towards a new model of energy development

Towards a new model of Energy Development

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UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe. www.un.org/av/photo

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CONTENTS

1- SDGs (General introduction firts and then energy + climate change goals)(10-15 mins) Joaquin/Javier

2- Sustainable Energy for All (3 main areas: Universal access to energy,renewables and energy efficiency) + Indicators for the MENA region in the 3areas) (15-20 mins) Joaquin

3- Energy Efficiency in urban areas (New buildings, design state of the art,existing buildings, energy mapping, examples) (20 mins) Javier

4- National and Rural planning. Planning and tracking tools (15 mins)Joaquin

5- Distributed micro grids and mobile payment systems. Shared Solar (20-25mins) Sebastian

6- Q&A (30 mins) All

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

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https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

EU28 Primary Energy Consumption 1990-2014

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:EU28PrimaryEnergyConsumption1990_2014.png

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EU28 Final energy consumption by sector, 1990-2013, ktoe

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/2/2e/Final_energy_consumption_by_sector%2C_EU-28%2C_1990-2013%2C_ktoe.png

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DECIDES that, until a global and comprehensive post-2012 agreement is concluded, and without prejudice toits position in international negotiations, the EUmakes a firm independent commitment to achieve atleast a 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by2020 compared to 1990.

COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Brussels, 20 February 2007

European Targets 20-20-20

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In the light of the positions taken by the EuropeanParliament, the Council and the Commission, it isappropriate to establish mandatory national targetsconsistent with a 20 % share of energy from renewablesources and a 10 % share of energy from renewable sourcesin transport in Community energy consumption by 2020.

DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 23 April 2009

on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC


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Directive pursuing the overall objective of the energyefficiency target of saving 20 % of the Union’s primaryenergy consumption by 2020, and of making further energyefficiency improvements after 2020.

DIRECTIVE 2012/27/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 25 October 2012

on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC

Bearing in mind that the Council conclusions of 10 June 2011on the Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 stressed that buildingsrepresent 40 % of the Union’s final energy consumption


http://www.unep.org/sbci/pdfs/SBCI-BCCSummary.pdf

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How

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Targets

Reduce CO2 emissions

Use of Renewable Energies Use better energy models

Reduce energy consumption

Energy efficient design of building

More efficient facilities

Use of Renewable Energies

Strategies

The conceptual design phase of a building is the best time to integratesustainable strategies. When these mechanisms are put into action atthe very beginning of the construction phase, this reducesimplementation costs as compared to when they are installed insubsequent stages of construction.

(Ekici BB, Aksoy UT. Prediction of building energy needs in early stage of design by usingANFIS. Expert Systems with Applications. 2006)

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Niveles típicos de costo y dotación de personal duranteel ciclo de vida del proyecto. Fuente: Handbook PMI (2008)


Shape factor= Building length/Building depth

Torre Picasso. 1988. Madrid.

Aksoy and Inalli studied the relationbetween building orien-tation and heatdemand. For this purpose, they usedthree models with different shapefactors (1/1, 1/2 and 2/1), with andwithout heating insulation on the fac¸ade. They rotated the buildings 80º, andobtained data at 10º intervals.


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By combining shape factor,orientation, and heatinginsulation, a heating energysaving rate of up to 36%was achieved(Teoman et al, 2006).

Shape factor= Building length/Building depth


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Influencia del aislamiento

Çomakli K, Yüksel B. Optimum insulation thickness of external walls for energysaving. Applied Thermal Engineering 2003; 23: 473-479.They use Net Present Value (NPV) to obtain the optimal thick insulation infacades


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Sombras y aleros

Robert y Jones [Robert E, Jones Jr. Effects of overhang shading of windows havingarbitrary azimuth. Solar Energy 1980; 24: 305-312] Desarrollan un método paracalcular las dimensiones óptimas del alero para una localización concreta.Cuando se superan estas dimensiones, a pesar de reducirse la radiación recibida enverano, no se compensan las pérdidas producidas en invierno debido a una reduccióndel calor solar recibido.

Chase Manhattan Bank. PanamáArquitectos: Skidmore Owings and Merril


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Examples of self-shading buildings

Capeluto, IG. Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope. Energy and Buildings2003; 35: 327-336.

An appropriate building design can cause the building to shade itself withoutthe need of additional elements. This can be beneficial especially in the caseof isolated buildings that are subject to excessive quantities of direct solarradiation. This idea led to the concept of self-shading.

