Титульный лист программы дисциплины (SYLLABUS)

Форма Ф СО ПГУ 7.18.4/19

Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан

Павлодарский государственный университет им. С. Торайгырова

Промышленное, гражданское и транспортное строительство

ПРОГРАММА ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ (SYLLABUS)

Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык (английский язык)

Павлодар, 2013 г.

Лист утверждения программа дисциплины (Syllabus)

Форма Ф СО ПГУ 7.18.4/19

УТВЕРЖДАЮ Декан АСФ ___________ Кудерин М.К.

«___»____________20___г.

Составитель: преподаватель ________________Г.А. Жукенова

Программа дисциплины (Syllabus)

Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык (английский язык)

для студентов очной формы обучения специальностей: 5В010700 – Изобразительное исскуство и черчение, 5В012000 – Профессиональное обучение, 5В042000 – Архитектура, 5В042100 – Дизайн, 5В072900 – Строительство, 5В073000 – Производство строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций, 5В073100 – Безопасность жизнедеятельности и защита окружающей среды, 5В074500 – Транспортное стротельство.

Программа разработана на основании рабочей учебной программы, утверждённой «___» _________20__г.

Рекомендована на заседании кафедры от «_____»____________20__г. Протокол №_____.

Заведующий кафедрой ____________ Саканов К.Т. «____» ________20__г.

Одобрена учебно-методическим советом архитектурно-строительного факультета «____»______________20__г. Протокол №____

Председатель УМС ________________ Жукенова Г.А. «____» ________20__г.

1. Паспорт учебной дисциплины Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык (английский язык)Дисциплина обязательного компонента

Количество кредитов и сроки изученияВсего – 2 кредитаКурс: 1Семестр: 2Всего аудиторных занятий – 90 часов

Лекции – н/п Практические/семинарские занятия – 30 часов Лабораторные – н/п

СРО – 60 часовв том числе СРОП – 15 часов

Общая трудоемкость – 90 часов

Форма контроляЭкзамен – 4 семестр

ПререквизитыДля освоения данной дисциплины необходимы знания, умения и навыки

приобретённые при изучении следующих дисциплин: - Английский язык - Введение в специальность.

Постреквизиты Знания, умения и навыки, полученные при изучении данной дисциплины,

необходимы для освоения следующих дисциплин:- Английский язык (профессиональный)

2. Сведения о преподавателях и контактная информацияЖукенова Гюльнара АбаевнаКафедра «Промышленное, гражданское и транспортное строительство», аудитория 313Телефон: +77021219811Е-mail: gulnara-home@mail.ru

3. Предмет, цели и задачиПредмет дисциплины – профессионально-ориентированный английский

язык.Цель преподавания дисциплины – формирование коммуникативной

компетенции специалиста, способного решать средствами английского языка актуальные задачи общения в различных сферах профессиональной деятельности.

Задачи изучения дисциплины - овладение системой базовых понятий и терминологии теории перевода;

- овладение системой прагматических единиц речевого уровня;- обогащение фоновых знаний энциклопедическими и интеллектуально-

культурными сведениями о специальности;- развитие умений и навыков написания и защиты учебно-научной работы

по специальности;- развитие деловой и учебно-научной речи студентов в диалогической /

монологической, устной / письменной форме.

4. Требования к знаниям, умениям, навыкам и компетенциямВ результате изучения данной дисциплины студенты должны:иметь представление о:- об особенностях функционирования речевых единиц (эмоционально-

экспрессивных и стилистических) в соответствии с условиями общения;- о языке и речи переводчика, способах невербальной коммуникации;- о стилях и типах речи / общения в различных сферах профессиональной

деятельности; знать:- социокультурные условия Казахстана и особенности функционирования

английского языка;- сферы, обстановки, ситуации общения, социальные и статусные роли

участников речевой коммуникации;- языковую систему и стилистические ресурсы на лексико-

грамматическом уровне; - минимум общенаучной книжной лексики и терминов, минимум речевых

тем в рамках специальности;- речевые особенности делового общения (обращение в официальной

обстановке общения, минимум этикетных формул и правил при выражении просьбы, отказа, согласия / несогласия, благодарности, поздравления и др.);

- виды и жанры учебно-научной и служебно-деловой речи;уметь:- определять приоритетные коммуникативные интенции и задачи; - строить стратегию общения для достижения успешной коммуникации;- осуществлять отбор лексико-грамматических стилистических единиц в

соответствии с экстралингвистическими условиями речевой коммуникации;- продуцировать (создавать, порождать) и правильно интерпретировать

высказывания научного, делового, публицистического стилей на актуальные темы в области профессиональной деятельности;

приобрести практические навыки:- оперировать языковыми, речевыми и стилистически окрашенными

средствами адекватно прагматическим условиям общения;- вести официальные и полуофициальные служебно-деловые беседы /

переговоры в соответствии с правилами русского речевого этикета; - правильно оформлять научную работу по переводческому делу и

служебно-деловую документацию.быть компетентным:- в области профессиональной английской речи.

5. Тематический план изучения дисциплины

Распределение академических часов по видам занятий

№ п/п Наименование тем Количество аудиторных

час. по видам занятий

СРО

практические (семинарские)

Всего в том числе СРОП

1 Введение 2 4 12 CIVIL ENGINEERING 2 4 1

3CONSTRUCTION WORKS 2 4 1

4SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS 2 4 1

5 MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS 2 4 1

6 MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS 2 4 1

7 SILICATE INDUSTRY 2 4 18 ASBESTOS 2 4 19 AIR – CONDITIONING 2 4 1

10 ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS

2 4 1

11 BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE 2 4 112 FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING 2 4 113 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 2 4 114 GREAT SPHINX 2 4 1

15 ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE 2 4 1Всего: 90 (2 кредита) 30 60 15

6. Содержание практических занятий, их объем в часах

ТЕМА 1

CIVIL ENGINEERING

I. Listen, read and remember.Appliance Приспособление, прибор

Apply Обращаться за чем-л

Branch Ветвь, филиал, отрасль

Concern Касаться, относиться, интересовать

Conflict with nature Противоречить природе, бороться с природой

Deal (with) Иметь дело с чем-л, кем-л

Divide (into) Делить. разделять

Distinguish (from) Отличать

Execute Выполнять

Harbour Гавань

Lead (to) Вести (к)

Protect oneself against Защищаться от чего-л

sustain Поддерживать, выдерживать

II. Read and translate the text.

Civil Engineering The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineering" as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied *in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. While the definition "civil engineering "dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature. First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers". With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It is divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. In the middle of the 20th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering—nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the achievements of modern science and engineering. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another,

branched off from civil engineering. The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Here are some fields of civil engineering:1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their

foundations.3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.4. The construction of railroads.5. The construction of harbours and canals.6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

III. A few explanations to the text1. ... in a more extended sense — в более широком смысле2. The former..., while the latter... - первый (имеется в виду из двух упомянутых)..., тогда

как последний... (из двух упомянутых)3. Here are some fields of civil engineering. — Вот некоторые области строительства.

IV. Answer the questions1. What does the word "engineering" mean?2. Is engineering a science?3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?9. When was electrical engineering developed?10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

V. Read the text and tell the group what is a home for you?What is home?(after Ernestine Schumann-Heink)

A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind? Floors to keep out the cold? Yes, but home is more than that. It's the laugh of a baby, the song of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship. Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for comfort when they are hurt or sick. Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and mothers are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the tea - kettle sings from happiness. That is home. Sweet home. God bless it.

ТЕМА 2CONSTRUCTION WORKS

I. Read following words and word-combinations and find centences containing them in the text.Basement фундамент, основание, подвал

beam балка, балансир

cause причина, сторона

coat покрытие, -ing слой (краски)

commission пускать в эксплуатацию

contractor подрядчик

designed performance проектная мощность

foundation основание, фундамент

framework конструкция. Структура

girder поясная балка, прогон

precommissioning works предпусковые работы

spare parts запасные части

timber лесоматериал, строевой лес, балка

followed its progress with interest с интересом следил за его ростом

basic and detailed engineering выполнение проектной документации

starting up and adjustment operation пуско-наладочные работы

II. Without translating find information in the text to the following questions.1. What purpose is the natural stone used for?2. What are the buildings made of stone and brick?3. Should the coverings tie the walls?4. What must every building be?5. What are the main parts of a building?6. What are their functions?7. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis?8. What are the responsibilities of the contractor?9. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking?10. How is a turnkey contract usually won?11. What can the Completion Certificate tell us about?12. What building professions have you come across in the text?

Construction Works The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple—a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind. The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purpose. As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artif-ical material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. The

buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity. The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes. The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep 6ut rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction. Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses. Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system. Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or sewerage.

II Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and *fol-lowed its progress with interest1. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are con-structed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned. The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged. Here are the main parts of a building and their functions. Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors. Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials. Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.

III Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning. The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out *basic and detailed engi neering2 and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor's highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, *start-up and adjustment operations3. After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks. As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate. The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will reach the designed perfor-mance.Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully

completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

III. Find English equivalents in the text.Огнеупорный материал, бутовая кладка, дополнительная нагрузка, различные отделочные материалы, защитить несколькими слоями краски, нулевой цикл, сертификат о завершении строительства, строительство «под ключ», проектно-изыскательные работы, местные и иностранные субподрядчики.

IV. Read the text once again and make words from the letters.

UNIT 3

SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS

I. Listen, read and remember.apprntice ученик, подмастерье

bid предложение цены, претензия

carpenter плотник

chimney труба, дымоход

cornice карниз

drain дренажная труба, канава; дренировать, осушать

expose выставлять (напоказ, на продажу); подвергать (опасности)

granolithic сделанный из искусственного гранита

joiner столяр

lathing сетка (под штукатурку)

mould форма, лекало, шаблон; формовать, делать по шаблону

plumber водопроводчик; паяльщик

render воздавать; представлять; делать, превращать

request просьба, требование; спрос

sheet лист (бумаги); ~ iron листовое железо

II. Scan the texst for about 10 minutes and find the sentences with words from I

Some Building Professions

A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill *to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of Greart Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialities.Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wall-board. He builds or dismantles Wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework.Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop *which is not exposed to weather.In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. *He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general constractor, but represents client's interest during all phases of the building process — design as well as construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updated cost projections so that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general constractor, however, doesn't usually enter the scene until after the design is complete.The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the bids, and awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends them out to the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a general constractor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM's direction.The CM may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the construction site.

III. A few explanations to the text.1. ...to be considered a skilled worker at his trade — может считаться искусным в своем

ремесле2. ...slater-and-tiler — кровельщик (мастер по укладке черепицы)3. hot water fitter—теплотехник4. which is not exposed to weather—который не подвержен погоде5. Не can use horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco — Он может

использовать опалубку для бетона, крепить сетку под штукатурку и применять отделочный гипс.

IV. read and translate the text « Some Building Professions». Give equivalent English phrases to the following Russian ones.Мастер по укладке черепицы, считаться искусным в своем ремесле, быть подверженным влиянию погоды, многослойная штукатурка, столярная мастерская, верхолаз, каменщик.

UNIT 4

MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS

I.Read the vocabulary to the text.consider рассматривать обсуждать, обдумывать

cross-section поперечное сечение, поперечный разрез, профиль

derive (from) получать, извлекать, происходить

froth пена; пениться

handle брать руками, держать в руках

impermeability непроницаемость, герметичность

kiln печь для обжига

mortar раствор

plywood фанера

resist сопротивляться

sawdust опилки

span промежуток времени, период времени

subject (to) подвергать, подчинять

tensile растяжимый

veneere шпон, фанера

II. A few explanations to the text.1. ... the first joint of the fingers – первыми фалангами пальцев2. ... for a vast number of purposes – для многих целей3. ... and they can be easier machined – и их легче обработать

III. Read and translate the text.

Modern Building MaterialsPart ISome of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building con-struction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6.5 to 9 Ib.There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.

The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.It is necessary, therefore, for the "would be" bricklayer to practise handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with *the first joints of the fingers1 on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.Metals: Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work *for a vast number of purposes.2 Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, *and they can be easier machined.3 Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been devel oped for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.

Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to.

IV. Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text.1. ...for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods.2. However, timber is still employed ...3. ... ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc.4. ... they use natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone.5. ... while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.6. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand...7. ... severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation.

8. ... to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.9. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost,...

