tourism & sustainable development goals. steve noakes march 2015
TRANSCRIPT
Steve Noakes: [email protected]
Adjunct Professor
Tourism & Sustainable Development GoalsSteve Noakes, Visiting Lecturer, University of Queensland, March 2015
Cambodia: Street side market
Learning objectives
Improve student knowledge on the concepts of:
sustainable development, including the implications of global population growth & wealth distribution
poverty & the poverty trap, Human Development, Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals.
Increase understanding of the role & practices of tourism as an international development tool.
Identify & describe key issues relating to the use of tourism in emerging economies.
Critically analyse & evaluate costs & benefits associated with developing tourism.
Reflect on approaches aimed to improve the management of sustainable tourism – with a focus on emerging economies.
Lecture content.
• Brief introduction to self.
Setting the context:• Our world: Population growth + Poor & Rich. • Concepts of poverty & the poverty trap.• Concepts of Human Development.• MDGs and SDGs.
Tourism & international development.• Tourism & the MDGs/SDGs.• Pro-poor tourism - project examples.
Principal author: John Downes, consultant for SNV Asia
Pro-Poor Sustainable Tourism Network.
Lead Editor: Steve Noakes
Tourism Legislation & MDGs (2006) SNV - Netherlands Development Organization
Originated from a regional workshoporganised by SNV’s Asia Tourism Network
in Lao PDR, June 2003.
Provides analytical framework methodology to assess existing tourism legislation &
policies in the context of the MDGs.
Assist developing countries todevelop a legal & policy framework for
tourism so that it accords with & promotes the MDG targets.
Free online download http://goo.gl/uAgsyA
UNWTO Code of Ethics.Linked to the MDGs
1: Tourism's contribution to mutual understanding & respect between peoples and societies
2: Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment3: Tourism, a factor of sustainable development4: Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and contributor
to its enhancement5: Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities6: Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development7: Right to tourism8: Liberty of tourist movements9: Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry10: Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism
Steve Noakes: Member (2007 – 2011) World Committee on Tourism Ethics
www.susps.org/overview/numbers.html
www.idrc.ca
It is estimated that the first members of
the human family (hominins) lived in Africa about 6 or 7
million years ago
Earliest fossil evidence of genus
Homo between 1.9 and 2.4 million
years ago
Modern humans evolved in East
Africa around 200,000 years ago
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/human-origins/modern-human-evolution/when/index.html
Our world:Global population - past, present & future
Our world:‘Modern-era’ population growth
United Nations Population Information NetworkA guide to population information on UN system web sites
www.un.org/popin/functional/population.html
treehugger.com
Our world:World population according to five projection scenarios, 1950-2150
http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange/longrangeExecSum.pdf
‘If the fertility of major areas is kept constant
at 1995 levels, the world population
soars to 256 billion by 2150,
169 billion of whom live in
Africa’
United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division
World Bank Group. 2015. Global Monitoring Report 2014/2015: Ending Poverty and Sharing Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0336-9. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO
http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-monitoring-report
Global assessment of
progress to date + data
on:
the MDGs at the
global, regional, and
country levels
the World Bank
Group’s twin goals of
ending extreme
poverty & promoting
shared prosperity
Top 10
countries with
largest share of
the global
extreme poor,
2011
Percentage of
people living
on less than
$1.25 a day
Global and regional poverty rate estimates for 1990, 2011, and 2030
Our world: Poor & Rich perspectives.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpdyCJi3Ib4 3 minutes, 34 secs.
Hans Rosling: Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institute, Sweden. Co-founder / Chairman of the Gapminder Foundation www.gapminder.org
http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/2244550362/in/set-72157630502568422/
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PGLP/Resources/povertymanual_ch4.pdf
Concept of Poverty
Defining & measuring poverty
Extreme poverty line: Income of US $1.25 or less a dayDeep deprivation: Income less than US $2 a day
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
Different definitions and concepts of well-being.
World Bank focuses on three aspects of well-being:
(i) Poverty - whether households or individuals have enough resources or abilities today to meet their needs(ii) Inequality in the distribution of income, consumption or other attributes across the population(iii) Vulnerability - the probability or risk today of being in poverty –or falling deeper into poverty - in the future.
Deep deprivation: Income less than US $2 a day
In all, 2.4 billion people lived on less than US $2 a day in 2010, the average poverty line in developing countries and another common measurement of deep deprivation.
Represents a modest decline from 2.59 billion in 1981.
Children collecting recyclable trash from a garbage dump.
Several hundred children work in this garbage dump Cambodia.
Photo: © Masaru Goto / World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
Concept of ‘relative deprevation’
Source: Verme (2012) Happiness, Deprivation and the Alter Ego, in The Measurement of Individual Well-being and Group Inequalities: Essays in Memory of Z. M. Berrebi, Deutsch, J. and Silber, J. (Eds.), Routledge, November 2010.
Read more at: http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/relative-deprivation-discontent-and-revolutions
Refers to the comparisons across
people & comparisons across time.
People compare themselves with others in society but also with
their own past status and their own future
expectations.