Temple City Hall, Arizona Banco de Israel City Hall, Boston


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Some examples. LED lamp

Picture: http://www.acssolar.com.au/led/

A standard 50W halogen lamp turns 90% of electricity used into heat withonly 10% into light. The benefit of LED Lights are that they use only 15% ofthe energy a standard halogen uses, provide up to 85% of the light output andcreate less heat.


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Some examples. Efficient household appliances

Picture: http://www.turnbackthetide.ca/


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Some examples. Use renewable energy.Biomass heating boilers

Picture: http://www.clickrenovables.com/blog/calefaccion-con-biomasa-en-escuela-de-la-provincia-de-barcelona/


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Some examples. Use renewable energy.Solar Thermal Energy

Picture: http://www.inserteciberia.com/


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Some examples. Use renewable energy.Geothermal Heating and Cooling

Picture: foroenergias.blogspot.com


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How is the Energy ConsumptionEnergy Models

State of the art of the different approaches applicable to energy consumption modeling

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Use better energy models

Classification approach1. Classification depending on the relative position of building sector: top-

down and bottom-up models2. Classification depending on the detail of the information required: white,

black and grey methods3. Classification depending on the energy data acquisition approach

Review of selected realizations & results1. R&D on white-box / physical / forward models2. R&D on black-box / statistical / inverse models3. .3. R&D on grey box / hybrid models4. R&D on occupancy models

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Use better energy models

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Classification on energy consumption models can bebased on several criteria:

• Relative position of building sector

Top-down models analyse global energy consumption data to characterize the residential sector consumption globally

Bottom-up models estimate the energy consumption of a housing individually and extrapolated to regional or national levels

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Classification on energy consumption models can bebased on several criteria:• Detail of the information required

White box: also called physical models. The physicalphenomenon existing in the building are solved by a set ofequations describing the behavior of the heat transfer. A deeplevel of detail of the description of the building geometry andmaterial properties is required to run the model

Black box: based on the implementation of a function deducedonly from samples of training data describing the behavior of aspecific system

Grey box: combine white and black models. represent a balancebetween the good generalization capability of white model andhigh accuracy of black models

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Classification on energy consumption models can bebased on several criteria:• Energy data acquisition approach

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Bill-based approach:

• Measurement-based quantification approach• Cost-effective and easily applicable• The results are more general than in others methodologies• It needs of collecting fuel bills from building manager• For a more detailed assessment, an energy disaggregation

methods is necessary to obtain energy consumption by end use• Load consumption of each consumer can not be directly

identified• Not enough for an energy performance assessment • More difficult for implementing innovation approaches

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Monitoring-based approach:

• It provides more accurate and detailedenergy use information

• It provides such accuracy and detail • It needs of sophisticated metering systems

or platforms to collect data• It is more difficult to implement• It is less difficult to extrapolate to other environments• Innovation is higher in this method• Long monitoring term is necessary to collect enough data for

building a model

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Dynamic simulations:

• Dynamic methods capture building andsystem dynamics resulting into calculationcomplexity often implemented throughdetailed simulation

• Based on physical principles • Calculation-based methods • It is the method that provides the most detailed results• More complex than the others • It needs an important development effort and high granularity

of inputs• Very specific to a certain Building, but adaptable to others

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Use of energy mapping tools to helpmunicipal governments and utilitiesmake better plans for energy efficiencyand conservation.

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Modi Research Group Creates Map of Energy Use in NYC

http://sel.columbia.edu/nycenergy/

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Mr. Antonio Bueno (from City Town of Motril) and LIDS

(UGR) Creates Map of Social Data, Water

Supply and Energy in the City of Motril

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DATAMapping.• Social data: population, age,

number of members of the family,etc

• Water consumption. Data base ofwatter supply company (waterbills of the consumers)

• Electricity (Database. Smartmetering of the electricity supplycompany)

• Gas consumption. Database ofgas supply company (water billsof the consumers)

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Orden MinisterialITC/3860/2007.Mandatory before31th December,2018

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Sample of results: Buildings where people older 65 years live

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Sample of results: Water consumption

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Sample of results: Buildings wher water consumption is zero

SIN CONSUMO ANUAL CON EMPADRONADOS

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Sample of results: Buildings wher water consumption is zero butthere are people living acoording the census. Could there be froud.

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Sample of results: Electricity consumption

towards a new model of energy development

Data & Analytics