V. Translate into English, and find sentences in the text with following word-combinations.Прямоугольное твердое тело, держать кирпич с легкой уверенностью, восьмичасовой рабочий день, шлаковая вата, преднапряженный бетон, площадь поперечного сечения, выдержать напряжение растяжения (растягивающее напряжение).

VI. Tell the group about any of the building materials.

VII. discuss different building materials from the text finishing the following phrases:1. What you need most of all is...2. Another important thing is...3. ... can make a real difference.4. I think ... is pretty important too.

VIII. Read and remember.on the other hand с другой стороны

bend сгибаться, гнуться, изгибаться

crack треск; трещина

desire желание, просьба, требование

gravel гравий,

load груз, нагрузка

sag оседать, обивать, падать

store запас, склад

tensile растяжимый

IX. Answer following questions. Then read the text and check your meanings.1. Why is concrete more fit for foundation?2. What floor covering is the best?3. What colour should bedroom walls be? (kitchen walls, living-room walls)4. What should a chimney be made of?5. Why is it nice to have a mantelpiece?6. What timber is considered to be the best for the window frames?7. What professionals does a construction team need?

Modern Building Materials Part II

Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETEBy the simple definition from the dictionary "aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete". In other words aggregates (or cushioning materials) can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form the rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete.Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume chang es resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass.All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete.As aggregates such natural materials as sand, pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Prestressed concrete is not a new material. Its successful use has been developed rapidly during the last two decades, chiefly because steel of a more suitable character has been produced. Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning a certain distance, it will at once be realized that the beam's own weight will cause the beam to "sag" or bend. This sagging at once puts the lower edge of the beam in tension, and if the cross-sectional area is small, causes it to break, especially if the span is relatively large. If, *on the other hand1, we use a beam of similar cross-section, but incorporate steel bars in the lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress derived from the sag of the beam, and thus assist in preventing it from breaking.In prestressed concrete steel is not used as reinforcement, but as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete. Therefore any beam (or member) made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression, and is consequently devoid of crack under normal loading, or so long as the "elastic limit" is not exceeded.Prestressed concrete is not only used for beams but is now employed extensively for columns, pipes, and cylindrical water towers, storage tanks, etc.

X. Translate following phrases.1. A relatively cheap filler, the proper consistency, resistance to weathering, spanning a certain

distance, the cross sectional area, negotiated fee.2. Вредные примеси, удачное использование, цементируемый материал, искусственный

камень, быть постоянно под напряжением, заполняющие материалы.

XI. Write out international words out from the text and translate them without a dictionary.

XII. Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text

1. ... to produce a mixture of the proper consistency.2. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly...3. ... they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; ... 4. This sagging at once puts the lower edge...5. ... as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete.6. ... any beam made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression...7. This sagging at once puts the lower edge....

UNIT 5

SILICATE INDUSTRY

I. Read and translate the text paying attantion to the following words.1. It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics. – она включает производство

цемента, стекла и керамики.2. … does not become hard at once. - … не застывает сразу.3. ..., which is not subject to disintegration or decay. – который не подвержен разрушению

или загниванию.4. ... on external agent for setting power – от внешнего фактора для застывания

bind связывать, скреплять

embrace включать, охватывать

grind размалывать

ignite зажигать, загораться; прокаливать

impurity примесь

lump глыба, комок

pit яма, копь, шахта

puty замазка

quarry каменоломня, карьер

roast обжигать, кальциновать

slake гасить (известь)

Silicate Industry

Silicate industry is the industry processing the natural compounds of silicon. *It embraces the production of cement, glass, and ceramics1.The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form putty, from which various articles can easily be moulded. When these are dried and then for easily moulding baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and retain their shape, no longer being softened by water.In this way clay, mixed water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime.Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture, marls. The materials roasted in cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current of hot gases, the products of the burning of fuel, flows in the opposite direction. During the period of their movement through the kiln the clay and the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the kiln in lumps of a caked mass is cement, which is then grounded.When cement is mixed with water, it forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as bricks or stones, very firmly. It is for this reason that cement is used widely as a binding materials in large-scale construction, including underwater construction.Cement is often mixed with sand or gravel, in which case we get concrete. Concrete has roughly the same coefficient of thermal expansion as iron.Glass Production. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda,

limestone, and sand. A mixture of these substances is heated in a bath-shaped furnace.When it cools, the liquid mass of glass *does not become hard at once2. At first it becomes viscous and readily assumes any shape. This property of glass is used in making various articles out of it. Definite portions of the cooling semiliquid mass are taken from the bath, and these are blown or pressed to make various glassware. By machine methods glass sheets, tubes, etc., can be drawn continuously from the molten mass.Sand is the chief material used as a fine aggregate. It is required in mortar or concrete for economy and to prevent the excessive cracking. Mortar made without sand would be expensive.The word "sand" is applied to any finely divided material which will not injuriously affect the cement or lime and * which is not subject to disintegration or decay. Sand is almost the only material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfil these requirements.

A mixture of coarse and fine grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger concrete with a less amount of cement than when only fine-grained sand is used.The following sands are used for mortars: pit or quarry sand, river sand and sea sand.Lime is a calcium oxide. It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster. Lime (quicklime) is a white solid that reacts violently with water to form calcium hydroxide. It is made by heating lime-stone in a special kind of furnace called a "kiln". Lime must be stored in a dry place, otherwise it will absorb moisture.Limes may be divided into three distinct classes:1. Rich limes that contain not more than 6 percent of impurities, slake very rapidly, and are entirely dependent *on external agents for setting power4. These are widely used for interior plasterer's works.2. Poor limes that contain from 15 percent to 30 percent of useless impurities and possess the general properties of rich limes, only to a lesser degree.3. Hydraulic limes that contain certain proportions of impurities, which when calcinated, combine with the lime and endow it with the valuable property of setting under water or without external agents.Lime is a basic building material extensively used all over the world, but it was not until the later years of the 19th century that a greater appreciation of the fuel-burning problems involved became apparent. Until this time the requirement for lime was largely agricultural and it was produced by farmers or by small builders who used it for making mortar and plaster.As industrial requirements increased "running" kilns were developed. These were lined with firebrick and charged at regular intervals with stone and fuel.Around the world there are many different types of kilns and variations in lime-burning practice.

II. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text.Жидкая масса, изделия из стекла, природная смесь, расплавленная масса, связующее вещество, цилиндрическая вращающая печь, нагревание известняка, изготовление раствора и штукатурки, гашеная известь.

III. explain in English the meaning of the following words.CoolingPuttySlaked limeMortarRunning kilns

IV. Group these phrases under the following headings:a) Cement Productionb) Glass Productionto roast in; large-scale construction; ordinary glass; to move through the kiln; building material; bath-shaped furnace; definite portions; cylindrical rotary kilns; to ignite at a temperature; a mixture of substances; cooling semiliquid mass; to press; the molten mass.

V. Speak about the glass production.

UNIT 6ASBESTOS

I. Find in the text a definition of asbestos and translate it into Russian.AsbestosAsbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times. The first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny *in the first century A. D.l

It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive textiles, which did not burn even in direct flame.Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibers. It is a rock, *which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation2. Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as a textile fiber in the form it is obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only chrysotile is widely used for textile products. Chrysotile is mined in many countries of the world. The soft, long, white fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton fiber is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibers together. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibers is their resistance to heat and burning. This property determines 4he ways in which they are used.Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and table coverings. The Chinese used asbestos to make false sleeves, which could be cleaned by putting them in the fire. All the dirt was burned off, leaving the asbestos clean. We know commercial development of the fiber to have started in the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flameproof clothing of many kinds, for laboratory, industrial and military purposes.Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main applications are those in which non-inflammability is essential such as conveyor belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof clothing, etc. Asbestos is sometimes used with glass fiber in making decorative fabrics for curtains used in hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of asbestos are used for electrical windings and insulation.

Vocabulary... in the first century AD – в первом веке нашей эры... which has been subjected to unusual treatment durin its formation – который подвергся необычному воздействию во время своего образованияbelt – поясdirt – грязьfiber (fibre) – волокно, нитьhandkerchief – носовой платок, косынкаsleeve – рукавspin – прястьtreatment – обращение, обработка, зд. Воздействиеyarn – пряжа, нить

II. Read and translate the text and complete the sentences.1. Fabrics made of asbestos have...2. .... one of the Emperors of Rome...3. Early uses for asbestos included such articles...4. All the dirt was burned off, leaving...

5. .. .fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes.

III. Match the verbs in A with those in B.to include происходить

to add добывать

to start прясть

to spin использовать

to mine гореть

to occur прясть

to burn начинать

to weave добавлять

to use включать

UNIT 7

AIR – CONDITIONING

I. Read the vocabulary and few explanations to the textan amount of количество чего-л

attic мансарда, чердак

be capable of быть способным

desire желание

duct проток, канал

exceed превышать, превосходить

humidity влажность

inhabit жить, обитать

moisture влажность

motion движение

outlet выпускное или выходное отверстие

precipitator осаждатель, ускоритель

purity чистота

stuffy душный

velocity скорость

waste бесполезная трата

... one for the processing of materials первый для обработки материалов

... a uniform temperature and humidity одинаковую температуру и влажность

... neither..., nor... ни…, ни…

A stove causes the hot air around it... Сушильная печь заставляет воздух вокруг…

II. Read the following text. Prepare several questions for discussion and discuss them in your group.

Air-conditioning

Air-conditioning is the bringing of air in a building to a desired temperature, purity, and humidity throughout the year to maintain healthy and comfortable atmosphere.Air-conditioning may be divided into two main sections: *one for the processing of materials1 in industry; the other for human comfort. It has been found that there is an optimum condition of temperature and humidity at which the processing of different materials may be carried out with the minimum of wastage and the maximum of goods of specification quality. The system is therefore designed to produce air of predetermined temperature and moisture content and to keep it so despite all external influences. Such air is filtered free of foreign material.Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into two main sections — winter and summer. Frequently, the systems installed in office buildings provide control during both seasons. Complete air-conditioning provides the following services.First, filtration of the air both in winter and summer to remove dust.Second, circulation of the air at low velocity and with proper diffusion to prevent draughts and maintain *a uniform temperature and humidity2 at all parts of the inhabited space.Third, introduction of enough fresh air from the outside atmosphere.Fourth, heating of the air in winter.Fifth, cooling of the air in summer below the outside atmosphere.Sixth, humidifying the air in winter to a relative humidity of at least 20-25 per cent.Seventh, dehumidifying the air in summer to a relative humidity not exceeding 55 per cent.The basic pieces of equipment are the filters, preheat coils, humidifiers, reheat coils, additional cooling coils, fans and controls. The control of air purity can be achieved in various degrees. As a minimum control some sort of filtering must be done near the entrance of the air-conditioning system. Possibly the most efficient filtering device is the electrostatic precipitator.Air conditioning for human comfort is employed in both large and small installations, such as theaters, office buildings, department stores, residences, airplanes, railways, cars and submarines.

II

People are comfortable when they are *neither too cold, nor3 too warm and when the air about them is neither too dry, nor too damp and is not stuffy or dusty. To bring about these desirable conditions the heating or air-conditioning apparatus must be capable of maintaining the following conditions inside the house, whatever the conditions outside may be.To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rooms. It must not be too cold at the floor, not too hot at the ceiling. * A stove causes the hot air around it4 to rise up toward the ceiling and cooler air to flow toward the stove. A radiator acts in this respect like a stove. Warm-air registers bring heated air into a room with a certain motion or velocity which imparts movement to the air already in the room. An outlet for this air should be provided in order to have good ventilation. In summer time much greater air motion is needed, enough to change the air in a room completely from three to ten times per hour. Sometimes a fan is placed in the attic to blow the warm

air out and to cause the cooler night air to flow through open windows. When this is done, air in the house can be expected to be changed completely every two or three minutes. When air is brought into a house from outside, heated in a furnace and distributed through all the rooms, it ought to be cleaned by passing it through "filters" before it enters the furnace.

III. discuss air-conditioning of the house with your partner using the following phrases:1. Another important thing is ...2. You must keep in mind that ...3. You avoid this ... should ...4. ... (this) must be sufficient.5. What people need most of all ...

UNIT 8 ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS

I. Let's talk about architecture.1. What famous Russian/English architectors do you know?2. Among Seven Wonders of the World there were some famous buildings and constructions. Do you know them?3. What famous architectural complexes in Russia do you know?4. What do you think about your city/town architecture?