The ‘poverty trap’
An economy, region or household can be in a “poverty trap”
Low level of wealth & output
Can’t get out of this low-level equilibrium (sometimes called a
“low-level attractor”) without a potentially large injection of
external assistance
With a sufficiently large negative shock, the economy or individual
might fall into this low-level equilibrium
For an individual this may mean destitution
If such poverty traps exist … then, implications for development
policy
Extra reading: The World Bank – Poverty Trap. http://goo.gl/sOvIRP
The ‘southern sugar sage’What can cause a country to be stuck in under-development?
• Poverty trap
• Economic policy framework
• Fiscal Framework & fiscal trap
• Governance patterns & failures
• Physical geography
• Cultural barriers
• Geo-politicshttp://sugarchangedtheworld.c
om/
Common characteristics of high sustained growth
World Bank Group. 2015. Global Monitoring Report 2014/2015: Ending Poverty and Sharing Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Breaking out of ‘under-development’
Basics needed to improve livelihoods
Roads Ports Safe
water/sanitation Basic health care Education for kids Security Shelter/Housing
What is Human Development?
Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/file/what-human-development
2015: 25 years since the first Human Development Report (HDR)
Introduced a new approach for advancing human wellbeing.
The human development approach - expanding the richness of
human life, rather than simply the richness of the economy in which
human beings live.
An approach focused on people & their opportunities & choices.
See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org for details on how the HDI is calculated.
Measuring the state of human development
1934: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the key tool for measuring economic growth and a rising GDP - became a dominant mantra of policy making.
Developed by Simon Kuznets, a Russian-American economist & statistician - way to better understand the American economy during the great depression.
Idea is to capture all economic production by individuals, companies & the government in a single measure - should rise in good times and fall in bad.
• 1944: Following the Bretton Woods conference that established international financial institutions such as the World Bank & the International Monetary Fund, GDP becomes the standard tool for sizing up a country's economy.
Reference: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/gdp_a_brief_history
Measuring the state of human development
1962 Kuznets warns: “the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income”.
In more recent times: Metrics that focus on people’s lives -recognize that economic growth is a means to an end, not an end in itself.
Reference: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/gdp_a_brief_history
1959: Economist Moses Abramovitz - one of the first to question whether GDP accurately measures a society's overall well-being - "we must be highly skeptical of the view that long-term changes in the rate of growth of welfare can be gauged even roughly from changes in the rate of growth of output."
Human Development Index (HDI)
Mahbub ul Haq
Evolution:
1960s: Calls to “dethrone” GDP - the leading measure of national progress - never intended to be used as a measure of wellbeing
1970s and 80s - go beyond GDP - emphasis on
employment, redistribution, meeting basic needs
1990s: Human development - approach &
measurement
HDI ranks countries:1. Very high human development2. High human development3. Medium human development4. Low human development
GDP vs HDIrankings
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aCcM_7rg22Bw
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
1. Developed and applied by the Oxford Poverty and
Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP.
2. Published for the first time in the 2010 Human Development
Report.
3. Complements money-based measures by considering multiple
deprivations and their overlap.
4. Identifies deprivations across the same three dimensions as the
HDI and shows the number of people who are multidimensionally
poor (suffering deprivations in 33% of weighted indicators) and
the number of deprivations with which poor households typically
contend.
5. Can be deconstructed by region, ethnicity and other groupings as
well as by dimension, making it an apt tool for policymakers.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
About 1.7 billion people in the 109 countries covered by the MPI—
a third of their population — live in multidimensional poverty —
that is, with at least 33% of the indicators reflecting acute
deprivation in health, education and standard of living
This exceeds the estimated 1.3 billion people in those countries
who live on $1.25 a day or less (though it is below the share who
live on $2 or less).
Multidimensional poverty measurement literature:
Bourguignon and Chakravarty (2003) Tsui (2002) Alkire and Foster (2011)Chakravarty, Deutsch and Silber (2008)Deutsch and Silber (2005), Duclos, Sahn and Younger (2006) Maasoumi and Lugo (2008)
2009: Mexico’s National Council for the Evaluation of Social Policy
adopted a multidimensionalindex as the country’s official
poverty measure.
2011: Colombia adopted a poverty reduction strategy focused on five
separate dimension.
2014: HDI
The ‘advanced’ or ‘ industrialised’ economies – the ‘north’.
The ‘less developed counties’ (LDCs) ‘ the ‘south’
Human Development Report 2014:“Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj0eCPmnlr4 (4+ minutes)
Who is vulnerable & why?
Policies for reducing vulnerability & building resilience.
‘When we talk about policies for reducing vulnerability and building resilience, culturally appropriate, environmentally responsible and economically viable tourism can contribute to preventing shocks, promoting capabilities and protecting choices’ (Noakes, 2015).
Human Development Report 2013 - Rise of the South
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnlR-JkbeFs approx 4 minutes
Millennium Development Goals
The UN Millennium Declaration 3 min 14 secs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuvl9vOZedE
MDGs = a set of eight goals 18 numerical targets have been set with 44 quantifiable indicators
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development.
Mutually reinforcing.
