 decision to exempt perchloroethylene as a VOC. This action allowed manufacturers to reformulate consumer products with perchloroethylene to meet the VOC limits of earlier consumer product VOC regulations. Reformulation of engine degreasers with perchloroethylene did occur and was later mitigated by the ARB's ATCM for Emissions of Chlorinated Toxic Air Contaminants from Automotive Maintenance and Repair Activities.

To prevent similar problems in the future, Tri-TAC supports ARB's recommendation that the use of perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene be phased out for adhesive removers, contact adhesives, general purpose degreasers, electrical cleaners, electronic cleaners, footwear/leather care products, and graffiti removers. Since these are toxic contaminants, we do recommend that the phase out period be shortened to the maximum extent possible.

Wastewater Impacts

Tri-TAC has reviewed the potential wastewater impacts of the proposed measures and concurs with the Air Resources Board that these measures would have an overall positive impact on wastewater quality.

Conclusions

In summary, Tri-TAC strongly supports the proposed prohibition on PDCB toilet/urinal care products and also strongly supports ARB's proposed prohibition on the use of perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene in adhesive removers, contact adhesives, general purpose degreasers, electrical cleaners, electronic cleaners, footwear/leather care products, and graffiti removers. However, we request that the

implementation dates for these measures be shortened, because substitute products are readily available.

Thank you for your consideration in this matter. If you have any questions or require additional information, please contact Ann Heil at 562/699-7411, extension 2950 or at aheil@lacsd.org.

Very truly yours,

Sharon GreenChair, Tri-TAC

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