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Towards Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy for Residential Buildings in BC
Sub-Committee Meeting – Policies and CodesMay 14, 2014
John MaddenDirector of Community Planning
and Development
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Acknowledgements
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Sub-Committee Members
Tracy Casavant Executive Director, Light House
John Madden Project Director, Light House
Curtis Dorosh Technical Lead, Light House
Joy Chen Building Analyst, Light House
Souri Riazi Research Analyst, Light House
Wayne Ward Technical Director, BRE UK
Svend Anderson GHG Accounting and Protocols Advisor
Project Team
Andy Christie City of Kimberley
Dave Ramslie Integral Group
Jennie Moore BCIT
Mark Layton Association of Consulting Engineering Companies BC
Norm Connolly City of New Westminster
Tony Gioventu Condominium Home Owners' Association of B.C
Ellen Pond Pembina Institute
Murray Frank Construction Home Solutions
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Agenda
Time Discussion Items
1:00 – 1:10 Welcome & Introductions
1:10 – 1:30 • Study Objectives• Process and Timelines • Preliminary Research
Findings• Challenges and Opportunities
1:30 – 2:30 Expert Working Sessions
2:30 – 3:00 Summary and Next Steps
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Study Objectives
Engage governments, utilities, building and
the real estate industry across the Province to
develop a cohesive and strategic road map to
advance carbon neutral and/or net zero
energy for residential buildings*.
* with a focus on BC Building Code Part 9 buildings
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Study ApproachTowards Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy for Residential Buildings in BC
Overall Project Scope
Province-wide Consultation – Prioritize climate zones & typologies / Discuss implications of Bes Practices for BC
•
Develop Research Framework
•
Research
Climate Zone Research
Typologies
Best Practices – Targets &
Performance
Best Practices – Codes &
Regulation
Best Practices – Incentives & Education Matrix of Climates & Typologies
Climate
Zone
Single
Detached
Duplex /
Rowhouse
High Rise
MURBs
South
Okanagan
North
Province-wide
Webinar
Road Map to Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy Existing
Residential Buildings
Guide Best Practices for Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy Residential Buildings in BC
Energy & Carbon
Performance Targets, per
building types and climate
Develop Codes,
Standards,
Policies & Regulation
Develop
Incentives &
Education
Programs
Draft Key Directions & Recommendations
Develop Energy
Labels?
High-Rise
MURBs Vancouver
(COMPLETE)
Residential
Buildings In BC
(STARTED)
Develop BC Energy Factors &
Coefficients
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Definitions
STEP2:Meetremaining
energydemandwithno(orlow)carbonenergygeneratedon
oroff-site
STEP1:Squeezeenergy
demand,usuallytoapre-definedtarget
CARBONNEUTRALBUILDING
STEP2:Meetremaining
energydemandwithrenewableenergygeneratedon-site
NETZEROENERGYBUILDING
• Carbon Neutral Building– A building which significantly reduces
energy consumption combined with the increased use of low carbon energy sources to meet the remaining demand.
• Net Zero Energy Building?– A building which significantly reduce
energy consumption combined with the use of renewable energy generated on-site to meet the remaining demand.
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Advisory and Sub-Committees
Advisory Committee
(Expert Round Table)
Subcommittee- Financial
Mechanisms & Incentives
Subcommittee- Technologies
Subcommittee- Education, Awareness &
Capacity Building
Subcommittee- Policy, Codes &
Regulations
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Sub-Committee Objectives
Policies, Regulations & Codes
- To identify policies, legislation, regulations and supporting tools to help local governments achieve deep energy use and move toward meeting carbon neutrality/net zero energy by 2050.