Achieving them requires building capacity for effective, democratic, and accountable governance, protection of human rights, and respect for the rule of law. (The World Bank)
Tourism & the MDGs
Image source: http://icr.unwto.org/content/tourism-millennium-development-goals-mdgs
UNWTO, Tourism & the MDGs
http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/icrmdgleafleteng12042012.pdf
United Nations—September 13, 2007
2010: UNWTO launched initiative for a more cohesive approach to tourism development at the international level.
Since then, nine key international organizations have joined forces and formed the United Nations Steering Committee on Tourism for Development
Objective to strengthen the developmental impact of international tourism.
International Labor Organization (ILO)
International Trade Center (ITC)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Industrial Organization (UNIDO)
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Not just UNWTO engaged in tourism within the UN systemUN Steering Committee on Tourism for Development (SCTD)
http://icr.unwto.org/en/content/un-steering-committee-tourism-development-sctd
A reminder on global tourism
Tourism: benefits & costs.
Peace & prosperityVital to generating foreign exchange to LDCsThe only service sector with a positive balance of trade towards the developing world Offers special opportunities in regional, rural & remote areas Develops economic diversity & builds local markets
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
‘Tourism enables communities that are poor in material wealth but rich in culture, history, and heritage to use their unique
characteristics as an income-generating comparative advantage.’ Honey & Gilpin 2009, US Institute of Peace
http://www.responsibletravel.org/resources/documents/reports/USIP%20Tourism%20in%20the%20Developing%20World.pdf
evaluate costs & benefits associated
• ¾ of international tourist departures start in high or upper-middle income countries.
• 40% of those journeys end up in developing country destinations.
• International tourists are significantly better than development agencies at spending money in poor countries.
• 2007: International tourists spent US$295 billion in developing countries - almost 3 times level of ODA
Mitchell & Ashley, Tourism & Poverty Reduction: Pathways to Prosperity (2010) London, Earthscan
Papua New Guinea
Cambodia
Bhutan
In countries that are most dependent on tourism (particularly small islands) tourism can account for 30–90% of GDP and 50–90% of exports & can employ 20–50 % of the population.
More than 75 million people living on Pacific islands will have to relocate by 2050 because of the effects of climate change, Oxfam has warned.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/5915829/Climate-change-to-force-75-million-Pacific-Islanders-from-their-homes.html
Fishermen paddle off Kennedy Island in the remote Western Province of theSolomon Islands
Tourism vital to most LDCs
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/poverty-reduction/poverty-website/tourism-and-LDCs/Tourism_Poverty_Reduction_LDCs_web.pdf
Key issues that determine the relationship between tourism & poverty
Pro-Poor Tourism info-sheets: Sheet No 3, http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/info_sheets/3%20info%20sheet.pdf
Costs of tourism developmentRange of hidden costs to tourism - can have unfavorable economic
effects on the host community.
Potential for large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host
country and exclusion of local businesses and products.
Leakage: In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers'
expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international
companies (who often have their headquarters in the travelers' home
countries), and not to local businesses or workers.
Infrastructure costs: Tourism development can be a financial burden on the local government & taxpayers - developers may want the government to improve the airport, roads & other infrastructure -possibly to provide tax breaks & other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government. Source UNEP: http://goo.gl/NJk3Ed
Costs of tourism development
Economic dependence of the local community on tourism.
Increase in prices: Increasing demand for basic services & goods from
tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local
residents whose income does not increase proportionately.
Seasonal character of jobs: Creates economic problems for
destinations that are heavily dependent on it. Problems that seasonal
workers face include job (and therefore income) insecurity, usually
with no guarantee of employment from one season to the next,
difficulties in getting training, employment-related medical benefits,
and recognition of their experience, and unsatisfactory housing and
working conditions.Source UNEP: http://goo.gl/NJk3Ed
Enclave tourism – restricting opportunities locals, isolating tourists
from locals.
MDG targets & Indicators
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty
Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day
Indicators1. Proportion of population below $1 (1993 PPP) per day (World Bank) 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] (World Bank)3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption (World Bank)
Target 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Indicators4. Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age (UNICEF-WHO)5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (FAO)
http://www.mdg1.ewebsite.com/photos/extreme-starvation.htmlhttp://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
Tourism Policies
Tourism policies should be applied in such a way as to help to raise the standard of living of the populations of the regions visited & meet their needs through increased income distribution.
Where skills are equal, priority should be given to local manpower - M/SMEs.
Hotels and guesthouses should be encouraged to use local handicrafts and artwork or local products.
Tour Operators; Tour Guides; and Hotels and Guesthouses should give preferment to the hire of local workers and train them accordingly, particularly where local skills are favoured.
Sustain poor communities’ access to environmental resources
Hawkins + Noakes 2007http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/icrmdgleafleteng12042012.pdf
www.mdg1.ewebsite.com
MDG targets & indicators
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Target 3. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere,
boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full
course of primary schooling
Indicators
6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education
(UNESCO)
7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach
grade 5 (UNESCO)
8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds (UNESCO)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
Tourism Policies
Tourism should be incorporated
into the general national
education framework for all ages,
particularly in secondary school
and higher education.
Tourism workforce development
efforts will require higher
literacy levels .