II. Read few explanations to the text1... .a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture. —здание не может считаться архитектурным произведением.2... .in the first century В. С. (before Christ) —.. .в первом веке до нашей эры (до рождества Христова).3. No true architect could think of any of them... — Ни один настоящий архитектор не смог бы думать только об одном из них...4. It needs some unique type of imagination... — Она (архитектура) требует своеобразного видения...

III. Read the vocabulary to the text.entail вызывать

evolve развиваться

incoherent непоследовательный, несвязный

inherent присущий, неотъемлемый

heritage наследство

requite вознаграждение

triple тройной; утраивать

IV. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. What is architecture?2. What is the oldest book to set forth the principles of construction?3. How should mankind deal with the heritage of the past?4. What three basic factors in architecture were listed nearly two thousand years ago?5. Why architecture is a difficult art?

6. What can we say about any truly great building?7. What integration must an architect achieve?

Architecture: Its Forms and FunctionsArchitecture is the art or science of planning, building and structures. Without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements a building cannot take form. But without aesthetical quality inherent in its form *a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture1 as well.From the very beginning of construction in human history lots of architectural skills, systems and theories have been evolved for the construction of the buildings, which have housed nations and generations of people in any kind of their activity. Writings on architecture are almost as old as writing itself. Books on the theory of architecture, on the art of buildings, and on the aesthetical view of buildings exist in great number. The oldest book, which sets forth the principles, upon which buildings should be designed and which aim is to guide the architect, is the work of Markus Vitruvius Pollio written *in the first century B. C.2Architecture is an art. Its nowadays expression should be creative and consequently new. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored, but it must be expressed in modern terms. There exists an evident paradox in the coexistence of change and survival in every period of human civilisation. This paradox of change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style.Architecture is also the style or manner of building in a particular country or period of history. There are widely known examples of Gothic architecture all round the globe. During many centuries mankind admires the architecture of ancient Greece or Roman Empire as well.Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius listed three basic factors in architecture. They are convenience, strength and beauty. These three factors have been present and are always interrelated in the best constructions till the 21st century. *No true architect could think of any of them3 without almost automatically considering the other two as well. Thus, architectural design entails not only the necessity to study various solutions for convenience, structure, and appearance as three separate processes. Architectural design also includes the necessity to keep in mind the constant interaction of these factors. It's impossible for an architect first plan a building from the point of view of convenience, and then make the design of a strong construction around his plan to shelter it. Then, as a final touch, try to adjust and decorate the whole to make it pretty. Any design evolving from such kind of work will produce only a confused, incoherent, and unsatisfactory building. When speaking about any truly great building we cannot but say that every element in it has a triple implication or significance.

This triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a difficult art. *It needs some unique type of imagination4 as well as long years of training and experience to make a designer capable of getting requite in the light of these three factors—use, construction, and aesthetic effect—simultaneously. The designer must have a good knowledge as of engineering so of building materials. This knowledge will enable him to create economically strong and practical construction. The designer, in addition, must possess the creative imagination, which will enable him to integrate the plan and the construction into the harmonious whole. The architect's feeling of satisfaction in achieving such integration is one of his/her (their) greatest rewards.

UNIT 9 BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE

I. Read a few explanations to the text1. As public awareness of environmental issues increases ... — По мере того как растет осведомленность общественности по вопросам окружающей среды...2. ... who profess interest in the concept of sustainable architecture — которые открыто интересуются концепцией поддерживающей архитектуры3. ... buildings have had an increasingly severe and damaging impact on the environment — здания

оказывают все более разрушающее воздействие на окружающую среду

II. Read the vocabulary to the textbenign благотворный; плодоносная (почва)

comfortable уютный, удобный

comply исполнять (просьбу, приказ—with )

conviction убеждение, убежденность

enhance усиливать, повышать

have an impact оказывать влияние / воздействие

incentive побуждение, стимул

jeopardize угрожать, подвергать опасности

mimetic подражательный

promote способствовать, продвигать

restrict ограничивать

stucco штукатурка; штукатурить

vernacular национальный; местный

III. Read and translate the text.

What Is Meant by "Bioclimatic Architecture"

Bioclimatic architecture is a way of designing buildings and manipulating the environment within buildings by working with natural forces around the building rather than against them. Thus it concerns itself with climate as a major contextual generator, and with benign environments using minimal energy as its target. Bioclimatic architecture aims to protect and enhance the environment and life. It is developing on many different levels from rethinking basic concepts about our need for shelter and the function of the "city" in our lives to developing recycled or sustainable building materials.The impact of traditional building on the environment and natural resources is enormous. However, the ideal of designing and building structures that are environmentally friendly has become fairly widespread throughout the community of architects and builders in developed nations. In many areas there is the necessity of complying with new regulations and standards aimed at protecting the environment. In addition, there are an increasing number of in-centives for putting up buildings with more efficient energy consumption and that reduces the negative impacts on natural resources by using recycled or sustainable materials. While these vary around tjie world, there is awareness that our need for shelter must not jeopardize the environment.There is growing interest in "green" building practices, which offer an opportunity to create environmentally sound and resource-efficient buildings by using an integrated approach to design."Green" buildings promote resource conservation through energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water conservation features. They take into consideration the environmental impact of the building and minimize waste. Other goals are to create a healthy and com-

fortable environment, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and address issues such as historical preservation, access to public transportation and other community infrastructure systems, The entire life cycle of the building and its components is considered, as well as the economic and environmental impact and performance.As public awareness of environmental issues increases1, the construction developers are also beginning to see that "green building" can be profitable and a selling point. Market surveys are showing that a surprising number of potential buyers are interested and will pay the higher prices for a home that is environmentally friendly. In the last few years there has been much talk concerning environmentally responsible architecture, that is, architecture respectful of the earth's resources and its natural beauty. Unfortunately, many of the archi-tects and designers *who profess interest in the concept of sustainable architecture2 do not practice it in their own work for whatever reason, be it their client's lack of interest or their own lack of conviction. In fact, most architects ignore the issue altogether, preferring to regard architecture as fashion. This is a terribly irresponsible view, because in terms of energy use and visual pollution, *buildings have had an increasingly severe and damaging impact on the environment,3 this makes the issue of sustainable architecture not only an important consideration but also a necessary one. As for a building philosophy for national parks, which were created to conserve nature for future generations, it seems that sustainable architecture, or "integrated biocli-matic architecture", is the only logical and responsible approach.What is integrated bioclimatic architecture? It is the architecture that arises out of the landscape, with the site determining the orientation and construction of a building, not just aesthetically, but also mechanically, determining its heating, cooling, and lighting tbo. Thus, it is an architecture that respects nature and its resources and provides its occupants with the most comfortable and pleasing environment possible. However, this architectural approach need not be a restrictive one for imaginative practitioners. As integrated bioclimatic architecture encompasses examples of vernacular archi tecture, like the typical "white stucco Mediterranean fishing village", as well as mimetic architecture, which draws on the materials, textures, even the plants of the surrounding landscape for its inspiration. Indeed, good integrated bioclimatic architecture should exist in harmony with the site.

IV. Speak on the usage of the words mentioned above. Discuss with уour partner such bio notions as:bio- architecture, sustainable architecture

V. Find in the text all synonyms to the phrase "green building".

VI. Find Russian equivalents:environmentally friendly, bioclimatic architecture, more efficient energy consumption, to promote resource conservation, an irresponsible view, to exist in harmony with the site or nature, public awareness of environmental issues, resource efficient buildings, the environmental impact of the building,

VII. Translate from Russian into EnglishАрка, поддерживаемая колоннами; создание здоровой окружающей среды, плодоносная почва, разрушающее воздействие, пересмотр основных взглядов (понятий), строительство, запланированное в этом районе, повторное использование материалов, возобновляемые ресурсы, развитые страны, отсутствие убежденности.

VII. Answer the questions to the text

1. What is bioclimatic architecture?2. The impact of traditional building on the environment and natural resources is not enormous, is it?

3. Why is there growing interest in "Green" building practices?4. What makes the construction developers see that "green" building can be profitable?5. Do most architects regard architecture as fashion?6. What is integrated bioclimatic architecture?7. Explain the words "vernacular architecture".8. Good integrated bioclimatic architecture should exist in harmony with the site, shouldn't it?

UNIT 10

FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING

I. Read a few explanations to the text1 pyramid of Khufu [' ku' fu:] — пирамида Хуфу2. ... to withstand the Thames current. — ... чтобы противостоять течению Темзы.3. ... but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time — но время от времени можно встретить упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов.4. They were the first to use... — они первыми использовали5. ... on a pretty large scale – в довольно широких масштабах

II. Read the vocabulary to the text.art of building искусство строить

brick кирпич

borrow (from) занимать, заимствовать

concrete бетон

dome купол

dwell жить, проживать

embody олицетворять, воплощать

erect возводить, строить

find (out) обнаружить, найти

kiln обжиговая печь, сушильная печь

pile свая, столб

pillar столб, колонна

remains остатки, руины

tribe племя

III. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following Russianдоисторические времена, римский период, бесполезность использования стали в качестве строительного материала, грубо обтесанный камень, они первыми использовали, недавние открытия, в довольно широких масштабах.

From the History of BuildingMany thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.Later people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.The ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu1, king of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate their kings or pharaons.The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for de-coration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness.The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road works the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions are used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the Romans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, pro duction: it's shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or rectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched opening at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be withdrawn. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some places of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian Wall, which was erected to protect the Romans from the Celtic tribes in the first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who suggested the absolutely new for that time idea of building the Pantheon with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths of Caracalla, it is still there in Rome. Many ancient buildings in Rome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman emperors. In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete to the position of the main structural material in the empire.It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of the great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, *but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time2.Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and the steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman traditions were continued in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current3.The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials. During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material.Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are. The earliest findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. They were the first to use4 it throughout the ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale5 and many constructions made of concrete remain till nowadays thus

proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was the so-called "pseudo concrete": The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

IV. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:sun-dried mud bricks, timber piles, pseudo concrete, the ruins of Pompeii, harmony and pure beauty.

V. Make a report about the history of building ant tell it in class.

UNIT 11EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Warming-up

Who doesn't dream about travelling to Egypt? We think all the architects do. Lets have a wonderful journey.1. What wonders of the world do you know?2. What is the only remained wonder of the world?3. What are the greatest monuments of Egyptian architecture?4. Who is supposed to be the first named architect?5. What are the periods in the history of ancient Egyptian architecture?

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Text 1During the Old Kingdom, the period when Egypt was ruled by the Kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties, artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under the patronage of the king and his great nobles. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal made tremendous progress, demonstrat» ed by surviving large scale monuments, such as the pyramids of the 4th Dynasty and the sun temples built by the 5th-Dynasty kings. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular of all funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. These monuments celebrated the divinity of the kings of Egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.This was a time when trade and the economy flourished. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials which were often brought great distances, and were able to experiment with recalcitrant stones as well as new techniques of metalworking. This enabled them by the 6th Dynasty to produce large metal figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son, found at Hierakonpolis. Made c. 2330 BC they are badly corroded but still impressive in their stiffly formal poses. The eyes are inlaid, and the crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably origi-nally made of gilded plaster.During the prosperous period known as the Middle Kingdom fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders, and new areas of land were brought under cultivation. Craftsmen achieved new levels of excellence. Very little architecture remains — many royal monuments were robbed for their stone in later periods — but what has survived shows great simplicity and refinement. The example is the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht.The establishment of the 18th Dynasty marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations, such as those of Crete and Mesopotamia, and were also able to work with imported raw materials.The kings gave encouragement to artists and craftsmen by ordering great temples and palaces to be built throughout Egypt. The temple walls were covered with reliefs celebrating the achievements of the kings and the powers of the gods. The courtyards and inner sanctuaries were enriched with

statuary. The most notable monuments are the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari (c. 1480 BC), which had a series of pillared colonnades on three sides of three superimposed terraces linked by gigantic ramps and magnificent Great Temple at Karnak to Amon as the uni-versal god of Egypt.Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of Alexander the Great, who built numerous temples of traditional style of which the finest examples that survive are the Temple of Horns at Etfu and the temples on the islands of Philae (c. 323—30 BC).

Vocabularykingdom — (зд.) царствоcraftsman — ремесленникsurviving — уцелевшийlarge-scale — крупномасштабныйdivinity —божествоrecalcitrant — непокорныйto enable — давать возможностьcopper — медьinlaid — инкрустированс circa лат. — приблизительноB.C. (before Christ) — до нашей эрыto miss — пропустить, утратитьgilded plaster — позолотаprosperous — процветающийto rob — грабитьrefinement — усовершенствованиеblossoming — расцветraw materials — сырьеencouragement — поощрениеmortuary — погребальныйramp — скат, уклонto revive — возрождатьsuccessor — последователь, наследник

I. Choose the right sentence.

1. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials.3. Craftsmen used precious stones for their creations.4. Craftsmen used concrete in their work.5. It was forbidden for craftsmen to use the finest materials in their work.

