total weather (in progress)

1.WEATHER

THE SHORT TERM CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Weather is…

Weather is the result of the interrelationship between the following 4 ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES:

TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY

AIR PRESSURE WIND

*measures how much

kinetic energy the air molecules have

1.Air Temperature:

* caused by the weight of atmosphere pushing down

2. Air Pressure:

3. Wind:Horizontal Movementof aircaused by differencesin pressure

4. Humidity:

Moisture content of the atmosphere

In what layer of our atmosphere does our weather occur?Troposphere

What is our atmosphere made of?

Nitrogen78%

Oxygen21%

Argon0.93 %Carbon Dioxide0.03 %Water vapor0.0 to 4.0 %0.01 % Neon

HeliumMethaneKryptonHydrogenOzoneXenon

Other1%

See Front Cover of your ESRT!!!

*measures how much

kinetic energy the air molecules have

1.Air Temperature:

Each time a moleculehits the thermometer bulbenergy is transferred and the temperature rises

Air molecule

HOTCOLD

HOTCOLD

WHICH SAMPLE HAS MOREKINETIC ENERGY? Motion

HOTCOLD

WHICH SAMPLE HAS MOREKINETIC ENERGY? Motion

Energy transferred

HOTCOLD

HOTCOLD

Hot air risesbecause of increased kinetic energy

Three scales are use to measure temperature:1. Fahrenheit2. Celsius3. Kelvin

WE WILL USE THIS

THERMOMETER TO

CONVERT FROM

CELSIUS TO

FARENHEIT TO

KELVIN

SEE REFERENCE

TABLE PAGE 13

Each notchIs worth2 degrees

Each notch is worth 1 degree

Each notchis worth1 degree

190

170

150

95

85355

345

335

1. FARENHEIT

2. CELSIUS

3. KELVIN

ICE BOILINGWATER

32

0

273

212

100

373

ALL YOU NEED TO DO

IS READ ACROSS AND

USE A STRAIGHT EDGE

70 CELSIUS = FARENHEIT

= KELVIN

158

343

180 FARENHEIT = CELSIUS

= KELVIN

82

355

ABSOLUTE ZERO (ZERO DEGREESKELVIN)

NO KINETIC ENERGY

THE MOLECULES ARE NOT MOVING

Lowest possible temperature

Quick Energy Review!

REVIEW QUESTONS:

A

B

C

D

WHICH SKIIER HAS THE GREATEST

KINETIC ENERGY?

WHICH SKIIER HAS THE GREATEST

POTENTIAL ENERGY?A

B

C

D

DURING ENERGY CHANGES, IF ONE BODYIS LOSING ENERGY, THE OTHER IS _______ ENERGY:

THE WAVE LOSES

ENERGY: THE SAND

GAINS

ENERGY

Gaining

THE WAVE LOSES

ENERGY: THE SAND

GAINS

ENERGY

DURING ENERGY CHANGES, IF ONE BODYIS LOSING ENERGY THE OTHER IS GAINING ENERGY:

DURING ENERGY CHANGES

THE TOTAL ENERGY

REMAINS THE SAME

ENERGY ALWAYS FLOWS

FROM

HIGH TO LOW (source to sink)

THE ENERGY WILL FLOW FROM:

THE FLAME TO THE

FINGER

ICE

ENERGY WILL FLOW FROM

THE FINGER TO

THE ICE

THE LIQUID

LOSES ENERGY

AS THE

ICE

GAINS ENERGY

WHEN WILL THE EXCHANGE

OF ENERGY STOP?WHEN

EQUILIBRIUM

IS REACHED THE LIQUID AND

THE ICE REACH

THE SAME

TEMPERATURE

The Affects of Air

Temperature

HOTCOLD

Imagine two open containers of air:One is filled with hot airand the other is filled with cold air

HOTCOLD

Which container has more kinetic energy?

HOTCOLD

Which container has higher air pressure?

HOTCOLD

Which container has greater density?

Air molecule

HOTCOLD

Water molecule

Which container can hold more water?