Technologies
Financial Tools & Incentives
Education, Awareness & Industry Capacity Building
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Select cities in different Climate Zones
• Zone A: ≤ 3500 HDDs
➠ Vancouver, HDD18max(1971-2000): 2960
• Zone B: > 3500 to ≤ 5500 HDDs
➠ Kelowna, HDD18max(1971-2000): 3869
• Zone C: > 5500 to ≤ 8000 HDDs
➠ Fort St. John, HDD18max(1971-2000): 5893
• HDD18max - The standard method for calculating the Degree Day Daily mean;
• Daily mean = (Daily max + Daily min) ÷ 2• HDD18max (1971-2000) – The average of
HDD18max value from 1971 to 2000
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Residential Building Typologies Structural Type of Dwelling and Collectives Reference Guide, 2011 Census:
• Detached Houses: Single Family Dwellings
• Attached Houses: Duplex, Semi-Detached and Row Houses
• Multi-Unit Residential Buildings: Apartments
• Moveable Dwellings:
Detached Houses
Mobile Homes
Semi-Detached (vertical division)Duplex (horizontal division)
Apartment < 5-storey(horizontal & vertical division)
Apartment ≥ 5-storey(horizontal & vertical division)
Row House (vertical division)
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Define Characteristics of Housing
House Characteristics Typical Rating Building Standards / Codes
Unimproved Older house 0 to 50 Pre 1970’s Building Code
Partially improved Older House 51-65 1970’s – 1980’s Building Code
Fully improved Older House 66-75 1990s Building Code
Typical New House 68-82 Current Building Code
Energy Efficient House 80-90 R-2000 House
Super energy-efficient House 91-100 Net Zero Homes
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Matrix of Climate Zone & Typologies
Statistics Canada, 2012
• Single detached houses are the most common housing type except in BC.
• The average occurrence of single detached houses across BC is 47.7%.
Climate Zone A B C
House Types BC Average Vancouver Kelowna Fort St. John
Single-detached 47.7% 33.8% 56.5% 59.0%
Semi-detached house 3.0% 2.2% 4.6% 5.4%
Row house 7.4% 9.0% 5.4% 7.8%
Duplex 10.4% 14.2% 7.2% 1.4%
Apartment, < 5 storeys 20.5% 25.6% 19.9% 13.9%
Apartment, ≥ 5 storeys 8.2% 14.5% 1.6% 0.9%
Moveable and other houses 2.8% 0.7% 4.7% 11.7%
Distribution of housing types in BC climate zones, by # of buildings
47.7%
20.8%
28.7%
2.8%BC Distribution, Total # of units
Detached
Attached
Apartments
Mobile Homes
67.9%10.0%
19.4%
2.7% BC Distribution, Total Floor Area
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Matrix of Climate Zone & Typologies NRCan database, 2011
• Almost 74% of dwellings were constructed after 1977. • About 25% of all types of residential buildings were built in 1984 -1995. • The age of the house may reflect different construction types and hence
determine the building characteristics and performance.
BC dwellings Age Distribution, by # of buildings (%)
Before1946
1946–1960
1961–1977
1978–1983
1984–1995
1996–2000
2001–2005
2006–2010
2011–2011
Single Detached 4.3 5.6 18.9 13.6 24.5 12.2 7.4 11.9 1.6
Attached 2.2 2.3 7.7 12.7 29.7 10.4 12.9 18.9 3.1
Apartments 3.9 4.1 14.7 10.2 24.8 12.1 8.1 19.6 2.4
Mobile 5.2 3.9 23.3 9.7 20.5 12.5 9.5 13.2 2.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Pe
rce
nta
ge
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Why is energy efficiency for buildings important?
Electricity is a growing operating cost- Inclining block rates; average increase of 4.4%/yr*
Major source of greenhouse gases- 55% of Vancouver GHGs
*2010 forcast; pre-BC Hydro-review
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Setting Targets and Step Changes
SETTING TARGETS &
PERFORMANCE
> OUTCOMES
Adopt baseline performance based on similar climate zones and building types
Define quantitative targets for carbon and energy performance
Define “step changes” and recommendations
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Policies, Regulations and Targets
Federal: - Reduce Canada’s GHG emissions by 17% below 2005 levels by 2020
- Energy Efficiency Act
Provincial:
BC Climate Action Plan (2008)
- Reduce community emissions by 33% below 2007 levels by 2020, 80% by 2050
- Interim reduction targets: 6% by 2012, 18% by 2016LGA, Green Communities, Bill 27 (2008)
- Require local governments to set targets in their OCPs and RGS
- Align policies, bylaws and actions to help achieve the reduction targets
BC Energy Efficient Buildings Strategy
- Reduce average energy demand per home by 20 percent by 2020
Local Governments: Climate Action Charter (2007)
- Achieve carbon neutral corporate operations by 2012
- Measure and report on community GHG emissions profilesMetro Vancouver
- Sustainable Region Initiative and Sustainability Framework17
Current Policies and Targets Municipal:
City of Vancouver Greenest City 2020 Action Plan energy reduction target
- New buildings to be 20% below 2007 levels by 2020, and “carbon neutral” by 2030 (for Part 3 and Part 9 non-residential buildings)
- Existing large buildings reduce GHG emissions to 20% below 2007 levels by 2020
City of Kelowna
- 33% reduction in community GHGs by 2020
- Achieve an EnerGuide rating of 80 for 100% of new, detached and single-unit row houses
City of Dawson Creek
- 14% reduction below 2006 levels by 2012; 33% by 2020; 85% by 2050
City of Fort St. John
- 14% reduction below 2008 levels by 2014; 21% by 2017; 33% by 2020; 80% by 2050
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Energy Related Codes National Building Code
(December 2012) A New section
containing energy efficiency requirements for housing and small buildings
BC Building Code (2012)introduces energy efficiency standards for
Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9): Effective December 19, 2014, adopted NBC performance standard for windows and heating equipment and harmonization
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Energy Related Regulations- Examples
Energy Performance BenchmarkingNew York City – Greener Greater Building Plan (2010)• Requires annual benchmarking and public disclosure through Portfolio Manager of large
commercial and multifamily buildings (>50k sq.ft.).