2. The copper statues of Pepi I and his son are still impressive.a) These statues were made of stone.b) The copper statues of Pepi I and his son have not survived.c) These statues have the power of affecting and gaining attention and feeling.

3. Fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders of ancient Egypt.a) Fortresses were built in the west of ancient Egypt.b) Fortresses were erected to protect the southern and eastern boundaries of ancient Egypt.c) During the Middle Kingdom many fortresses were built.

4. The beginning of the New Kingdom is associated with the blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt.a) This was a period of stagnation in the history of arts.b) In this period craftsmen and artists were ordered great temples and palaces to be built throughout

Egypt.c) During the New Kingdom the arts and crafts flourished.

5. The Ptolomies built numerous temples of traditional style.a) Numerous palaces were built by the Ptolomies.b) Many traditional temples were constructed under the Ptolomies.c) Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the kings of the 4th Dynasty.

II. Complete the following sentences.1. During the Old Kingdom artists and craftsmen ...a) were forbidden to work in metalb) worked under the patronage of kingc) built pyramids and temples

2. Craftsmen were able to experiment with ...a) stone and new techniques of metalworkingb) concrete and clayc) ivory and granite

3. The surviving examples, found at Hierakonpolis are ...a) the sun temples of the 5th Dynasty.b) the copper statues of Pepi I and his sonc) the Temple of Mut and the Temple of Amum

4. Very little architecture of the Middle Kingdom remains because ...a) many royal monuments were robbedb) of earthquakesc) of wars

5. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations such as those of...a) India and Chinab) Crete and Mesopotamiac) Assyria

6. The most notable monuments of the New Kingdom are ...a) the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari and the Great Temple of Amon at Karnakb) Zoser's necropolis at Sakkara and Great Pyramid at El-Gizehc) The Temple of Horus at Etfu and the temples on the island of Philae.

7. Ancient Egyptian architecture vbs revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of...a) Tuthmosis IIIb) Alexander the Greatc) Queen Hatsheput

Read the text and tell about the greatest monuments of Egyptian architecture.

UNIT 12GREAT SPHINX

From the 15th century AD European travellers carried home tales of the mysterious and amazing remains of the civilization of Egypt. One of its most remarkable monuments, which still evokes this sense of awe and might, is the Great Sphinx of Gizeh, the oldest surviving sphinx, dating from c2550 BC, carved from a rock with the crouching body of a lion and a human face (74,4 m. long,

20,1 m. high, and 4,2 m. broad, at its widest point; the head is 8,7 m. high from chin to crown).The human head was the means of individualizing the sculpture, so that the Great Sphinx probably bears the idealized features of Khephren whose pyramid is nearby.The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into prehistoric times, and several ceremonial objects have survived which depict him in this guise, overthrowing his enemies. The sphinx was, therefore, a natural development, personifying the divine power of the king as a force protecting his land and repelling the power of evil.The Great Sphinx is one of the most distinctive and dominant of all the images of ancient Egypt, which is perhaps the source of the misconception that sphinxes are of central importance in Egyptian culture. However, those that have survived are among the most impressive as well as intriguing examples of Egyptian sculpture.

Vocabularyamazing — удивительныйremains — (зд.) руиныto evoke — вызывать (чувства)awe — (благоговейный) страх, трепетmight — могущество, мощь; энергия, силаsandstone — песчаник(овый)to survive — выжить, уцелеть, сохранитьсяto crouch — припасть к земле для нападения (о животных)to depict — изображатьdivine —духовное лицо; божественныйto repel — отгонять, отражать (нападение)distinctive — отличительныйmisconception — неправильное представление

I. Choose the synonyms to the words in italics.1. European travellers saw the mysterious and amazing remains of the ancient Egyptian civilization.a) astonishing b) interesting c) modern

2. The Great Sphinx probably bears the idealized features of Khephren. a) remains b) characteristics c) points

3. The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into prehistoric times.a) idea b) story c) theme

4. The sphinx personifies the divine power of the king, a) individual b) human c) sacred

5. The Great Sphinx is one of the most distinctive and dominant of all the images of ancient Egypt.a) structures b) idols c) persons

II. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the sentence.1. The European travellers saw the mysterious and amazing ...a) ruins of the Hanging Gardens of Semeramideb) remains of the civilization of Egyptc) ruins of the Parthenon

2. The Great Sphinx of Gizeh was ...a) made of marbleb) created by Imhotepc) carved from rock

3. The Great Sphinx has a crouching body of a lion and ...a) a dragon's headb) a human facec) a cow's head

4. The sphinx personified ...a) the divine power of the kingb) the mighty of Godc) the greatness of the Roman Empire

5. The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into ...a) the Middle Agesb) the Archaic periodc) prehistoric times

UNIT 13ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Warming-up

1. What do you know about the greatest monuments of ancient Greek architecture?2. Why do you think these monuments are the finest models for all generations of architecture?3. What do you know about the architecture of the Acropolis?

Read the text and describe the Acropolis monuments.

THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS

As one of the world's oldest cities Athens boasts a wealth of splendid relics of Hellenic art, some of which are more than 3,000 years old. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, the gem of world architecture, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight-column facade, was built by Ictinus and Calibrates in 447—38 BC. The temple was designed to serve as an exquisite, imposing architectural frame for a stupendous gold and ivory statue of Athena, the goddess in the Greek pantheon watching over the city. This no longer extant statue, which stood in the anterior of the shrine, was held in deep reverence.Next to the Parthenon is another shrine, an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, built by an anonymous architect in 421—06 BC. Its refined loveliness and proportions are a very bit as enchanting as the monumental grandeur of the Parthenon. It has the unparalleled portrayal of a contemporary event on the frieze of the building: the procession of citizens in the yearly festival in honour of Athena built on an awkward site, it also had to serve different cults, which meant that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor levels. Its Caryatid porch, with figures of women for columns, makes use of an old Oriental motif thathad appeared earlier, in Archaic treasuries at Delphi. The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was designed by Mnesicles, who had to adapt the rigid conventions of colonnade construction to a steeply rising site. In the precision and finish of their execution, which comple-ments the brilliant innovation of their design, these three buildings had no rival in the Greek world.

Vocabularyto boast — (зд.) гордитьсяgem — (перен.) драгоценный, жемчужинаexquisite — утонченныйimposing — внушительный, величественный

frame — оправа, обрамлениеstupendous — изумительный, громадныйivory — слоновая костьanterior — переднийshrine — святилище, храмrefined — изысканныйgrandeur — величиеportrayal — изображениеawkward — труднодоступныйporch — портик, крытая галереяtreasury — сокровищницаrigid — жесткий, строгийsteeply — крутоprecision — точностьrival — соперник

I. Complete the following sentences.1. The Acropolis means ...

a) upper townb) a platformc) front elevation

2. The Parthenon was built by ...a) an anonymous architect

b) Imhotepc) Ictinus and Calibrates

3. The Parthenon was a display place for a great statue of... a) Herab) Athenac) Alexander the Great

4. The Erechtheum was also designed to serve different...a) cultsb) architectsc) cities

5. The porch of the Erechtheum has figures of... for columns.a) atlasesb) caryatidsc) sphinxes

6. In the Propylaea the rigid conventions of colonnade construction were adapted to a steeply rising ...a) floorb) buildingc) site

7. The Propylaea was ... to the Acropolis.a) a templeb) the monumental gatewayc) staircase

II. Choose the right adjective.1. The Acropolis is the gem of... architecture.a) Europeanb) contemporaryc) world

2. The temple was designed to serve as a/an ..., imposing architectural frame for the statue of Athena.a) exquisiteb) rockyc) deep

3. The Erechtheum was built by a/an ...architect.a) famousb) talentedc) anonymous

4. Its caryatid porch features an old ... motif.a) Orientalb) monumentalc) world

III. Choose the right form of the verb.1. The Acropolis ... on a low rocky hill.a) was standingb) stoodc) standsd) are standing

2. The Parthenon ... by Ictinus and Callicrates.a) will be builtb) is builtc) buildsd) was built

3. Its caryatid porch makes use of an old Oriental motif that... earlier.a) had appearedb) appearc) has appearedd) appears

4. The Propylaea ... by Mnesicles. a) designed b) is designedc) was designedd) has been designed

5. The major buildings of the Acropolis ... no rival in the Greek world, a) haveb)hadc) are havingd) has

UNIT 14 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Warming up1. What architectural forms did the Romans prefer?2. What greatest temples of Roman architecture do you know?3. Why are the Romans called the great builders and engineers?4. What ancient Roman towns do you know?5. What was the influence of Roman architecture on the resulting styles?

Read the text and tell about the architecture of Residential and Public Structures of the Roman Empire.Modern knowledge of Roman architecture derives primarily from extant remains scattered throughout the area of the empire. Some are well preserved, and other are known only in fragments and by theoretical restoration. Another source of information is a vast store of records. Especially important is a book on architecture by the architect Vitruvius. His De Ar-chitectura (c.27 BC) is the only treatise survived from ancient times. It consists often books and covers almost every aspect on architecture.Pervasive Roman predilection was for spatial composition -— the organization of lines, surfaces, masses, and volumes in space. In this the Romans differed from their predecessors in the ancient Mediterranean world, and, however freely they used the elements of earlier styles, in Rome or in the provinces they recast them according to their own taste.In Roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus, the insula, and the villa.The domus, or town house, consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium, to which were often added further suites at the rear, grouped around a colonnaded court, or peristyle. The atrium, a rectangular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its adjoining rooms were peculiarly Roman elements; the peristyle was Greek or Middle Eastern. There were few windows on the street, light being obtained from the atrium or peristyle.In Rome the chief examples of domus are the House of Vestals in the Forum in Rome and that of Livia on the Palatine Hill.Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. Excavations at Ostia, Italy, have revealed the design of these blocks. Planed on three or four floors with strict regard to economy of space, they depended on light from the exterior as well as from a central court. Independent apartments had separate entrances with direct access to the street.The Latin word villa pertained to an estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings.Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens on a large scale. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. There are remains of great brick and concrete structures. All the buildings are Roman in style and method of construction, though with Greek names.The Romans were great builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads, aqueducts and bridges, grand thermae and amphitheatres, theatres, and temples.The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity, and in many respects the most important Roman building, is the Pantheon in Rome. It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surrounded by concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular and rectangular niches. Light is admitted through a central opening, or oculus, about 28 feet across, at the crown of the dome. In front is a porch with an inscription commemorating an earlier building of Marcus Agrippa (12 BC—AD 14) but built with the existing rotunda (AD 120—124) under the emperor Hadrian. The rotunda and dome are among the finest examples of Roman concrete work. The interior was lined with precious marbles, the coffers (decorative recessed panels) of the dome itself once was covered externally with bronze plates.The largest and most important amphitheatre of Rome was the Colosseum, built by the emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian in about AD 70/75 —82. Covering six acres (2.4 hectares), it had seating for about 50,000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so arranged that the building could be

cleared quickly. The whole is built of concrete, the exterior faced with travertine and the interior with precious marbles.Other important amphitheatres are those at Verona, Italy; Pula, Yugoslavia; and Aries, France.Imperial thermae were more than baths. They were immense establishments of great magnificence, with facilities for every gymnastic exercise and halls in which philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and those who wished to hear them gathered.The best preserved are the Baths of Caracalla (begun c. AD 217), which covered an area about 1,000 feet square, and those of Diocletian (c. AD 298—306), with accommodation for 3,200 bathers.

Vocabularyto derive — происходитьremains — (зд.) руиныstore — запасtreatise — трактатpervasive — проникающий, распространяющийся повсюдуpredilection — предпочтениеspatial — пространственныйsurface — поверхностьto recast — придавать новую форму, переделыватьto consist (of) — состоять (из)rear — расположенный сзади, заднийpeculiarly — особенноto obtain —- получать, приобретатьtenement — многоквартирный дом, сдаваемый в арендуexcavations — раскопкиto reveal — показывать, обнаруживатьwith strict regard — со строгим учетомto depend (on) — зависеть (от)access — доступto admit — допускать, приниматьopening — отверстиеinscription — надписьconcrete —- бетонprecious — драгоценныйmarble — мраморestablishment — учреждениеmagnificence — величиеfacility — приспособлениеaccommodation — размещение

I. Choose the right sentence.1. Pervasive Roman predilection was for spatial composition.a) Spatial composition was seldom used by the Romans.b) The Romans preferred spatial composition.c) Roman architecture is characterized by the use of symmetrical composition.

