tot manual for pats master trainers...pakistan was further deteriorated by the devastating floods of...

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Guiding Booklet for Social Organizer

Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 7

SANITATION SITUATION IN PAKISTAN ........................................................................................................ 8

SPSP – RURAL & PATS INTEGRATED MODEL ........................................................................................... 9

WHO WILL USE THIS GUIDING BOOKLET? ............................................................................................... 11

INTRODUCTION TO SANITATION ................................................................................................................. 12

CLIMBING LADDER TOWARDS SANITATION LADDER ........................................................................................... 12

WHAT IS PRA? ................................................................................................................................................. 13

ONE OF THE SALIENT FEATURES OF PRA IS DISCUSSED BRIEFLY TO UNDERSTAND THE REAL SPIRIT OF PRA.

THESE FEATURES INCLUDE. ............................................................................................................................... 13

EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................................................................. 13

RESPECT ............................................................................................................................................................ 13

LOCALISATION .................................................................................................................................................... 13

ENJOYMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

INCLUSIVENESS .................................................................................................................................................. 14

INTRODUCTION TO CLTS AND TRIGGERING TOOLS.............................................................................. 15

TRIGGERING TOOLS ........................................................................................................................................... 16

INTRODUCTION AND RAPPORT BUILDING .......................................................................................................... 17

SOCIAL MAPPING ............................................................................................................................................... 17

TRANSECT WALK ............................................................................................................................................... 17

Calculation of Faeces ...................................................................................................................................... 17

Flow Diagram .................................................................................................................................................... 18

Glass of water exercise ................................................................................................................................... 18

Calculation of Medical/Diseases Expenditure .............................................................................................. 19

Identifying Solutions ......................................................................................................................................... 19

PREPARING COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN .................................................................................................. 20

HANDLING DIFFERENT COMMUNITY GROUPS ........................................................................................ 20

ODF VILLAGE CERTIFICATION CRITERIA.................................................................................................. 21

VSC AN INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 21

WHY VILLAGE SANITATION COMMITTEE IS IMPORTANT ..................................................................................... 22

VILLAGE SANITATION COMMITTEE WILL PERFORM UNDER THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION ............ 22

TORS OF VILLAGE SANITATION COMMITTEE .................................................................................................... 23

STRUCTURE OF VSC ...................................................................................................................................... 23

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF VSC OF MEMBERS .......................................................................... 25

HOW THE MEETINGS WILL BE CONDUCTED ........................................................................................................ 26

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ACCOUNTABILITY ............................................................................................................................................... 26

FUNCTIONS OF VSC ....................................................................................................................................... 27

SCHOOL LED TOTAL SANITATION (SLTS) ......................................................................................................... 27

ACTIVITY CALENDAR .......................................................................................................................................... 28

SLTS – OBJECTIVES & MAJOR FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................. 28

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR WASH CLUB FORMATION ............................................................ 29

TORS OF WASH CLUB ..................................................................................................................................... 29

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF WASH CLUB MEMBERS .................................................................................. 30

MONITORING INDICATORS .................................................................................................................................. 32

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF WASH CLUB .................................................. 33

MARKETING ..................................................................................................................................................... 35

COMMERCIAL MARKETING ................................................................................................................................. 36

SOCIAL MARKETING ........................................................................................................................................... 37

SANITATION MARKETING ................................................................................................................................... 37

SANITATION ENTREPRENEUR ............................................................................................................................ 38

4-PS OF SANITATION MARKETING ............................................................................................................. 38

PRICE MECHANISMS .......................................................................................................................................... 38

PRODUCT DESIGN .............................................................................................................................................. 40

PLACEMENT DYNAMICS ..................................................................................................................................... 40

PROMOTION MIX ................................................................................................................................................ 41

BCC CAMPAIGN AND MESSAGES ............................................................................................................... 42

WHAT IS BEHAVIOUR? ....................................................................................................................................... 42

WHY BEHAVIOUR CHANGE COMMUNICATION? ................................................................................................. 42

BASIC SKILLS REQUIRED FOR FACILITATOR.......................................................................................... 44

LINKAGES DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................................... 44

5 DAYS TRAINING OF SOCIAL ORGANIZERS ........................................................................................... 48

REGISTRATION FORM ................................................................................................................................... 54

PRE AND POST TEST ..................................................................................................................................... 55

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List of Abbreviations

BCC Behaviour Change Communication CAP Community Action Plan CBO Community Based Organization CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation CRP Community Resource Person CSO Civil Society Organization EDO–E Executive District Officer - Education EDO–H Executive District Officer – Health EV Extreme Vulnerable FGD Focus Group Discussion GoP Government of Pakistan HH Household HW Hand Washing IEC Information Education Communication IP Implementing Partner KAP Knowledge Attitude and Practice KI Key Informant LG&RD Local Government & Rural Development LHW Leady Health Worker LSO Local Support Organization M&E Monitoring & Evaluation MDG Million Development Goal MTR Mid-Term Review/Evaluation NFR Note For Record NGO Non-Government Organization NOC No Objection Certificate ODF Open Defecation Free PATS Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation PHED Public Health Engineering Department PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PTA Parents Teachers Association RSPN Rural Support Programmes Network RuSFAD Rural Sanitation for Flood Affected Districts SLTS School-Led Total Sanitation SMC School Management Committee/Council SO Social Organizer SPSP Sanitation Programme at Scale in Pakistan TORs Terms of References TOT Training of Trainers UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

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92% of the population has access to water

48% of the population has access to sanitation but details show that this access is

inequitable among the urban and rural population as only 34% of the rural population

has access to sanitation in comparison to 72% urban population.