Hawkins + Noakes 2007http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/icrmdgleafleteng12042012.pdf
www.unesco.org
MDG targets & indicators
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower
Women
Target 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all
levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators
9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and
tertiary education (UNESCO)
10. Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
(UNESCO)
11. Share of women in wage employment in the
non-agricultural sector (ILO)
12. Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliament (IPU)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
1. Women make up between 60 and 70% of the
labour force in the tourism industry (ILO).
2. Women are well represented in service and clerical level jobs but poorly
represented at professional levels
3. Women in tourism are typically earn up to 25% less than their male
counterparts (ILO)
4. The tourism sector has almost twice as many women employers as other
sectors
5. One in five tourism ministers worldwide are women
6. Women make up a much higher proportion of own-account workers in tourism
than in other sectors
http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/women-tourism-empowerment-programme-witep
iowaworkcomplaw.com
A large amount of unpaid work is being carried out by women in family
tourism businesses
Most of the jobs for women are in unskilled or semi-skilled work and they
are often employed in the informal sector with poor wages and working
conditions.
Women are therefore vulnerable in the industry and face precarious types of
jobs, inequality, violence at work, stress and sexual harassment.
radiolabour.net
http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/global_report_on_women_in_tourism_2010.pdf
The relationship between increased gender equality and poverty reduction
Tourism Policies
Employment and training policies should not exclude ethnic minorities or women, but should efficiently utilise and develop their specific skills.
The tourism industry should not alter the gender balance of access to, and utilisation of these resources.
Gender studies should be incorporated into all impact assessment studies.
www.tourismgender.com was/is a global knowledge e-network providing an on-line tourism resource promote gender equity and the empowerment of women.
www.oxfam.org.nz
blogs.worldbank.org
http://www.3sistersadventuretrek.com/
• ‘Since 1994, they have worked towards empowering women in Nepal. In the early nineties no one would have dreamed of a Nepalese woman guiding a trek.• Nepalese society is ruled by the orthodox Hindu religion where women are considered second-class citizens.• Their role is to be a diligent wife, a loving mother, and an obedient daughter-in-law. • Society dictates that a woman should not cross out of her home threshold. • But the Chhetri sisters did just that.’
MDG targets & indicators
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Target 5. Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990
and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Indicators
13. Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO)
14. Infant mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO)
15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized
against measles (UNICEF-WHO)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
Tourism Policies
New tourism development
can finance new social
infrastructure such as a heath
center, water supply,
sanitation & energy supply
infrastructure through options
such as:
(i)developer incentives
(ii)tourism related taxes
(iii) other means
Hawkins + Noakes 2007
www.unicef.org
MDG targets & indicators
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Target 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between
1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Indicators
16. Maternal mortality ratio (UNICEF-WHO)
17. Proportion of births attended by skilled
health personnel (UNICEF-WHO)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
Tourism Policies
New tourism development
can finance new social
infrastructure such as a heath
center, water supply,
sanitation & energy supply
infrastructure through
options such as:
(i) developer incentives
(ii) tourism related taxes
(iii) other means
Hawkins + Noakes 2007http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2012/sep/07/philippines-battle-reproductive-health-bill
MDG targets & indicatorsGoal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Indicators18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years (UNAIDS-WHO-UNICEF) 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division) 19a. Condom use at last high-risk sex (UNICEF-WHO)19b. Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS (UNICEF-WHO) 19c. Contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division)20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years (UNICEF-UNAIDS-WHO)
Target 8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Indicators21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria (WHO)22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures (UNICEF-WHO) 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis (WHO)24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (internationally recommended TB control strategy) (WHO)
Interconnectedness of tourism networks
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_dialogue/@sector/documents/presentation/wcms_162293.pdf
ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and the world of work
http://www.unaids.org/en/
Key lessons: ILO & HIV AIDS in Tourism
HIV/AIDS is reducing labour productivity in the tourism sector.
• HIV/AIDS is increasing labour costs in tourism.
• It makes economic sense to provide treatment to employees in the sector.
• Working in the sector puts young adults at the risk of infection.
• Tourism sector offers an opportunity to target a high risk group.
• Timely prevention efforts hold the key.
• Management commitment is the key to success.
http://www.un.cv/agency-unaids.php http://www.unaids.org/
MDG targets & indicators
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources
Indicators25. Proportion of land area covered by forest (FAO)26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area (UNEP-WCMC)27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP) (IEA, World Bank)28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (UNFCCC, UNSD) and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) (UNEP-Ozone Secretariat)29. Proportion of population using solid fuels (WHO)
Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicators30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural (UNICEF-WHO)31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural (UNICEF-WHO)
Target 11. Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Indicators32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (UN-HABITAT)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
Tourism Policies
Tourism should be planned and practised as a means of individual and collective learning about the legitimate differences between peoples and cultures and their diversity.
Access and facilities for disabled and older tourists should be incorporated into overall design, planning and implementation of tourist facilities.
Hawkins + Noakes 2007Rainforest destruction, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Tourism policies (cont)
All stakeholders in tourism development should safeguard the natural and cultural environment with a view to achieving sound, continuous & sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitably the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.