Air molecule Water molecule

HOTCOLD

In summary: Hot air has more kinetic energy

hot air has less pressure hot air can hold more water

hot air is less dense hot air rises

* caused by the weight of atmosphere pushing down

2. Air Pressure:

As altitudeincreases

Pressuredecreases

Altitude

Pressure

Indirect

Temperature

Pressure

Indirect

A barometermeasurespressure in inches of mercury or millibars

see reference table page 13

Standard pressure is

1013.2 millibars or

29.92 inches of mercury

30.65

Each notch is worth 1.0

1037.0

1038.0

1039.0

Each notch is worth 0.01

Convert 1040.0 millibarsto inches of mercury

Atmospheric Pressure:

Effected by water vapor

Water vapor is very _________ compared to dry air:

light

(Nitrogen is heavier than hydrogen and oxygen)

SO:When water vapor is

added to dry air the air pressure___________decreases

Pressure

Because the air is

lighter

Decreases in air that is full of water vapor

Humidity

pressure

Indirect

HOT:COLD:

•Heavier •more dense

•more pressure

•less dense , lighter

•less pressure

•holds more water

Summary

What will happen? If you add water vapor to the inside of a container and seal it, what will happen?

SIT BACK AND WATCH!

The Earth is always trying to achieve_______________equilibrium

Energy is constantly being re-distributedflowing from _______to _______highlow

How can we decreasepressure without changing our elevation?

Increase temperatureIncrease humidity

Low pressure

Warmer and Wet

Cooler and Dry

High pressure

Latitude…. Earth

Poles

EQUATOR

Temp:

pressure:

density:

humidity:

temp:

pressure:

density:

humidity:

highhighlow

highlowlow

high

low

Winds are described by the direction they ___________Come from

•Winds distribute energy•They blow from _______ pressure to______pressurehigh

low

White lines are ISOBARS

WINDS BLOW FROM HIGH TO LOW

FASTESTWINDSOCCURWHERE THE ISOBARS ARE_________________Close together

29.6

29.8 30.0N

W

S

E

NE WIND

FASTEST

SPEED

29.629.8

30.0

N

W

S

E

SW WIND

FASTEST

SPEED

N

W

S

EWinds blow

Toward

The center

30.0

29.6

29.8FASTEST

SPEED

4. Humidity and CLOUD

FORMATION

The Formation of Clouds

A. Define cloud:large group of H2O droplets suspended in air B. Steps involved in cloud formation: warm moist air rises expands cools condenses

1. Describe the mass of air that would lead to cloud formation in terms of temperature, humidity, density

Warm Moist Low density

2. The air will risebecause oflow density3. Describe what the air does

asit rises: expands cools condenses

4. Clouds will form if this rising moist air

a. cools to the dew point temp.

b. has condensation nuclei available. (dust, pollutants etc..)

C. Basic Cloud Types:

1. Cirrus: high and feathery (fair weather)2. Cumulus: white and puffy (fair weather)3. Stratus: covers the sky like a blanket (precipitation probable)

Cirrus Clouds

Cumulus clouds

Cumulonimbus clouds

Stratus clouds with fog

D. Effects of aMountain Range:

OrographicEffect(adiabatic cooling)

Wind

mountainMoistairrises

expands

CondensesDry air

Sinkscompresses

warms

cools

1. The side of the mountain with the moist prevailing winds is called the

_____________ Summary:

Wind

Windward side

moist airrisesexpandscoolscondenses

2. The air descends to the otherside of the mountain which is called the

______________________ Summary:

Wind

Leeward side

dry airsinkscompresseswarms

D. Precipitation

A. Describe what causes precipitation:

Precipitation forms around Dust particles (pollutants) droplets combine (coalesce)become heavy

and fall

B. Explain why precipitation cleans the atmosphere:

as precipitation forms around dust/pollutants…they are removed from theatmosphere as precipitation falls

When the dew point temperature

and air temperature approach each other what happens to

the chance of precipitation and

why? The chance of precipitation increases because the air is more saturated

Tempandmoisture

RiseorSink

Expand/Compress

CollisionsI nc./Decrease

K.E.I nc./Dec.

Cooling

Warming

E. Complete the chart below:

Warmmoist

Rise Expand DecreaseDecrease

Cool Sink CompressIncreaseIncrease

Dew Point and Relative

Humidity!

Dew Point TemperatureThe temperature at which the air is holding the ____________ amount of water. The air is _____________

Maximum

saturated

Relative Humidity:The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air, to the maximum amount it can hold. It is usually expressed as a __________. As the temperature increases, the maximum absolute humidity _____________ but the relative humidity will decrease

percentage

Stay the same,

The dew point and relative humidity are determined by using an instrument called a _______________________

sling psychrometer

The psychrometer has two thermometers, a dry bulb and a wet bulb. The psychrometer is whirled in the air so that evaporation will occur.