Poor sanitation is one of the contributors of poverty and in Pakistan 22.3% 0f the

population is living below the poverty line and here again there is inequality in urban and

rural population.

Poor sanitation coverage has increased the rate of malnutrition, mortality of under five

children, and poor sanitation in high risk polio districts is alarming as the affected cases

may rapidly effects a large population is poor sanitary conditions

Sanitation Situation in Pakistan

In Pakistan, diarrhoea is the leading cause of mortality for children under 5 (PDHS 2007-8)

where 116,013 children under the age of 5 die due to diarrhoea each year, translating into the

loss of life of 13 Pakistani children per hour (PDHS 2007-8). Children also suffer

disproportionately from sickness due to diarrheal disease with almost 25 million cases (PSLM

2006-7) reported annually. Major reasons for diarrhoea are a lack of access to clean drinking

water, poor hygiene status and, poor sanitation. The already dismal situation of sanitation in

Pakistan was further deteriorated by the devastating floods of 2010 which affected more than 20

million people across the country.

Pakistan is also lagging behind in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for

Sanitation. The UNICEF and WHO’s Joint Monitoring Program estimated (JMP 2012 update

report) that sanitation facilities are available only to 48% ( 72 % Urban, 34% Rural) but this

number is still with huge disparities that exist between rural and urban areas of the total

population. In rural areas an estimated 34% of the total rural population defecates in the open

while only 26% has unimproved sanitation and only 6% share sanitation facilities. An estimated

40 million people in Pakistan still practice open defecation which therefore indicates a huge

scope for providing improved sanitation facilities to the people in need.

The Pakistan National Sanitation Policy 2006 also focuses on creating an open defecation free

(ODF) environment using various total sanitation models. Based on lessons learned from the

total sanitation model previously implemented in Pakistan and keeping in view the socio

economic, political, cultural and rapid climate changes and frequent occurrence of disaster, a

Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation (PATS) was introduced by the Ministry of Environment in

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2011. As an integrated sanitation model, PATS provides greater flexibility in programming and

an opportunity to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

SPSP – Rural & PATS integrated model

The Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation (PATS) is achieving and sustaining an open

defecation free environment both in rural and urban context with clear emphasis towards

behaviour change and social mobilization enhancing the demand side of sanitation. The

approach also endorses the use of a number of branded total sanitation models, having a key

role of communities, which include:

Community Led Total Sanitation

School Led Total Sanitation

Component Sharing

Sanitation Marketing

Disaster Response

Based on experiences from RUSFAD, another program Sanitation Program at Scale in Pakistan

(SPSP) –Rural was initiated in 2012 in areas that were flood affected, had a high risk of Polio,

and were insecure. This program is being implemented in 14 districts of Pakistan through

different implementing partners. Under the Sanitation Program at Scale in Pakistan (SPSP) -

Rural six (6) pillars of integrated total sanitation model were introduced i, e. (1) linkages

development with duty bearers, 2) sanitation demand creation for ODF communities, 3)

sustaining demand through supply side interventions, 4) participatory health and hygiene

promotion, 5) attaining 100% adequate drainage and waste water treatment and 6) knowledge

management. The integrated model is further illustrated through following diagram:

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Who will Use this Guiding Booklet?

The guiding booklet is prepared for the guidance of Social Organizers or Social Mobilizers, who

are implementing SPSP-Rural through PATS in their communities. This guiding booklet would

facilitate them to perform their work in a more professional manner to create demand for

sanitation, sustaining demand through supply side interventions, facilitating BCC campaign etc

for achieving and sustaining ODF status.

This guiding booklet can also be used by the person who is providing training on sanitation and

PATS. As a trainer social organizer can use this guiding booklet, as all the required material like

presentation, session methodology and process for the training is available in this booklet.

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DISPLAY SLIDE FOR SANITATION AND COMPONENTS

What is Sanitation?

Sanitation: The processes whereby people demand, effect, and

sustain a hygienic and healthy environment for themselves by

erecting barriers to prevent the transmission of water and

sanitation related diseases.

[Safe disposal of both liquid and dry waste is regarded sanitation,

technical definition]

It refers to the combination of hardware and software

components that are necessary to produce a healthy environment

and to develop or support safe hygiene behaviours.

Examples of Hard components: 1. Hand pump, 2.Tap connection,

3. Rain water tank, 1. Construction of Latrine, 2. Water container

for hand washing.