Financial resources derived from visits to cultural sites and monuments & natural heritage should, at least in part, be used for the management of protected areas
Negative impacts of the tourism sector need to be mitigated—e.g.: carbon neutral travelwww.environment.com
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-causes
MDG targets & indicators
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Target 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction?both nationally and internationally)
Target 13. Address the special needs of the Least Developed Countries (includes tariff- and quota-free access for Least Developed Countries? exports, enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries [HIPCs] and cancellation of official bilateral debt, and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction)
Target 14. Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states (through the Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and 22nd General Assembly provisions)
Target 15. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
MDG targets & indicators
Target 16. In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
Indicators45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, each sex and total (ILO)
Target 17. In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
Indicators46. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis (WHO)
Target 18. In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies
Indicators47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population (ITU)48. Personal computers in use per 100 population and Internet users per 100 population (ITU)
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries, Africa, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing states
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
MDG targets & indicators
IndicatorsOfficial development assistance (ODA)33. Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors' gross national income (GNI)(OECD)34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) (OECD)35. Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied (OECD)36. ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their GNIs (OECD)37. ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs (OECD)
Market access38. Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty (UNCTAD, WTO, WB)39. Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries (UNCTAD, WTO, WB)40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP (OECD)41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity (OECD, WTO) Debt sustainability42. Total number of countries that have reached their Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) (IMF - World Bank) 43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative (IMF-World Bank)44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services (IMF-World Bank)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm
Tourism Policies
The exploitation of human beings in any form, particularly sexual, especially when applied to children, should be energetically combated with the cooperation of all States.
Multinational enterprises in the tourism industry should not exploit the dominant positions they may occupy;
partnerships and the establishment of balanced relations between enterprises of generating and receiving countries contribute to the sustainable development of tourism and an equitable distribution of the benefits of its growth.
Rural Cambodia
Hawkins + Noakes 2007
Tourism Policies (cont)
Exchanges of experience offered to executives and workers, whether salaried or not, from different countries, contribute to foster the development of the world tourism industry;
Staff from tour operators and tour guides should be encouraged to train abroad where possible to gain essential hospitality and international relations skills.
Hawkins + Noakes 2007www.dreamprojectun.ning.com
Global progress toward achieving the MDGs has been uneven
Transition from MDGs to SDGs.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/
United Nations Summit set to adopt the post-2015 development
agenda: 25 Sep 2015 - 27 Sep 2015 , New York
The World We Want - A Future For All
Outcomes of the Rio+20 Conference - agreement by member
States to launch a process to develop a set of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs),
Build upon the Millennium Development Goals + converge with
the post 2015 development agenda
Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs
See: http://www.uncsd2012.org/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5BDIBRwQ88&list=PLKnUaRyhTxD0l5fOt4ZgxV60Jyz2tkTd-(3 minutes)
A Better World by 2030 - Post-2015 Development Goals
Sustainable Development Goals: 2015 - 2030
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html
Multilateral agencies Bilateral agencies NGOs
International donors (development partners) & funding for tourism projects
‘Donors’ supply funds for International Development (Official Development Assistance ODA)
http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/jamuna-river-bendiksen/
http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/beyond-oda.htm
Established in 1961
Headquarters: Paris, France
Membership: 34 countries
www.oecd.org
Development Assistance Committee (DAC) - groups the world’s main donors,
defining and monitoring global standards in key areas of development. http://www.oecd.org/dac/
Watch video (approx 3 minutes) - overview of DAC statistics, with
a special focus on statistics beyond ODA.
Why Is Foreign Aid Important?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFbOzEI6IYk 2 minutes
A view from Bill Gates.
The World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD ) - serves middle-income countries with capital investment and advisory services
International Development Association (IDA) – provides assistance for the world’s 79 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa - the single largest source of donor funds for basic social services in the poorest countries
International Finance Corporation (IFC) –fosters private sector investment in developing nations
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA ) –Assists Investors & lenders managing economic & political risks
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) - provides facilities forconciliation and arbitration of international investmentdisputes
http://zunia.org/p/2/
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/IBRDResults.pdf
Tourism Development Cycles
• 1966 – 1979: Macro Development--Between 1966 and 1979, 19 Financial Intermediary Loans were made to 17 countries totaling US$ 590 million.
• 1980 – 1990: Disengagement--The rapid growth of tourism as a productive economic sector in the 1970s (Harrison 1992) led to the WB decision in 1979 that tourism projects were not a good fit with development policies driving WB lending at that time and that the TPD should be closed. Management at the WB believed that the markets and the private sector were the most appropriate growth engine for tourism
• 1991 – 1999: Sustainable Development--Hand in hand with “sustainable development” was “sustainable tourism” and the ideology of environmental and social sustainability provided another entry opportunity for tourism at the WB
• 2000-2006: Micro development policies--Tourism-related projects are currently spread throughout the WB for a total active commitments portfolio of over US$ 3.5 billion
Maun & Hawkins 2005
Contemporary tourism activities
Tourism – a component of multi-sectoral projects and studies – not a theme nor sector
Constitutes a significant source of foreign exchange for many countries -significant environmental effects from tourism development such as waste management and marine pollution.