Seattle – Council Bill 116731 (2011)• Requires Large buildings (multifamily and nonresidential) to benchmark performance
using Portfolio Manager and disclose the results to the City.• Building owners must also disclose performance information to potential tenants, buyer’s
and lenders.
State of Oregon and Vermont • Requires landlords and sellers to disclose the energy performance of residential buildings
to renters/buyers. • Buildings and homes meeting energy efficiency criteria may be eligible for property tax
exemption.
City of Vancouver• Building performance benchmarking within existing buildings is on voluntary basis, using
BOMA BESt and LEED EBOM.• Adopted mandatory EnerGuideTM Rating System Audit for all new single-family homes. • For existing single-family homes, ‘time of sale’ transactions may be used to trigger
auditing and disclosure of energy efficiency to better inform prospective purchasers with respect to energy efficiency of the home.
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Energy Related Regulations- Examples
Energy Audit and Retro-CommissioningNew York City – Greener Greater Building Plan (2010)
• Buildings greater than 50k sq.ft. must undergo an energy audit and retro-commissioning measures every 10 years.
Austin, Texas – Energy Conservation Audit and Disclosure Ordinance (2011)
• Single family homes and all residences (10 years old or older by 2009) with four or fewer units must have an energy audit before selling the property and disclose to potential buyers.
• All Apartment buildings must be audited. The results must be posted for tenants.
• Buildings that have more than 150% of the Austin multifamily average EUI must reduce their usage by 20% within 18 months.
• Non-residential buildings (>10k sq.ft.) must benchmark their energy usage through Portfolio Manager or the Austin Energy Business Energy Analysis tool.
• Potential annual savings from the measures identified in the first year of ECAD residential audits in Austin is $723,650, 7,788,000 kWh, and reduced 4,897 tons of carbon dioxide per year.
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Energy Related Standards
R-2000 Net Zero Energy Pilot for new buildingsBased on Natural Resource Canada’s draft 2014 R-2000 standard and next generation EnerGuide Rating System (ERS), the Pilot aims to recognize the builders and homes reaching net zero energy performance in Canada and aims at advancing the commoditization of net zero energy homes in Canada.
• Apply the minimum envelope requirements of the 2014 R-2000 Standard to reduce conventional energy use
• Label houses with a next generation ERS rating
• Post-occupancy assessment (Efficient Living Assessment ) can be used to confirm as-operated performance
• Using R-2000 and ERS to provide quality assurance for NZE buildings and houses
• The approach will focus on homes that can be built today using technologies already available on the market that meet industry standards and regulations.
• Expected Outcomes:
– Low cost, low risk and easily achieved introduction to high performance
– Energy consumption 70% less than pre-1975 housing
– Low space heating energy consumption (55 kWh/m2yr)
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Energy Related Standards
PassivHausEuropean’s best-known standard uses proven technology to minimize risk as well as emissions. A building standard that aims to achieve energy efficiency, comfort and affordability.
• Ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling.
• Used highly energy-efficient lighting, ventilation, electrical appliances and equipment.
• 80% overall reduction in energy use and CO2 emissions vs. the German dwelling stock.
• Criteria:
– The Space Heating Energy Demand is not to exceed 15 kWh per square meter of net living space (treated floor area) per year or 10 W per square meter peak demand.
– The Primary Energy Demand, the total energy to be used for all domestic applications (heating, hot water and domestic electricity) must not exceed 120 kWh per square meter of treated floor area per year.
– Airtightness: a maximum of 0.6 air changes per hour at 50 Pascals pressure (ACH50), as verified with an onsite pressure test (in both pressurized and depressurized states).
– Thermal comfort must be met for all living areas during winter as well as in summer, with not more than 10 % of the hours in a given year over 25 °C.