The lower the moisture content of the air, the ________ evaporation will occur from the wet bulb and the wet bulb temperature will be _________

more

lowered

Use your ESRT to fill in the chart…The answer the questions

Do Now: Read the “Structure of the atmosphere notes” and answer questions 1 through 6 using your reference tables.

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°CAir pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knotsWind direction SW

Synoptic Weather Maps

Atmospheric variables are collected from thousands of weather stations around the world four times each day.

1. Station Model Provides a summary of the current atmospheric conditions in an area.

Additional symbols used on weather maps and station models

• The circle represents the actual weather station at its location

• The shaded portion of the circle represents the % cloud.

• The line represents the direction the wind is coming from.

• The feathers represent the wind speed. Each whole feather is 10 knots and each half feather is 5 knots. 1 knot = 1.15 m/hr.

• The number in the upper left represents the current temperature in Fahrenheit degrees.

• The symbol * represents the present weather.

• The number to the left of present weather is visibility in miles.

• The bottom left number represents the dew point in degrees Fahrenheit.

• The top right number represents the barometric pressure in short hand millibars. 196 = 1019.6 millibars.

• The middle right number represents the barometric trend. A steady 1.9mb rise in the past 3 hours.

• Bottom right is the amount of precipitation in the last 6 hours

28

* 6 27

196

+1.9/

.25

Weather Station Models

The Barometric Pressure on a Station Map is in code… The number 9 or 10 has been omitted from the front

Rule for converting the code into

millibars:1. 887= ___________Because if the first digit is

5 or greater add _________ and place a decimal point before the last digit.

A 10 in front

1088.7

Rule for converting the code into

millibars:2. 165= ___________Because if the first digit is

less than 5 add ________ and place a decimal point before the last digit.

a 9 in front

916.5

Change the following to abbreviated form: 956.4:______________ 1014.3: _____________

564

143

Change from abbreviated form: 964:______________ 126: _____________

996.4

1014.3

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°C = Air pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knotsWind direction SW

68°F

68

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb =Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knotsWind direction SW

68

9960

960

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°CAir pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C =64 °F Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 68 960

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°CAir pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C =64 Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 68 960

64

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°CAir pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 68 960

64

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°CAir pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knotsAdd sleet

68 960

64

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:Cloud cover: 50 %Air temp = 20°CAir pressure = 996 mbDew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knotsAdd Raina steady 1.9mbrise in the past3 hours

68 960

64

+1.9/

Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data:75% cloudswinds from the N.W.wind speed 35 knotsair temperature 28F, dew point temp. 20Fvisibility 5 milesbarometric pressure 1032.5barometric trend 1.1 falling steadilypresent weather is snow

28 325

20

-1.1\5*

5. The Greenhouse EFFECT

Video:The Greenhouse Effect

Handout: label the diagrams

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Energy absorbed

HEAT ISTRAPPED BY

THE GLASS OFTHE GREENHOUSE

Incoming isShort wave

outgoing isLonger wave

What are the Greenhouse gases?

CO2

H20 VAPOR

METHANE GAS

INFRARED

The Earth Receives Energy from two sources:

Radioactive

Energy

CORE

All matter radiates some__________________________ElectromagneticEnergy

The sun emits energy in _____ wavelengthsof the electromagneticspectrum

ALL

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14

Increasingwavelength

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4

gamma X rayUltra violet

Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Decreasingwavelength

The Earth radiates_____________ (heat)

infrared



visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


Each type of energy differs

in its __________wavelength



visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE: MOSTLY ABSORBED byTHE OZONE

OZONE

GAMMA




visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLYABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE

gamma,

OZONE

X-RAYS




visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLYABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma, x-rays,

OZONE

UV




visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


OZONE

VISIBLE LIGHT :PASSES THROUGHTHE ATMOSPHEREWITH THE GREATEST INTENSITY




visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


Earth re-radiates(heat)

Sun emits all

wavelengthsinfrared

Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & The Environment:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ABSORBTION