To be sustainable, tourism-based economic growth needs to take into account the carrying capacity of the environment in order to not undermine the very resource in which this activity is based.
Needs multi-institutional coordination - brings together several government agencies with direct or indirect mandate on tourism-related activities and the large number of private stakeholders involved in them.
World Bank Tourism page: http://tiny.cc/c2jucx
Examples of contemporary tourism activities
Messerli,Hannah R.. 2014. Ethiopia - Tourism Development : P098132 -Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 10. Washington, DC: World Bank.http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/18897872/ethiopia-tourism-development-p098132-implementation-status-results-
report-sequence-10
Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Thematic Grouphttp://goo.gl/o5Z5Mf
Guizhou Province, China: SEA: Tourism Development in the Province of Guizhou(March 2007)
Mozambique: An SEA for Beach Development (relating to tourism), cited in Chapter 6: SEA Experience in
Developing Countries (page 263), in International Review of SEA Experience and Practice (International Institute for Environment and Development, 2005)
http://goo.gl/A8i1Tz
Examples of contemporary tourism activities
World Bank's Africa Region Tourism Page http://tiny.cc/c2jucx
Uganda
World Bank. 2013. Economic and statistical analysis of tourism in Uganda. Washington DC : World Bank.
http://tiny.cc/stmucx
Collaboration: WB & UK
Ethiopia: Sustainable Tourism Development Project
US$35 million – loan to
Federal Republic of
Ethiopia –
implementing agency:
Ministry of Culture and
Tourism.
Objective: Contribute to the enhancement of the quality and variety of tourism products & services in targeted destinations so as to increase tourist visitation, foreign exchange earnings, and jobs.
UK AID supported early work on pro-poor tourism
Promoting Poverty Issues in Tourism Policyhttp://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/3010/Default.aspx
Objectives: Increased knowledge, awareness and hence implementation of
strategies that enhance tourism's contribution to poverty reduction in poor areas
of the south.
Development and Learning and Sharing: Lessons on Pro-poor Tourism Strategies.http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/3013/Default.aspx
Objectives:
To encourage tourism practicioners (private, governmental and others) to adopt
strategies that enhance the poverty impacts of tourism - specific objective was to
further expand the knowledge base of useful pro-poor tourism (PPT) strategies,
enhance the dissemination of ideas, and stimulate on-going dialogue on PPT
approaches.
Uganda
Mwauri, F.; Ssekitoleko, S.
Reviewing Uganda's tourism
sector for economic and social
upgrading. Economic Policy
Research Centre, Kampala,
Uganda (2012) 48 pp. [Research
Series No. 91]http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/pdf/outputs/tradepolicy/series91.pdf
http://www.usaid.gov/content/global-climate-change/sustainable-tourism
Incorporates tourism into its development activities
1. Reduce poverty through market responsive enterprise
development - sharing of profits within communities;
2. Provide higher education & economic opportunity through the
training & capacity-building that accompany tourism
development;
3. Promote gender equality by involving women in tourism
activities, providing them with access to credit & training -
supporting women-owned businesses;
4. Ensure environmental sustainability & the vitality of the resource
base on which tourism depends;
5. Develop global partnerships by collaborating with developing
countries, other donor agencies & private partners in
development activities.Source: http://www.usaid.gov/content/global-climate-change/sustainable-tourism
USAID - Ethiopia Sustainable Tourism AllianceProject Management: Solimar International, USA.
Partners: Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS), TESFA Community Based Tourism, Ecotourism
Association of Ethiopia, SNV, Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society.
Project Duration: July 2008 – July 2013
Major Activities
Created 7 community tourism enterprises utilizing training tools, which provides jobs and
revenue for the communities in the Central and Southern Rift Valley in Ethiopia.
Developing brand and website (Roots of Ethiopia) for the various community tourism
enterprises to showcase each community offering and help reverse Ethiopia’s negative
international image.
Developing marketing and awareness collateral: marketing and educational collateral aimed
at increasing awareness of community tourism and incentivizing the travel trade.
Managing relationships: utilizing online tools and traditional communication platforms to
establish linkages between stakeholders in community tourism and engage the international
travel community.
Building capacity: conducting training workshops and creating training materials for ESTA
personnel to ensure that they can use the tools and activities necessary to implement
community tourism in Ethiopia and continue towards the goal of sustainable development.
USAID - Ethiopia Sustainable Tourism Alliance
More at: http://www.solimarinternational.com/our-work/projects/ethiopia
Currently implementing approx 50 projects with a tourism component, or the
potential to promote tourism.
Active in the field of environmental protection and resource conservation -
aims to tap new resources of income for people living in the periphery of
nature reserves.
Promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises in the tourism sector is also
of growing importance.
Key thematic areas of tourism promotion:
environmental protection and natural resource conservation
economic development and poverty reduction
ecological and social standards.
http://www.giz.de/expertise/html/6499.html
Project list: http://www.giz.de/expertise/html/6503.html
Promoting a Model for Rural Tourism in Natural Protected Areas in Mexico
Project Description: To consolidate a sustainable tourism in rural communities by promoting the conservation and alternate income sources.