2. The Latin word "villa" means a suburban house.a) Villa is a country house.b) It is a sumptuous residence.c) The building is Roman in style.

3. The Pantheon is the greatest structure of antiquity.a) The Pantheon is built of concrete.

b) The Pantheon is a circular temple.c) The Pantheon is the masterpiece of antiquity.

II. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the sentences.1. The domus consisted of...a) three or four floorsb) suits of rooms grouped around a central hallc) two or three rooms with few windows

2. Insulae were planned ...a) to impress by their grandeurb) around a colonnaded courtc) with strict regard to economy of space

3. Handrian's Villa at Tivoli was ...a) a sumptuous residence with parks and gardensb) a tenement housec) a small country house

4. The rotunda and dome of the Pantheon are among the finest examples of...a) the architecture of the ancient Mediterranean worldb) Roman concrete workc) contemporary architecture

5. The Colosseum was the most important...a) temple of antiquityb) theatre of ancient Greecec) amphitheatre of ancient Rome

6. Задания самостоятельной работы7.

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Warming-up1. When did Byzantine architecture develop?2. What is the outstanding example of Byzantine architecture?3. When did this style come to Russia?4. What greatest Byzantine architects and artists do you know?5. Can you give any examples of the Byzantine style in Russia?

Read the text about the Byzantine art of building

The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire can be traced back to the period just before the reign of Justinian, c. AD 500. The style had enormous influence on both the East and the West. Early Byzantine art may to some extent be regarded as Roman art transformed under influ-ence of the East. It reached a high point in the 6th century, rose again for a short time to new heights during the 11th and 12th centuries and still survives among Greek or orthodox communities.The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. As in Early Christian times, the two chief types of church were basilican with a long colonnaded nave covered by a wooden roof and terminating in a semicircular apse and the vaulted centralized church with its separate components gathered under a central dome. Of the latter type, the chief examples are SS Sergius and Bachus (526, Constantinople), San Vitaly (526-547, Ravenna).

The outstanding example of a basilica which combined the longitudinal qualities of the basilica with the centralized volume of the martyrion was the church of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople.Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered externally with plaster and internally with thin marble ladoes and mosaics above. Byzantine decoration was flat and incised in contrast to the bold modeling of western surfaces.Byzantine architecture of the period of Hagia Sophia was markedly concerned with mathematics.The historian Procopius wrote of the great church: "Through the harmony of its measurements it is distinguished by indescribable beauty".By the 9th century, the Byzantine style was wide spread throughout the countries of the Near East and eastern Europe, where the Greek and Orthodox religion was followed and was beginning to appear in Russia (the Cathedral of St Sophia in Kiev).These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross, that is a central domed space with four short square arms (evolved c. 7th century). This form of church eventually became almost universal, focusing in the brilliantly lit central space which dissolved mystically into the dark screens and galleries in the arms of the cross.Examples are to be seen in the small Metropolitan Cathedral in Athens and at churches in Daphni, Mistra, Salonica, and Stiris.

Vocabularyreign — царствованиеto some extent — до некоторой степениto reach — достигнутьheight — высотаlongitudinal — продольныйholy — священныйwisdom — мудростьplaster — штукатуркаto incise — вырезать, насекать, гравироватьbold — смелыйmeasurement — измерениеto distinguish — отличатьсяto follow — следоватьlit — освещенныйto dissolve — растворятьсяscreen — ширма, экран, щитarms of the cross — крылья креста

I. Choose the right word.

1. The Byzantine style had enormous influence on a) the West b) the East and the West c) the North

2. The dominant Byzantine art was ...a) architecture b) painting c) sculpture

3. ... was the main material used for the construction of churches, a) stone b) concrete c) brick

4. Hagia Sophia is a ...

a) church b) palacec) chapel

5. Byzantine architecture of the period of Hagia Sophia is markedly concerned with ...a) biology b) mathematics c) geography

II. Choose the right sentence.1. Byzantine style still survives among Greek and Orthodox communities.a) The vaulted centralized church was typical of the Early Byzantine period.b) The Byzantine style influenced both the East and the West.c) The works of this style can be seen in Greek or Orthodox communities.

2. Hagia Sophia is the supreme example of the centralized type.a) The Church of Holy Wisdom is the finest model of the circular type.b) Hagia Sophia was built by Justinian.c) The early Byzantine architecture is characterized by wide diversity.

3. The Byzantine churches were covered internally with thin marble ladoes and mosaics above.a) Brick Byzantine churches were covered externally with plaster.b) Sheets of marble and mosaics were used for the decoration of the interior walls and arches.c) The decoration of western surfaces was bold and ponderous.

4. The Byzantine style influenced greatly the architecture of Russia.a) Symbolism had now begun to dominate church architecture.b) This form of church eventually became almost universal.c) Numerous churches in the Byzantine style were built in Russia.

5.These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross.a) These Byzantine churches were widespread in the countries of the Near East and eastern Europe.b) These Byzantine churches featured a central domed space with four short square arms.c) Each Byzantine church was conceived as a microcosm of all earth and sky.

Read the text and describe the plan of the church and its interior.

HAGIA SOPHIA OR THE CHURCH OF HOLY WISDOM

Though Justinian's domed basilicas are the models from which Byzantine architecture developed, Hagia Sophia remained unique, and no attempt was thereafter made by Byzantine builders to emulate it. In plan it is almost square, but looked at from within, it appears to be rectangular, for there is a great semidome at east and west above that prolongs the effect of the roof, while on the ground there are three aisles, separated by columns with galleries above. At either end, however, great piers rise up through the galleries to support the dome. Above the galleries are curtain walls (non-load-bearing exterior walls) at either side, pierced by windows, and there are more windows at the base of the dome. The columns are of finest marble, selected for their colour and variety, while the lower parts of the walls are covered with marble slabs. Like the elaborately carved cornices and capitals, these survive, but the rest of the original decoration, including most of the mosaics that adorned the upper parts of the walls and the roof, have perished.

Vocabularyattempt — попыткаto emulate — стремиться превзойтиaisle — боковой неф храмаpier — устой, столб, контрфорсnon-load-bearing — не несущие нагрузку

to pierce — пронзатьslab — плитаto perish — погибать

Read the text and tell about the subdivisions of Romanesque architecture and its main features.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTUREThe generic term Romanesque is sometimes applied to embrace all the styles of architecture which, in most European countries, followed the Early Christian style and preceded the introduction of the Gothic style, c. 1200. It is often subdivided into pre-Romanesque, which includes the Lombardic, Carolingian, and Ottonian or Rhenish styles as well as Saxon and Romanesque proper, which is taken to have begun c. AD 1000.From the ancient Roman tradition, the pre-Romanesque architects adopted characteristic features: the semicircular arch, the groined cross vault, and a modified and simplified form of the Corinthian column with its capital of acanthus leaves. Occasionally, at an early period, they used carved fragments of antique buildings. They made important advances upon Roman structural methods in balancing the thrust of heavy vaults and domes by means of buttresses, and in substituting thinner webs supported on the curved stone ribs for the thick vaults used by the Romans.

The Romanesque period lasted two centuries, and was the great age of European monasticism.The architectural work of the Romanesque period therefor consists almost exclusively on monasteries, cathedrals, parish churches, and castles. Very few domestic buildings have survived.The greatest examples of this style are Benedictine abbey church at Jumieges, Normandy (1036—1066); S. Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, 1140; Sompting church in Succex, 11th century; Augsburg Cathedral, Germany.

LANCET ARCHITECTURE

Warming-up1. When did the Gothic style develop?2. Why is this style called Gothic?3. In what countries did the Gothic style flourish?4. What are the greatest works of the Gothic style?5. What are the main features of the Gothic style?

Read the text and tell about the phases of English Gothic.

GOTHIC CATHEDRALSThe architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of its association with the barbarian north. Now this term is used to describe the important international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12th century to the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century.At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and the flying buttress.One of the earliest buildings in which these techniques were introduced in a highly sophisticated architectural plan was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris.The proportions are not large, but the skills and precision with which the vaulting is managed and the subjective effect of the undulating chain windows around the perimeter have given the abbey its traditional claim to the title "first Gothic building".It should be said that in France and Germany this style is subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Gothic.The French middle phase is called Rayonnant, the late — Flamboyant.In English architecture the usual divisions are Early English, Decorative, and Perpendicular.Early English Gothic developed from c. 1180 to c.1280. The most influential building in the new

fashion was the choir of Canterbury cathedral (1175—1184), which has many of the features of Laon cathedral.The building retains a passage at clerestory level — an Anglo-Norman feature that remained standard in English architecture well into the 13th century. Both in the shape of the piers and in the multiplicity of attached colonettes, Canterbury resembles Laon. Colonettes became extremely pop-ular with English architects, particularly because of the large supplies of purbeck marble, which gave any elevation a special coloristic character. This is obvious at Salisbury cathedral (begun 1220), but one of the richest examples of the effect is in the nave of Lincoln cathedral (begun c. 1225).English architects for a long time retained a liking for heavy surface decoration: thus, when Rayonnant tracery designs were imported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of colonettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. The result which could be extraordinarily dense — for instance, in the east (or Angel) choir (begun 1256) at Lincoln cathedral and at Exeter cathedral (begun before 1280) — has been called the English Decorated style (1280-1350).The architectural affects achieved (notably the retrochair of Wells cathedral or the choir of St. Augustine, Bristol) were more inventive generally than those of contemporary continental buildings.English Gothic came to an end with the final flowering of the Perpendicular style (c. 1350—1550). It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults.The first major surviving statement of Perpendicular style is probably the choir of Gloucester cathedral (begun soon after 1330). Other major monuments were St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster (begun 1292 but now mostly destroyed) and York Minster nave (begun 1291), St. George's Chapel, Windsor, King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1444), the naves of Winchester (c. 1480), and Canterbury (c. 1400), the Chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey.Gothic was essentially the style of the Catholic countries of Europe. It was also carried to Cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the Crusaders and their successors in the Mediterranean. The forms that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity. They were used for all secular buildings, as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries.By the Gothic Survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional building.It developed after the advent of the Renaissance and into the 17th century. It should be differed from the Gothic Revival (Neo-Gothic) in the 18th — the 19th centuries.

Vocabularadvent — приход, прибытиеrib — реброarch — аркаpointed arch — стрельчатая (остроконечная) аркаbuttress — контрфорсflying buttress — аркбутан, арочный контрфорсsophisticated — изощренныйabbey — аббатствоskill — мастерствоprecision — точность'undulating — волнистыйclaim — требование; претензия; притязание; утверждение; заявлениеRayonnant — лучистый (стиль)Flamboyant — «пламенеющий» (стиль)choir — место хора в собореto retain — удерживать; поддерживать; сохранятьclerestory — верхний ряд окон, освещающий центр высокогопомещенияto attach — прикреплять; присоединятьtracery — ажурная каменная работа; рисунок, узор; переплетение

shaft — ствол dense — густой, плотный chapel — часовня secular — светский, мирской

I. Complete the sentences.1. At the technical level the Gothic style is characterized by the ribbed vault, the flying buttress, and ...a) the round archb) the bulbous domec) the pointed arch

2. The title the "first Gothic building" is given to ...a) the abbey of Saint-Denisb) Westminster abbeyc) King's College Chapel

3. In English architecture the usual subdivisians are Early English, Decorated and ... styles.a) Carolingianb) Flamboyantc) Perpendicular

4. English architects for a long time retained a liking for ...a) plain surfacesb) heavy surface decorationc) curved surfaces

5. Gothic was essentially the style of... countries.a) the Buddhistb) the Orthodoxc) the Catholic

II. Choose the right sentence.1. The Gothic style developed in most countries of Europe.a) The Gothic style was associated with the barbarian north.b) Gothic is represented in many European countries.c) Paris — for much of this period the home of a powerful and artistically enlightened court — played an especially important role in the history of Gothic art.

2. Canterbury Cathedral was the most influential building in the new fashion.a) Canterbury Cathedral was the most important structure of the Early English Gothic.b) Canterbury resembles St. Paul's Cathedral.c) Canterbury Cathedral was built in the 12th century.