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Energy Related Standards
ENERGY STAR for New Homes Standard (version 12.1)ENERGY STAR was developed by the U.S. EPA in 1992. The Office of Energy Efficiency of NRCan has promoted the ENERGY STAR symbol in Canada. This Standard is effective since December 1, 2012.
• Applies to all types of housing which has height ≤ 3 storeys and floor area ≤ 600m2
• Built by licensed ENERGY STAR for New Homes builder.
• Promotes energy efficiency guidelines that enable new homes to be 20% more energy efficient than those built to the provincial or national building code (baseline).
• Use more energy-efficient heating & cooling systems, Energy Star qualified windows/doors/skylights/lighting/appliance, more insulated walls & ceilings, and meet certain level of airtightness .
– Mandating minimum insulation requirements. This ensures a certain level of emphasis is placed on the envelope
– Mandating a minimum amount of electrical savings. Require a minimum of 400 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electrical savings relative to houses with non-ENERGY STAR qualified products.
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MatrixType Physical Characteristics
(Age, Floor area, Units)Example Type Baseline
Site EUI (kWh/m2)
BaselineTotal Energy
(GJ/household)
Detached • Less than 4,200 sf• Two-storey with basement • 2x4 or 2x6 exterior walls, • R12, R20 or R28 batt insulation• Attic insulation: R28 or R40
178 81.2
Attached • Size from 800-1,200 sf• Two to three storey• 2x4 exterior walls, R12, R20 or R28
batt insulation• Attic insulation: R20
175 81.2
Row House • Size from 1,600 sf, newer units with finished basements 2,400 sf
• Two to three storey • Exterior Walls: 2x4 stud walls with
R12 batt insulation• Attic insulation: R-21
(NRCan data combine these two housing types in one category)
Apartment Up to 3 stories (Part 9 only)
153 49.8
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Sub-Committee: Working Sessions
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Discussion Questions
What are the current regulatory / institutional barriers to achieving
greater energy efficiency and GHG reductions in buildings—new and
existing?
What are innovative policy levers which provincial/local
governments/utilities can apply—new and existing?
What triggers can be leveraged to achieve greater energy efficiency in
existing buildings?
What changes can be made to the regulatory review process to
incentivize changes?
What are the timing and implementation considerations for adopting
energy efficiency requirements within the BC Building Code?
Are there specific building components which should be targeted to yield
greater reductions for least cost/#of transactions?
* with a focus on BC Building Code Part 9 buildings
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Identify innovative policies, regulations and tools that effectively move the residential sector toward CN/NZE…
Define the policy or
initiative?
Where has it been
implemented?
Which archetype does
it apply?
Targeted toward new
or existing?
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Priorities, Roles and Responsibilities for Stakeholders
Stakeholder Key Priorities
What is their role and responsibility in moving
policies/regulations and tools forward?
Governments
Building code officials
Standards organizations
Architect and Designer
Builders
Utilities
Manufacturers/ Trade associations
Researchers/ Academia
Non-government Organizations29
Milestone
2010 202033% GHG reduction
2030?
2040?
205080% GHG reduction
Policies and Regulations
Technologies
Financial Tools and Incentives
Awareness, Education and Capacity Building
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Milestone (example)
20102020
33% Reduction in GHG’s drom 2007 levels
Regulatory framework and support schemes
Market facilitation and transformation
Technology development and R&D
2030What is the step
change?
2040What is the step
change?
205080% Reduction in GHG’s
below 2007 levels
Market Supportschemes to achieve technology uptake?
Regulatory framework preparing large-scale integration of PV into grid
Building Codes and standards…prescriptive and / or performance based targets?
Framework for full market competition with priority access to the grid
Energy standards taking into account solar PV building regulations and obligations
Training and education for skilled workforce needed for the following areas…?
Increased R&D funding to accelerate cost reduction and transfer to industry
Enhanced system applicability of PV and related technologies and products
Enhanced storage technologiesSmart grid and grid management tools
Research into concepts for ultra high performance/low-cost approaches
Key actions and respective leading roles for:Government stakeholderMarket stakeholders (Demand)R&D and industry stakeholders (Supply)
Source: International Energy Agencywww.iea.org/roadmaps
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Next Steps
• Follow up Sub-Committees– Technologies (completed)
– Policies, Regulations and Codes
– Education, Awareness and Capacity Building
– Financial Tools and Incentives
• Summarize Input
• Draft Directions
• Advisory Committee #2 (Round Table) end of June
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