Estimated Total Cost USD 815,035
The IDB Group uses loans, grants, guarantees and investments to fund development programs.
http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=ME-M1064&lang=en
UN Participating Organizations
• UNDP - United Nations Development Programme ($1,181,600)
• UNESCO - United Nations Educational and Scientific Organization ($2,979,600)
• FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ($647,035)
• ILO - International Labour Organization ($2,862,250)
• UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme ($1,214,405)
Sustainable Cultural Tourism in Namibia
NGO example
ILO External Collaborator: Steve Noakes
UN agency example: Indonesia
Tourism jobs are green when they help reduce
negative environmental impact ultimately leading
to environmentally, economically & socially
sustainable enterprises & economies.
Sustainable Cultural Tourism in Namibia
• Amount Requested: $8,884,890
• Duration: 36 Months
• Aims to strengthen the contribution of cultural diversity to the achievementof the MDGs.
• Namibia’s richness in cultural & natural heritage represents the basisfor the development of cultural tourism.
EU + ADB + International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is a regional intergovernmental learning & knowledge sharing centre serving the eight regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayas. www.icimod.org
Evaluating ST-EP projects
LAO PDR
VIETNAM2009
www.unwto.org/step/index.php
Ban Kandone, Sekong Province in
southern Lao PDR
Vietnam: Ha Tay Province
near Ha Noi renowned for
its handicraft industry
International Finance Corporationwww.ifc.org
MPDF is a multi-donor program of ADB, Australia, Canada, Finland, IFC, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Managed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), part of the World Bank Group.
http://www.mekongtourism.org/site-t3/partners/development/ifc-mpdf/
MPDFTOURISM SECTOR STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
• Hotel Marketing-Booking & Rating Services
• Hotel Operational Support
• Hotel Association and Destination Marketing
• Corporate Social Responsibility/Sustainability agenda
• Pilot destinations for MPDF’s planned interventions
Vietnam, Cambodia & Lao PDR
Worldhotel link project
whl.travel business is the original business of the WHL Group Started life as a development project in the Mekong region trying to find a way to get travel product from the developing world online and able to be transacted just as it is in the West
IFC: Once the company is profitable, WHL is obligated to repay all of IFC-MPDF’s investment, plus 5%.
Mekong Tourism Development ProjectFour parts: 2003 - 2007
Taking Action in CAMBODIA
Part A: Tourism-related Infrastructure Improvements
Upgrading priority tourism related infrastructure that will facilitate access or improve the environmental situation of destinations
1. Improving environments in Siem Reap:Rehabilitating the urban sewer on the west side of Siem Reap, constructing new connections in the system and stabilizing lagoons to treat discharges from a population of about 17000 and preparing a community sanitation and health awareness program and a small resettlement plan.
Part A: Tourism-related Infrastructure Improvements
2. Improving road access to the genocide memorialElevating the 6.3km access road to the Cheong Ek Genocide memorial, surfacing it with asphalt concrete, rebuilding two bridges and improving the drainage system for the road.
3. & 4. Improving Rattanakiri & Stung Treng AirportsResurfacing and extending the runway, constructing a new taxi way, apron, drainage system, passenger terminal airport fence, control tower, operations building, car park and access and securing navigation, security and communication equipment and land acquisition and resettlement in Rattanakiri
TAKING
ACTION
TAKING
ACTION
TAKING
ACTION
Part B: 10 Sub-components
1. Institutional strengthening & community participation
2. Tourism awareness and conservation awareness
3. Pro-poor tourism product development
4. Small-scale tourism related infrastructure development
5. Capacity building for tourism related micro-enterprises and communities
6. Gender development program
7. Indigenous people development program
8. Marketing and promotion
9. Promotion of community-based tourism networks and ecotourism stakeholder associations
10. Monitoring and evaluation program
TAKING ACTION
Part C: Sub-regional tourism cooperation
Sub- regional cooperation in tourism is not a slogan in the GMS – it is central to its existence.
Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam have emerging tourism industries in transitional economies.
They have recognized the advantages of cooperating in order:
•to develop new products,
•improve the policy climate and
institutional capacities,
•strengthen promotion and marketing
•establish effective partnerships between
the public and private sectors.
1. Strengthening GMS facilities for tourism cooperation
2. Improving tourism-related facilities at border posts
3. Establishing a GMS network of tourism marketing and promotion boards
4. Standardising a GMS Hotel Classification System5. Developing a GMS tourism plan6. Improving and harmonizing GMS tourism statistics7. Diversifying the Mekong Tourism Coordinating Office8. Developing GMS tourism human resources
Part C: 8 sub-projects Sub-regional tourism cooperation
Taking
Action
Move from a history of border conflict where the emphasis has tended to be on
border protection and defence…To …….
A spirit of cooperation designed to facilitate cross border trade and
tourist flows.
Dong Kralor, Cambodia – Lao PDR border
Veunkhan border post,
Champrasak Province, Lao PDR
Are the border checkpoints ready for the growth in overland travel
into and within the GMS?
Part D: Tourism-related Infrastructure Improvements
1. Project management
Supporting consulting services and project management, tourism development and sub-regional cooperation.
2. Project infrastructure development
Supervising detailed design and supervision of tourism related infrastructure and pro poor, community based tourism development.