3. English architects retained a liking for heavy surface decoration.a) English architects preferred restrained decoration.b) The stained glass of the period was heavily coloured.c) English architects kept on using ponderous exterior decorations.

4. Gothic was used for cathedrals, churches and monasteries.a) Gothic was used for industrial buildings.b) Gothic was used for ecclesiastic structures.c) In most European countries artists imitated architectural styles from northern France.

Read the text and speak on the reason of imitation of Gothic architecture

NEO-GOTHICThe architectural movement most commonly associated with Romanticism is the Gothic Revival, a term first used in England in the mid-19th century to describe buildings being erected in the style of the Middle Ages and later expanded to embrace the entire Neo-Gothic movement.The first clearly self-conscious imitation of Gothic architecture for reasons of nostalgia appeared in England in the early 18th century. Buildings erected at that time in the Gothic manner were for the most part frivolous and decorative garden ornaments, actually more Rococo than Gothic in spirit. But, with the rebuilding beginning in 1747 of the country house Strawberry Hill by the English writer Horace Walpole, a new and significant aspect of the revived style was given convincing form; and, by the beginning of the 19th century, picturesque planning and grouping provided the basis for experimentation in architecture. Gothic was especially suited to this aim. Scores of houses with battlements and turrets in the style of a castle were built in England during the last years of the 18th century.French architects, in particular, Viollet-le-Duc, who restored a range of buildings from the Sainte-Chapelle and Notre-Dame in Paris to the whole town of Carcassonne, were the first to appreciate the applicability of the Gothic skeleton structure, with its light infilling, to a modern age, and the analogy was not lost on subsequent architects at a time when the steel frame was emerging as an important element of structural engineering. Functionalism and structural honesty as ideals in the Modern movement were a legacy of the Gothic Revival.Not surprisingly, the Gothic Revival was felt with most force in those countries in which Gothic architecture itself was most in evidence — England, France, and Germany. Each conceived it as a national style, and each gave to it a strong and characteristic twist of its own.

THE REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL ART

Warming-up1. What is the meaning of the word "Renaissance"?2. In what country did this style originate?3. What do you know about the Renaissance in Russia?

Text 1.

Read the text and tell about the Renaissance in Italy and in Russia.

THE RENAISSANCEThe Renaissance began in Italy, where there was always a residue of classical feeling in art.Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical buildings, particularly in Italy but also in France and Spain and the treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius. For classical antiquity and, therefore, for the Renaissance, the basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of traditional architectural units. During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. For example, the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embraced during the early Renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High Renaissance.On the authority of Vitruvius, the Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective.The concern of these architects for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass that dif- ferentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic and encourages in the spectator an immediate and full comprehension of the building.In the early 15th century an Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi formulated linear perspective,

which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. At the same time, Brunelleschi investigated ancient Roman architecture and acquired the knowledge of classical architecture and ornament that he used as a foundation for Renaissance architecture.His brilliant vork, the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419— 51) was the first building in the Renaissance manner; a very graceful arcade was designed with Composite columns, and windows with classical pediments were regularly spaced above each of the arches.Donato Bramante's Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio (1502) symbolized the beginning of the High Renaissance style in Rome. Erected on the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter, the Tempietto is circular in plan, with a colonnade of 16 columns surrounding a small cella, or enclosed interior sanctuary.In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to rebuild St. Peter's, which was in a very poor condition. Bramante prepared plans for a monumental church and in 1506 the foundation stone was laid.St. Peter's Cathedral is the largest church in the Christian world. It has 29 altars in addition to the high altar, interior length, 187m.,width at front, 26,5 m., length of transept, 137 m. The dome (diameter, 42 m., height, 123 m. to the top of the lantern) was built by Michelangelo.

In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the 15th — 16th cc.) The cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475—1479 by Aristotile Fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. By combining the characteristic features of the Vladimir-Suzdal and early-Moscow style with Italian Renaissance decoration and construction methods Fioravante produced a masterpiece of lasting beauty. Another example is the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, designed by Alevisio Novi in 1505-1508.The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Pulace (1487—91) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architects Marco Ruffo, Aloisio da Carcano, and Pietro Antonio Solari. Its eastern facade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name.

Vocabularyto embrace — воспользоваться, выбиратьmasculine — мужской, мужественныйauthority — (зд.) авторитетное мнение, утверждениеdevice — средствоto cause — вызывать, являться результатомto encourage — ободрять, поощрять, поддерживатьimmediate — непосредственный, прямой; немедленныйcomprehension — пониманиеto acquire — приобретатьgraceful — грациозный, изящныйarcade — аркада, сводчатая галереяpediment — фронтонmartyrdom — мученичествоenclosed — окруженный, огороженныйsanctuary — святилищеto lay — (зд.) заложить фундаментlantern — фонарь верхнего светаassumption — (рел.) успениеhence — отсюда; следовательно

I. Complete the following sentences.1. For the classical antiquity and for the Renaissance the ... was the basic element of architectural design.a) orderb) asymmetryc) the effect of illusionism

2. Clear measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass differentiates the Renaissance style from ...a) the Rococob) the Gothicc) the Byzantine style

3. It was an Italian Renaissance architect perspective.a) Filippo Brunelleschib) Donato Bramantec) Pietro Lombardo

4. The first building in the Renaissance manner wasa) Tempietto San Pietrob) Palazzo Medici-Riccardic) the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti who formulated linear

5. The largest church in the Christian world is ...a) St. Paul's Cathedralb) St. Peter's Cathedralc) Gloucester Cathedral

6. The cathedral of the Assumption was built by ...a) Fioravanteb) Novic) Bernini

7. The eastern facade of the Faceted Palace is faced witha) mosaicsb) glazed tilec) faceted white stones

Read the text and speak on a typical example of the Renaissance style in England.

Text 2The Renaissance style in EnglandThe Renaissance style of architecture made a very timid appearance in England during the first half of the 16th century, and it was only from about 1550 that it became a positive style with local qualities. In fact, the Gothic style continued in many parts of England throughout most of the 16th century, and English Renaissance architecture was a very original fusion of the Tudor Gothic and classical styles.The Renaissance style really begins in England in the middle of the 16th century in architecture built for the circle of the Lord Protector Somerset.A typical example of the Renaissance style of England is to be found in the quadrangle that John Caius added to Gonville Hall at Cambridge.The architecture of the new court was basically Tudor Gothic, but Caius planned three gateways in connection with the court, two of which were in Italian style. The three gates were to mark the progress of the student through the university. At the entrance was the Gate of Humility (1565), a modest doorway, now in the Master's garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch for the opening. Finally, the Gate of Honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools for the final disputation and degree.

BAROQUE AND ROCOCO

Warming-up1. When did the Baroque flourish?2. What world famous Baroque landmarks do you know?3. Who brought the Baroque to Russia?

Text 1.Read the text and tell about the main features of the Baroque.

BAROQUEBaroque and late Baroque, or Rococo, are terms applied to European art of the period from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century."Baroque" was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. This term was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word also described an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.During the Baroque period (c. 1600-1750), architecture, painting, and sculpture were integrated into decorative ensembles. Architecture and sculpture became pictorial, and painting became illusionistic. Baroque art was essentially concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources, luxuri-ous materials, and elaborate, contrasting surface textures.Baroque architects made architecture a means of propagating faith in the church and in the state. Baroque space, with directionality, movement, and positive molding, contrasted markedly with the static, stable, and defined space of the High Renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the High Renaissance of the early 16th century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th.The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate forms: the strongly Roman Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Bohemia, southern Germany, Austria, and Poland) tended toward freer and more active architectural forms and surfaces; in Protestant regions (England, the Netherlands, and the remainder of northern Europe) architecture was more restrained and developed a sober quiet monumentally impressive in its refinement. In the Protestant countries and France, which sought the spirit through the mind, architecture was more geometric, formal, and precise — an appeal to the intellect.Hardouin-Mansart's Dome des Invalides, Paris (c. 1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17th century in France. The correctness and precision of its form, the harmony and balance of its spaces, and the soaring vigour of its dome make it a landmark not only of the Paris skyline but also of European Baroque architecture.Other greatest works of this style are the church of Santa Susanna (Mad-erno, c.1597), Versailles (Le Vau), National Palace in Madrid (Sacchelti, 1736), Royal Palace at Caserta (Vanvitelli, 1752).

Vocabularyto apply — применятьto derive — происходитьthe Middle Ages — Средние века, средневековьеobstacle — препятствиеpearl — жемчугvivid — яркий, ясныйhidden — скрытыйluxurious — роскошныйelaborate — тщательно разработанный, искусно сделанныйsurface — поверхностьmeans — средствоfaith — вераpreceding — предшествующийrapidly — быстроto tend — иметь тенденцию; направляться

the remainder — остальная частьrestrained — сдержанныйsober — трезвый, спокойный (о красках)refinement — утонченностьto seek (sought) — искать; обращатьсяspirit — духprecise — точныйan appeal — призыв, обращение

I. Choose the right form of the adjective.1. Baroque space contrasted with the static, defined space of the ... Renaissance.a) Higher b) the Highest c) High

2. The Baroque tended toward ...architectural forms and surfaces, a) free b) freer c) the freest

3. In Protestant regions architecture was ... and developed a sober, quiet monumentality.a) the most restrained b) restrained c) more restrained

4. In the Protestant countries and France architecture was ..., formal, and precise.a) more geometric b) the most geometricc) geometric

5. Dome des Invalides, Paris is generally agreed to be ... church of the last half of the 17th century in France.a) finer b) finest c) the finest

II. Choose the right sentences.1. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became pictorial.a) Baroque architects and sculptors used luxurious materials.b) "Baroque" means imperfectly shaped pearl.c) Baroque architects and sculptors used the methods of painting.

2. Baroque art was concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.a) Baroque art was characterized by vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.b) The Baroque never exploited hidden light sources.c) The Baroque developed from the early 17th century to the mid 18th century.

3. This style contrasted markedly with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.a) The Baroque resembled the High Renaissance and Mannerism.b) The Baroque had little in common with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.c) The Mannerist period featured the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces.

4. In Protestant regions architecture was restrained.a) In Protestant regions architecture was austere.b) In Protestant regions architecture had free and active forms.

5. Domes des Invalides is the finest church of European Baroque Architecture.a) Domes des Invalides is the finest church of the 18th century.b) Domes des Invalides was built in 1675.c) Domes des Invalides is a masterpiece of European Baroque architecture.

III. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the following sentences.1. The term "Baroque" was used by philosophers ...a) during the period of the Enlightenmentb) during the Middle Agesc) in ancient times

2. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became ... a) illusionistic b) realistic c) pictorial

3. Baroque architecture was a means of propagating ...a) faith b) atheism c) anarchism

4. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of... a) social life b) artistic stylec) scientific research

5. The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate ... a) forms b) sides c) parts

Text 2.

Read the text and speak on the difference between the Baroque and Rococo.

ROCOCODuring the period of the Enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as Rococo, refined the robust architecture of the 17th century to suit elegant 18th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. Churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lightened to render interiors graceful and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, Rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (Church of the Carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by Filippo Juvarra; Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen, near Biberach, Germany, 1728, by Domini-kus Zimmermann; Saint-Jacques, Luneville, France, 1730, by Germain Boffrand.

Vocabularyto evolve — происходить, возникатьcurrent — течениеrobust — крепкий; сильный; грубыйto replace — заменятьto flood — литься цотокомflowing — текущийethereal — легкий, воздушныйto retain — сохранять, поддерживатьto entertain — занимать, извлекатьto capture — захватывать, увлекатьintricacy — запутанность, сложностьsubtlety — тонкость, нежность

discrete — раздельный, состоящий из разрозненных частейto obtain — получать, приобретатьto reduce — сокращать, уменьшать

I. Choose the right verb.1. Vivid colours were ... by pastel shades.

a) replaced b) chosen c) created

2. Smooth flowing masses ... emphasis only at isolated points, a) exhibited b) had c) separated

3. By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, Rococo architects ... unified spaces.a) reduced b) obtained c) retained

4. Rococo architects emphasized structural elements, ...continuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum.a) described b) borrowed c) created

5. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to ... the space from wall to wall.a) unify b) divide c) close

NEOCLASSICISMWarming-up1. Why is this style called Neoclassicism?2. How did excavations at the newly discovered ancient cities influence Neoclassicism?3. What are the finest examples of this style?

Read the text and tell about the qualities of Neoclassical architecture.