REFLECTION

SCATTERING

REFRACTION

TRANSMISSION

- UV ABSORBED by OZONE IN STRATOSPHEREINFRARED ABSORBED BY

- BY CLOUDS, ICE, SNOW & WATER

- BY AEROSOLS, WATER DROPLETS, ICE CRYSTALS,AIR POLLUTANTS, DUST, POLLEN

LIGHT IS BENT AS ITMOVES THROUGH VARIED DENSITIES

WHEN ENERGY PASSES THROUGH A MEDIUM

CO2&H2O vapor

methane, nitrous oxide

1. ABSORPTION

2. REFLECTION

3.SCATTERING

4. REFRACTION

5. TRANSMISSION

Less than ______of the incoming solar radiationis receivedby the Earth’s surface

half

Surface properties of the Earth and Absorption of Energy:

Color:

Texture:

Reflection vs. Absorption & Radiation

Rough surface absorbssmooth surface reflects

Light (white) reflectsdark (black) absorbs

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:LAB



visible

10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4


Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves


6. How does tooMuch contribute to Global warming?

CO2

H20 VAPOR

METHANE GAS

INFRARED

CO2

CO2 absorbsinfrared

I. Air Masses-

A. Air Mass: large amount of air with the same temperature and humidity

B. List the characteristics that an air mass picks up from its place of origin: 1.

2. humidity

temperature

Continental

Maritime

Tropical

Polar

Arctic

Symbol Origin Describe the Air Mass

c Over Land Dry - Heavier

m Over Water Moist - Lighter

T Low Latitudes

Warm - Less Dense

P High Latitudes

Cool - More Dense

A Very High Latitudes

Cold - Very Dense

C. Types of Air Masses:

Symbol Name and Description Describe the Air Mass

cT

mT

cP

mP

cA

Continental Tropical

Maritime Tropical

Continental Polar

Maritime Polar

Continental Arctic

Dry and Warm

Moist and Warm

Dry and Cool

Moist and Cool

Dry and Very Cold

mP cPcP

mP

mTcT

mT

E. Types of Air Masses:

Local windCaused by the unequal heating of land and water.This creates density difference.Draw the diagrams in your notes.

Planetary Wind Belts

Reference TablesPage 14

I. Planetary wind Pattern If The Earth Didn’t Rotate

Cold air would_______ at the poles and flow along the surface of the Earth toward the__________

sink

equator

Air would then warm atthe equator and_____________(due to ___________ density) and flow back to the_____________

rise

poleslow

this would create two great _________ cells over the Earthconvection

II. Earth’s Rotation Effect On Wind Patterns:

convection

___________________ effect causesthe winds to deflect to the __________ in theNorthern Hemisphere

Coriolis (Rotation)

right

Intended

Actual dueTo coriolis(rotation)

Right in the Northern Hemisphere

Intended

Actual dueTo coriolis(rotation)

Left in the Southern Hemisphere

And to the __________ in theSouthernHemisphereLeft

two convection cells tobreak into ________convection cells

6

Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere

Wet 0°

Dry 30°N

Dry 30°S

Wet

Wet

Dry

Dry

60°N

60°S

NE

N

W

S

ESE

NW

SW

SE

NE

Doldrums

Horse latitudes

Horse latitudes

Use your ReferenceTables Page 14 to describe the wind for the following latitudes:

1. 42ºN _______2. 23º½N _______3. 23º½ S _______4. 70º N _____

SWNESENE

Wet 0°

Dry 30°N

Dry 30°S

Wet

Wet

Dry

Dry

60°N

60°S

NE

N

W

S

ESE

NW

SW

SE

NE

5. Which planetary wind belt is New York State Located?

SW

6. Complete the following:

The Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the

__________________ in the N. Hemisphere

right

H L

To Summarize:In high pressure winds blow In low pressure winds blow

In or Out In or OutClockwise or clockwisecounterclockwise or counter clockwise

The arrows show the wind direction: Is this a High or low pressure system?

Does it carry moist or dry air?

L

moist

Practice Questions:

N

W

S

E

30.0

29.6

29.8

Is this a high or low Pressure system?

N

W

S

E

30.00

29.60

29.80

What is the pressure at the inner isobar onThis map?

N

W

S

E

30.0

29.6

29.8

Is this a high or low Pressure system?

High

H

N

W

S

E

30.00

29.60

29.80

What is the pressure at the inner isobar onThis map?

H

30.20

Which direction do winds curve in theNorthern Hemisphere?

rightWhy?

Earth’s Rotation

Coriolis Effect

Is this clockwise or counter clockwise?

The arrows show the wind direction: Is this a High or Low pressure system?

H

Does this carry moistOr dry air?

HDry

What planetary windbelt do we live in?

SW

total weather (in progress)

Education

atmospheric variables

temperature humidity

air pressure