3. Project administration
Meeting MoT, MEF & ADB project administration needs.
TAKING
ACTION
TAKING
ACTION
TAKING
ACTION
Australian AID funded sustainable tourism in the Pacific
Australian AID funded sustainable tourism in the Pacific
AusAID and Carnival Australia to tackle poverty in the Pacific10 July, 2013
includes increasing access to the cruise tourist market for local
producers through improved infrastructure for visitors
providing vocational education and training to local vendors in
areas such as hospitality and financial management
http://aid.dfat.gov.au/LatestNews/Pages/AusAID-and-Carnival-Australia-to-tackle-poverty-in-the-Pacific.aspx
Australian AID funded sustainable tourism in the Pacific
http://aid.dfat.gov.au/LatestNews/Pages/AusAID-and-Carnival-Australia-to-tackle-poverty-in-the-Pacific.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KTi4AZMbSw (10+ minutes)
Review of learning objectives
Improve student knowledge of the concepts of:
sustainable development, including the implications of global population growth, wealth distribution
poverty & the poverty trap, Human Development, Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals.
Increase student understanding of the role and practices of tourism as an international development tool.
Identify & describe key issues relating to the use of tourism in emerging economies.
Critically analyse & evaluate costs & benefits associated with developing tourism.
Reflect on approaches aimed to improve the management of sustainable tourism – with a focus on emerging economies.
This is your life.
Graduate.
Travel often.
Do good.
www.holstee.com
http://photography.nationalgeographic.com.au/photography/photos/moons-and-sunsets-photo-gallery/#/palm-tree-fiji_26301_600x450.jpg
Discuss: How could tourism contribute to the post 2015 global development agenda?
Additional slides on
Mekong Tourism Development ProjectFour parts: 2003 - 2007
2003 site inspection
Mekong Tourism Development
Project (MTDP)
Part A – Improvement of Tourism
Related Infrastructure
Choeung Ek Genocide
Memorial
Road improvement project
Project infrastructure development
Photos by: Michael Darter http://www.war-memorial.net/Killing-Fields-Memorial-at-Choeung-Ek-1.80
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial
129 mass graves dug by the Khmer Rouge Estimated 17,000 people executed
Access was possible only by motos, tuk-tuks, and 4WD vehicles
• Prior to commencing work under the MTDP, the road was totally dilapidated.
• Tour buses and tour coaches would not drive to the site because of the very poor road conditions.
• During the Monsoon Season the road was impassable for about 4 months because of flooding.
Only about 60,000 tourists a year visited the site
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial road improvement project
Mekong Tourism Development ProjectPart A – Improvement of Tourism Related Infrastructure
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial Road improvement project
This project quired upgrading 6.3 km from Phnom Penh to the historical GenocidalMemorial Centre of Choeung Ek.
Cheung Ek Museum
Bridge No.1 (Phum Mall bridge) – bridge
and road to be constructed Bridge No.2 (Cheung Ek bridge) – bridge
and road to be constructed
Between 2004 & 2008 - the dirt road that linked Choeung Ek to Phnom Penh about six miles away was paved - project funded by the Asian Development Bank.
More reading: http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Cambodia-Legacy-Genocide-2009-English.pdf
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial Road improvement project
Carraige way Road shoulder Road shoulder
Typical Cross-sectionPK 1+140-PK4+540
El. Pole
RC Pipe Ø1000mm
Fence
2.5%
Subbase (Granular 20cm.thk)
C L
2.5%
Based Course ( M 30 ,15cm.thk)
Road pavement (AC ,5cm)
RC Pipe Ø1000mm
El. Pole
Fence
4%4%
Laterite 15cm Laterite 15cm
The road improvement construction was carried out under the direct supervision and administration of the Municipality of Phnom
Penh Department of Public Works & Transport (PMU/MPP).
Part A – Improvement of Tourism Related Infrastructure
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial road improvement project
Part A – Improvement of Tourism Related Infrastructure
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial road improvement project
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial road improvement project
Bridge No.1 (Phum Mall bridge) -
old bridge
Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial road improvement project
Part A – Improvement of Tourism Related Infrastructure:Choeung Ek Genocide Memorial road improvement project
Even before the road was sealed the dramatic improvement in the road surface attracted tour buses and tour coaches and they began using the road to visit the site in December 2006.
Over the first four months, the number of buses increased from 2 to 3 per day to as many as 30 buses per day taking tourists to the site
A monitoring system put in place to gauge the success of the upgrading of the road in attracting visitorsIn first two months of 2007 reached almost 10,000
The Revenue FieldsBy Kevin Doyle/Phnom Penh Monday, Apr. 11, 2005
Should genocide should be commercialized ?
Japanese company, JC Royal Co., expected to "increase revenue for the state and develop and renovate the beauty of Choeung Ek killing fields."
JC Royal pays the municipality of Phnom Penh $15,000 a year
Allowed to determine entrance fees (US$5 each in 2013)
Chea Vandeth, Cabinet Chief for Prime Minister Hun Sen, is Chairman of JC Royal
Now (2013) receives 400 to 500 visitors per day
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1047552,00.html