The classicism that flourished in the period of 1750-1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient Rome or of the Renaissance.The search for the intellectual and architectural truth characterized the period. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which — with its emphasis on illusion and applied ornament — was felt to be manifestly untruthful.Essentially representing a new taste for classical serenity and archaeo-logically correct forms, 18th-century classicism manifested itself in all the arts.The discovery, exploration, and archaeological investigation of classical sites in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor were crucial to the emergence of Neoclassicism.The centre of international Neoclassicism was Rome. The cradle of Italian antiquities, it provided the stage, but the leading actors in the Neoclassical drama were French, German, or English; very little was contributed by Italians to this new movement. The centre of activity was the French Academy. The winners of the Academy's Prix de Rome went to Italy to study the monuments firsthand. The projects produced by the French Prix de Rome winners are characterized by their grandeur of scale; strict geometric organization; simplicity of geometric forms; Greek or Roman de-tail; dramatic use of columns, particularly to articulate interior spaces and create urban landscapes; and a preference for blank walls and the contrast of formal volumes and textures. The same qualities describe Neoclassical architecture as it was to emerge throughout Europe and in America.

Vocabularysearch — поиск

onslaught — нападение, атакаserenity — ясностьto manifest — проявлятьexploration — изучение, исследованиеcrucial — решающийemergence — появлениеcradle — колыбельto contribute — вносить вкладto articulate — выделять

I. Complete the following sentences.

1. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on ...a) Romanesque architectureb) Greek architecturec) Baroque architecture

2. The excavations of classical sites were held in Italy, Greece, anda) Asia Minorb) Egyptc) India

3. The projects produced by the winners are characterized by ...a) rich floral decorationsb) stained glass windowsc) a preference for blank walls

4. There were also the strict geometric organization and ...a) simplicity of geometric formsb) spatially complex compositionsc) massive walls and round arches

5. Neoclassicism emerged throughout Europe and in ...a) Africab) Asiac) America

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TURN OF THE CENTURIES

Warming up1. When did Art Nouveau develop?2. What outstanding architects of Art Nouveau do you know?3. How is this style called in Russia?

Read the text and speak on the aesthetics of Art Nouveau.

ART NOUVEAUAn individual and highly romantic reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism (Ecole des Beaux-Arts in late 19th century architecture) Art Nouveau was a diverse phenomenon which affected most of Europe and, some historians argue, even North America between 1890 and 1910. It was known at the time under a variety of rubrics — for instance, in England it was the "modern style", in Germany it was called the Ju-gendstil, in France it was known variously as the "style nouille" (noodle style), "style Guimard" (after Henry Guimard, who designed the decorative

entrance to the Paris Metro Stations in 1899), or Art Nouveau. The Austrians named it Secessionsstil; in Italy it was the "stile Liberty" or "stile floreale", and in Spain "modernisme".Often referred to simply as the style 1900, Art Nouveau expresses an essentially decorative trend that aims to highlight the ornamental value of the curved line, which may be floral in origin (Belgium, France) or geometric (Scotland, Austria). This line gives rise to two-dimensional, slender, undulating and invariably asymmetrical forms. The applied arts were the first to be affected (textiles by William Morris, 1880; wood-engraved title page to Wren's City Churches by Arthur H. Mackmurdo, 1883; vases by Emile Galle, 1884; ornamental lettering by Fernand Khnopff and Georges Lem- men, 1890-1; mural tapestry The Angels' Vigil by Henry van deVelde; 1893; furniture by de Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, 1891).Among the most characteristic architectural products of Art Nouveau, widely differing in purpose and plastic expression, were: the houses built by Paul Hankar in Brussels (1893—1900); works of Willem Kromhout (1864-1940), Th. Sluyterman (1863-1931) and L. A. H. Wolf in the Netherlands; Guimard's Castel Beranger (1897—1898), entrances to Metro stations and the auditorium of the Humbert de Romans building (1902, destroyed) in Paris; Horta's Maison du Peuple (1896—1899, destroyed) and the former Hotel Solvay (1895—1900) in Brussels.In Russia Art Nouveau is represented in the works of F. Shekhtel, (S. Ryabushinsky's Mansion (1900), the building for the newspaper "Utro Rossii" (Moscow, 1907).All these works are the result of an attempt to put an end to imitations of past styles; in its place is offered a florid type of architecture, which exploits craft skills, using coloured materials (faience cabochons, stoneware, terracotta panels, stained glass), exotic veneers, moulded stonework, grilles, balconies, and tapered brackets in wrought iron; and burgeoning with asymmetrical door — and window-frames, bow and horseshoe windows, etc.In the later phases of Art Nouveau, facade decoration was accompanied by a powerful plastic treatment of the whole building, either by the dramatic accentuation of individual parts of the structure (Glasgow Art School, 1898-1909, by Mackintosh) or by the sculptural modelling of the whole building mass (Werkbundtheater, Cologne, 1914 by van de Velde; Casa Mila, Barcelona, 1905—1910, by Gaudi).Art Nouveau was first and foremost an aesthetic undertaking, based on social theories and inspired by aesthetes such as Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde. It was born of a reaction to the rise of industrialism.Distinguished architects of the Art Nouveau style, such as Mackintosh, Behrens and the Viennese masters became pioneers of modern architecture, it is true, but with their forward-looking buildings they overstepped the frontiers which the style had imposed upon its adherents.

Vocabularycurrent — поток, течениеdiverse — разнообразныйto argue — споритьrubric — название, заголовокinstance — примерnoodle — лапшаentrance — входto refer — иметь отношение, относитьсяto highlight — выдвигать на первый план; придать большое значениеtwo-dimensional — двухмерныйundulating — волнистыйthe applied art — прикладное искусствоto engrave — гравироватьformer — бывшийattempt — попыткаto offer — предлагатьcraft — ремеслоstoneware — керамические изделия

stained glass — витражveneer — шпон; однослойная фанера; (кирпичная) облицовкаwrought iron — ковкая мягкая стальhorseshoe — подкова

treatment — обработкаto inspire — вдохновлятьto impose — налагать (обязательство)adherent — сторонник

I Choose the right sentence.

1. Art Nouveau was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism at the turn of the 19th century.a) Art Nouveau was a reaction against Neo-Gothic.b) It was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism in the late 19th century.

2. This style has a lot of rubrics.a) It is often referred to as "style 1900".b) It was the "modern style" in England.c) It is known under a variety of titles.

3. The curved line gives rise to invariably asymmetrical forms.a) A florid type of architecture exploits craft skills.b) The whiplash line creates constantly asymmetrical forms.

4. Fyodor Shekhtel is the main representative of Art Nouveau in Russia.a) Ryabushinsky's mansion by Fyodor Shekhtel is one the best works of Art Nouveau in Russia.b) Mackintosh is an outstanding representative of Art Nouveau in Scotland.

5. Art Nouveau was inspired by Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde.a) The echoes of Gothic had a considerable effect on the age and emerged in some Art Nouveau works.b) Art Nouveau was an aesthetic undertaking.c) Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde were the inspirers of Art Nouveau.

II. Complete the following sentences.

1. Art Nouveau is characterized by ... and asymmetrical forms, a) plain surfaces b) whiplash linesc) symmetrical composition

2. This decorative trend highlights ... of the curved line, a) structural value b) durabilityc) ornamental value

3. It was an attempt to put an end to imitations of... styles, a) past b) new c) different

4. This architecture exploits craft skills, using ...a) coloured materials b) Landscape Architecturec) computer technology

III. Answer the following questions. Only one variant is correct from the three choices.1. What does Art Nouveau exploit?a) This style exploits the effects of illusionism.

b) The artists of Art Nouveau imitate past styles.c) It exploits craft skills using coloured materials.

2. What were the sources of Art Nouveau?a) Increasing interest in archaeology was crucial to the emergence of Art Nouveau.b) It was inspired by such aesthetes as Ruskin, Morrison, and Oscar Wilde.c) It adopted the ideas of Constructivism.

3. What kind of reaction was Art Nouveau born of?a) It began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture.b) It was the reaction to the ban on human representation.c) It was born of a reaction to the rise of industrialism.

4. What were the decorative elements of this trend?a) Art Nouveau featured exotic veneers, moulded stonework, assym-metrical door-and window frames, horseshoe windows.b) It was characterized by unadorned exteriors and interiors.c) The Doric order was preferred during this period.

5. Who were the greatest architects of Art Nouveau?a) Carlo Rossi is one of the greatest representatives of the modern style.b) August Endell, Charles R. Mackintosh and Antonio Gaudi are among those who created this style.c) Filippo Brunelleschi is supposed to be its initiator.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE 20th CENTURY

Warming-up1. What works of Le Corbusier can you name?2. What did Le Corbusier build in Moscow?3. What other greatest 20th century architects do you know?

Read the text and tell about Le Corbusier's creative activity.

CHARLES EDOUARD (JEANNERET) LE CORBUSIER (1887-1966)Le Corbusier was the dominant figure internationally in modern architecture from 1920 to 1960.He proposed the "Modulor", a system of proportions grounded on the golden section or the Fibonacci series using the human figures as its basis, formulated the famous definition of architecture as 'the masterly correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in light'. His comparisons with engineering constructions and with modern forms of transportation were formulated into such oft-misunderstood postulates as 4he house is a machine for living in' and that it should be as practically constructed as a typewriter. By this he meant not a mechanistic 'machine aesthetic1 but rather complete rationality in plan, capacity for serial-production and function.His 'five points for a new architecture': the pilotis, roof terraces, free plan, continuous window strips and free facade composition were to be the essential elements of the new aesthetic.Le Corbusier's works have become monuments of modern architecture with their general independence of terrain as well as a rich variety of interior and exterior spaces achieved by means of 'double-height rooms, gallery floors, bridges and ramps with views into the interior as well as 'framed' views looking out, all expressions of a genuine luxury in architecture.

Le Corbusier's long period as a leading figure in modern architecture — for nearly half a century — was unique among architects of his time and is, finally, a reflection of his capacity to endow architecture with an expression which evokes the spirit of his epoch. In this sense he was at once the 'terrible simplificateur' in the tradition of the rationalist enlightenment and a creator of forms which will endure well beyond his time.Among his works are Villa Savoye, Poissy (1929—1931); Pavilion Su-isse, Cite Universitaire, Paris (1930-2); The Clarte apartment house in Geneva (1930-1932); Unite d'Habitation, Marseilles (1947-1952); the urban planning schemes for large North African and South American cities, (the 1930s); the Pilgrimage church of Notre Dame-du-Haut at Rou-champ (1950—1954); the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1961—1964); the plan of the city of Chandigarh, India (1950—1951), and others.

Vocabularyoft-misunderstood — часто понимаемый неправильно capacity — способность continuous — сплошной terrain — местностьramp — скат, уклон, наклонная плоскость luxury — роскошь to endow — наделять, одарять to evoke — вызывать (восхищение) enlightenment — просвещениеto endure — выдерживать испытание временем; длиться, продолжаться

I. Choose the appropriate adjective.1. Le Corbusier was the ... figure internationally in modern architecture from 1920 to 1960.a) dominant b) foreign c) possible

2. According to Le Corbusier architecture is "the masterly correct and ... play of masses brought together in light ".a) bright b) wooden c) magnificent

3. Free facade composition is one of his "five points for a ... architecture".a) new b) great c) modern

4. Le Corbusier's long period as a ... figure in modern architecture was unique among architects of his time.а ) continuous b) leading c) wise

5. Le Corbusier's works have become monuments of ...architecture, a) modern b) medieval c) native

II. Complete the following sentences.1. According to Le Corbusier, "the house should be as practically constructed as ...".a) a TV-set b) a type-writer c) a refrigerator

2. He advanced the "Modulor" in order to determine the proportions of...a) machines b) terrain c) building units

3. His formulas of architectural typology are: the pilotis, roof terraces, free plan, continuous window strips and ...a) free facade compositionb) conspicuous use of decoration

c) complexity of forms

4. Le Corbusier worked out the urban planning schemes for Paris and for several large North African and ... cities.a) South Africanb) North Americanc) South American

BRITISH ARCHITECTURE

Buildings: first impressionsWhat makes the look of British towns and cities distinctive? The most striking feature is the lack of blocks of flats. People prefer to live in individual houses — units with their own front doors and sometimes gardens. Perhaps this says something about the national character; a love of privacy and a lack of interest in the wider community. There is a proverb: "An Englishman's home is his castle."Whatever the deeper reasons for it, the result is that British towns and cities are full of two or three-storey houses. Only in the 1950s and 60s did councils start building tall blocks of flats in the American style; but these have been very unpopular, and the cheaper ones are now being demolished.Another distinctive feature of British buildings is the use of brick. Some of the oldest monuments, like Hampton Court Palace or Queens' College, Cambridge, are made of brick. It remains the favourite material for new houses today. While the rest of the world prefers concrete, for some reason the British taste is for brick, at least in smaller buildings.

British architectureApart from some ancient churches, the oldest buildings you will see in Britain are castles. They are dotted all over the country, with many beautiful examples in Scotland and Wales. They were first built by the Normans after their invasion of England in 1066. The Tower of London dates from about 1078. Because of the Normans' desire to control the population, they started to build castles everywhere, but especially in the more restless regions. For example, King Edward I built a series of massive castles in Wales at the end of the 13th century; his aim was to keep the lawless Welsh under English rule.As the dominance of the English crown was established, the need for castles diminished. Then the use of gunpowder meant that they could no longer resist attack. So by the 15th century the castle-building age was over. Many Scottish castles are from a later period, but these are not military buildings; they are aristocratic family houses that imitated older styles.Since the Middle Ages, architecture in Britain (as in most of Europe) has been based on three major styles: Gothic, classical, and modern. The great early cathedrals and churches are in Gothic style - tall, with pointed arches and highly decorated; they are covered in sculptures of people, animals and plants. The buildings are fantastic engineering achievements., constructed with very little machinery and designed by architects whose names have been forgotten. The tallest spire in Britain, at Salisbury Cathedral, is 123 metres high and was built in the 1330s. It is incredible that such size and perfection were achieved without a single crane or computer!After the Gothic period, architectural fashion looked back to the classical age of Greece and Rome for its inspiration. So we see columns and triangular pediments as on Greek temples; round arches, domes and perfect Latin lettering as on Roman public buildings. Many of the finest London churches are in this style; St Paul's Cathedral (built by Sir Christopher Wren between 1675 and 1710) is the biggest and most celebrated, but there are many more all over the city.Not only churches were in the classical style. Rich aristocrats built huge and impressive houses surrounded by parkland; they are on such a grand scale that it is difficult to imagine that they were once private homes, but of course they had dozens and sometimes hundreds of servants.Many of the most beautiful parts of British cities consist of houses in this style. The period of kings George I to George IV is known as the Georgian period, and cities such as London, Edinburgh,

Bristol and Bath still today have large numbers of elegant Georgian houses, which give the streets a striking sense of unity and design.In the 19th century, during the Victorian age (taking its name from Queen Victoria), architects went back to medieval Gothic ideas for their inspiration. At first sight it is sometimes difficult to tell whether a Victorian church is 100 or 500 years old! At the same time, classical styles did not disappearaltogether. In fact, there was a "Battle of the Styles" between classical and Gothic. The British Museum (1823) was a victory for the classical, and the Houses of Parliament (1836) for the Gothic. There was also debate about the use of iron and steel: should these new materials be visible, as in the new bridges and railway stations, or hidden, as in the Natural History Museum, London, where the metal frame is covered by coloured brick and stonework?From the 1920s on, new ideas were transforming art and music, and architecture, too, was caught up in the modernising culture. People wanted buildings which were not just copies of the past. Having abandoned both classical and Gothic styles, the challenge was to create - to invent -something really new. Luckily, this change in attitude came at the same time as exciting new engineering materials were becoming available.With concrete and steel together, and new types of glass, it was possible to escape from the traditional forms. For the first time in history, architects were free to make almost any shapes they liked.

Richard RogersBritish architecture is going through a dynamic period, with several big international names such as James Stirling and Norman Foster. Perhaps the architect best known in Britain is the designer of the Millennium Dome, Richard Rogers. He too, has carried out many major projects abroad. He was responsible for the airport in Marseille, numerous office complexes in Japan and the USA, and (with an Italian, Renzo Piano) for the great Centre Pompidou in Paris. In his own country he has worked on many smaller projects, such as the flats shown in the photograph on the right. But he is best known for the most spectacular modern building in the financial centre of London - the Lloyd's Building. Although it contains a very conservative insurance business, and is in the oldest part of London, it is an extraordinary and daring piece of modern architecture - all steel and glass, with pipes and lifts on the outside.Richard Rogers is also modern in his philosophy. He is extremely concerned about the environmental aspects of design: can a building use solar power, can it make the most of natural light, and can it function without wasteful air conditioning? He is keen to make London a better place to live in, with less traffic and more spaces in which people can enjoy city life. Talking about famous parts of the city like Oxford Circus, Parliament Square and Marble Arch, he says: "They are dangerous, degrading, inhuman and unnecessary spaces where vehicles have replaced people, and the servant has become the master. ... clean, live-work cities based upon the bicycle and upon walking, are absolutely possible." Happily, the government is beginning to follow Rogers' advice and the future of London is looking brighter; there are, for example, plans for a car-free Trafalgar Square.

Topics for discussion. Which are more common in your area – houses or flats? Which do you prefer? Do you enjoy walking round old buildings such as castles? If so, why? Is the architecture in your country very different from that in Britain? Why do you think architectural styles change from time to time? Do you take notice of new buildings around you? Which ones do you admire? What should be the priorities of architects today – beauty, environmental factors or what?

График консультации СРОП (СРОП составляет 25% из СРО)

№ Виды занятия понедельник вторник среда четверг пятница суббота1. Консультирование по

вопросам лекций-

2. Консультирование по вопросам практических занятий и семинаров

15.55-16.45

3. Консультирование по вопросам СРО

15.55-16.45

4. Консультации по вопросам тестовых заданий

15.55-16.45

Расписание проверок знаний обучающихсяПосещение лекции и практическая (семинарская, лабораторная, индивидуальные, студийные) оцениваются 0-100 баллов

График выполнения и сдачи заданий по дисциплине

№ Виды работ Тема, цель и содержание

задания

Рекомендуемая литература

Продолжительность

выполнения

Форма контроля

Срок сдачи

1 2 3 4 5 6 71 Конспект Межъязыковая

и межкультурная коммуникация

Строй английского языка:Учеб.пособие для ин-тов.-М.:Высш.школа,1989.-239 с.

3 недели Проверка конспектов

4-ая неделя

2 Анализ текста

Картина мира.Концепт

Самоучитель английского языка:[практ. пособие].-Изд. 18-е.-М.:ГИС,2007.-365 с

2 недели Проверкаанализа текста

7-ая неделя

3 Рубежный контроль

Модуль 1,2 Письменный анализ

8-ая неделя

4 Комплексный анализ текстов

Язык и стиль официально-деловой документации

Самоучитель английского языка:[практ. пособие].-Изд. 18-е.-М.:ГИС,2007.-365 с

3 недели Проверка анализа

12-ая неделя

5 Описание типажей

Стереотипы сознания.Лингвокультурные типажи

Строй английского языка:Учеб.пособие для ин-тов.-М.:Высш.школа,1989.-239 с.

2 недели Проверка 14-ая неделя

6 Рубежный Модуль 3,4 Письмен 15-ая

контроль ный анализ

неделя

Критерии оценки знаний обучающихсяИзучение дисциплины заканчивается экзаменом в письменной форме,

который охватывает весь пройденный материал. Обязательным условием для допуска к экзамену является выполнение всех предусмотренных заданий в программе.

Каждое задание оценивается 0-100 баллов. Рейтинг допуска выводится из среднеарифметического всех

выполненных заданий на текущих занятиях (посещение лекции, домашние задания, задания по СРО, задания по практике и другие, рубежный контроль).

К итоговому контролю (ИК) по дисциплине допускаются студенты, выполнившие все требования рабочей учебной программы (выполнение и сдача всех лабораторных работ, работ и заданий по СРС), получившие положительную оценку за защиту курсового проекта (работы) и набравшие рейтинг допуска (не менее 50 баллов).

Уровень учебных достижений студентов по каждой дисциплине (втом числе и по дисциплинам, по которым формой итогового контроля ГЭ)определяется итоговой оценкой (И), которая складывается из оценок РД иИК (экзамена, дифференцированного зачета или курсовой работы/проекта) сучетом их весовых долей (ВДРД и ВДИК).

И = РД*0,6 + ИК*0,4Весовые доли ежегодно утверждаются ученым советом университета и

должны быть для РД не более 0,6, а для ИК не менее 0,3.Итоговая оценка по дисциплине подсчитывается только в том случае,

если обучающийся имеет положительные оценки, как по рейтингу допуска,так и по итоговому контролю. Неявка на итоговый контроль понеуважительной причине приравнивается к оценке «неудовлетворительно».Результаты экзамена и промежуточной аттестации по дисциплине доводятсядо студентов в тот же день или на следующий день, если письменныйэкзамен проводился во второй половине дня.

Для корректности подсчета итоговой оценки знания обучающегося на рубежном контроле (рейтинге) и итоговом экзамене оцениваются в процентах от 0 до 100%.

Оценка рубежного контроля складывается из текущих оценок и оценки рубежного контроля.

Учебные достижения, то есть знания, умения, навыки и компетенции студентов по дисциплине «Стилистика современного русского языка» оцениваются по многобалльной буквенной системе адекватной ее цифровому эквиваленту и традиционной шкале оценок:

Оценка по буквенной системе

Цифровой эквивалент баллов

Процентное содержание

Оценка по традиционной системе

A 4,0 95-100 ОтличноA- 3,67 90-94

B+ 3,33 85-89ХорошоB 3,0 80-84

B- 2,67 75-79C+ 2,33 70-74

УдовлетворительноC 2,0 65-69C- 1,67 60-64D+ 1,33 55-59D 1,0 50-54F 0 0-49 Неудовлетворительно

Требования преподавателя, политика и процедурыПосещение обучающимися всех аудиторных занятий без опозданий

является обязательным. В случае пропуска занятия отрабатываются в порядке установленном деканатом. Допускается максимально только два пропуска занятий. Два опоздания на занятие приравниваются одному пропуску. В случае более двух пропусков преподаватель имеет право в дальнейшем студента не допускать к занятиям до административного решения вопроса. Присутствие на лекциях посторонних лиц, не являющихся контингентом студентов данного курса, запрещается.

Работы следует сдавать в указанные сроки. Крайний срок сдачи всех заданий – за 3 дня до начала экзаменационной сессии.

Студенты, не сдавшие все задания, и не защитившие курсовую работу, не допускаются к экзамену.

Повторение темы и отработка пройденных материалов по каждому учебному занятию обязательны. Степень освоения учебных материалов проверяется тестами или письменными работами. Тестирование студентов может проводиться без предупреждения.

При выполнении самостоятельной работы студентов под руководством преподавателя (СРСП) учитывать следующие четыре основные функции.

Первая – предполагает реализацию активного восприятия студентами информации преподавателя, полученной в период установочных занятий по учебной дисциплине.

Вторая функция предполагает, что студенты самостоятельно, на основании рекомендаций преподавателя, изучают учебно-методические пособия, литературные источники, выполняют домашние задания, контрольные и курсовые работы и т.д. На этом этапе от студентов требуется знание методов работы, фиксация своих затруднений, самоорганизация и самодисциплина.

Третья функция студентов состоит в анализе и систематизации своих затруднительных ситуаций, выявлении причин затруднений в понимании и усвоении ими учебного материала, выполнении других учебных действий. Студенты переводят неразрешимые затруднения в систему вопросов для преподавателя (ранжируют их, упорядочивают, оформляют), строят собственные версии ответов на эти вопросы.

Четвертая функция студентов состоит в обращении к преподавателю за соответствующими разъяснениями, советами, консультациями.

8. Список литературыОсновная1) Строй английского языка:Учеб.пособие для ин-тов.-

М.:Высш.школа,1989.-239 с.2) Самоучитель английского языка:[практ. пособие].-Изд. 18-е.-

М.:ГИС,2007.-365 с.

Дополнительная3) Разговорник на русском, английском, немецком, французском,

испанском, итальянском языках.-М.:Новелла,1991.-92 с. 4)  Книга для чтения на английском языке.-М.:Внешторгиздат,1963.-121 с.5) Самоучитель английского языка.-8-е изд. испр..-Санкт-

Петербург,1993.-365 с.. 6) Самоучитель английского языка:[самоучитель].-9-е изд..-М.:ГИС,2000.-

370 с.

9. Список мультимедийного сопровождения 7) Профессор Хиггинс:Англ. без акцента!:[Электронный

ресурс]:ИстраСофт,1995-1998