Examples of Soft Components: 1. Hygiene behavioural change,

and Activist training

Introduction to Sanitation

Sanitation: The processes whereby

people demand, effect, and sustain a

hygienic and healthy environment for

themselves by erecting barriers to

prevent the transmission of water and

sanitation related diseases.

Climbing ladder towards

sanitation Ladder

The sanitation ladder is one of the

important concepts for the planners,

implementer’s and the communities in

which sanitation programs is

implemented. It focuses that once a

step on sanitation ladder is achieved at

the community level or individual level

the one always try to sustain the

achievement or move up on the ladder.

1. If no resource or facility is available then

the faecal matter can be covered with

mud. In order to take the first step on to

the “Sanitation Ladder” behavior change

is critical.

2. In areas where successful social

mobilization has triggered behavior

change, the next issue is technology

options to contain and confine human

excreta. The most convenient and

cheapest option available is pit latrine.

3. Once the community is sensitized and

trained for fixed point defecation, they

can be explained the option of ventilated

improved soakage pit latrine.

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Village Name

Town/Mohalla

Total Number of households

Schools

Mosque

Type of construction

Is latrine available or not

The next step of improved sanitation is pour flush twin soakage latrine.

4. The best and most highly recommended standard of sanitation for a community is

septic tank with soakage pit OR sewer line.

What is PRA?

Participatory Rural Appraisal emerged in 1980; it is diverse approach which emerged in Asia.

The Participatory Rural Appraisal is distinguished at its best by the use of local graphic

representations created by the community that legitimize local knowledge and promote

community empowerment.

One of the salient features of PRA is discussed briefly to understand the real spirit of PRA.

These features include.

Empowerment

The knowledge is power. The knowledge arises from the process and results of research that

through participation which is shared with and owned by local people. As a result of this

gathering of information and knowledge which is shared by the people with their owner ship will

help in planning and management decisions. This will generate in ownership for planning and

implementing the plans.

Respect

The PRA process helps learners and researchers into active learners and listener, this is

ensured when the local intellectual and analytical capabilities are listened and learned. The

respect is generated when the outsiders take active part in learning the local culture, practices

and understand the intellect of local people and people feel pride in sharing the information.

Localisation

The PRA activity relies on creative use of local materials and tries to

represents the local issues and avoids imposing external

representational conventions.

Enjoyment

PRA, if done in its true spirit is the real fun activity and people start

loving it.

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PRA (Customized) Tools for SPSP-Rural

Rapport Building: In rapport building activity; SO will visit the village in prior to collect important information from the Key Informant of that village. First SO will introduce him/herself with the villagers and will explain the objective of the meeting. After the brief introduction the SO will collect important information about the village through observation and interviews.

Social Mapping: Mapping a society or village on the ground by the facilitator, with the participation of community members indicating households (highlighting the ones without latrines), main roads, BHU, schools, mosques and areas of open defecation and solid waste disposal to reflect the adverse scenario of village sanitation.

Transect walk: By definition are observatory walks to study natural resources, topography, indigenous technology, soils and vegetation, farming practices, problems and opportunities that are cross tailed with the resource mapping and modeling. These are done by walking through the area of open defecation with a group of villagers and identifying the persons coming there. This will generate a collective feeling to secure pride n dignity.

Daily activity/ routine Charts: This is made by the facilitator to identify the roles and activities of different personnel (women, children, elderly etc.) in a community and their availabilities according to their convenience for triggering, awareness sessions and hygiene briefings.

Pair wise ranking: The community will decide the poorest of the poor through peer wise ranking in which community members will participate in pairs and share important aspects of their wealth rankings e.g. number of earning members and dependants, ownership of house/ land/ livestock etc.

Wellbeing ranking: Through this tool the understanding of people will be judged against the wellbeing. Though this tool people them self will identify poor to the poorest of the community than the poor and the middle income people . People will them self-narrate the definition of rich.

Seasonal calendar: Seasonal diagrams can be used by the facilitator in the community to show seasonal patterns of rainfall, employment, income and expenditure, debt, credit, food and nutrition, reaping and sowing seasons, diseases, fodder, milk production, marketing, etc.

Community Action Plan (CAP): Once the community is finished with problem tree, its time to develop CAP keeping in view of seasonal calendar (their engagement). The prescribed format of CAP is advised to develop their plan with shared responsibilities. During developing community Action Plan it will be appropriate to identify the five to six proactive persons who will join for a committee for the implementation and monitoring of action plan.

Problem tree: The community members are inquired about main issues by the facilitator and amongst them one main problem is identified and afterwards it is tried to reach the epicentre of the problem. For example poverty unemployment inability to do any physical jobpoor healthwater borne diseaseswater contaminationpoor sanitation and hygiene measures.

Inclusiveness

Enhanced sensitivity, through attention to process; include marginal and vulnerable groups,

women, children, aged, and destitute.

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Introduction to CLTS and Triggering Tools

The Community Led Total Sanitation (CLST) is an innovative approach for mobilizing

communities to completely eliminate open defecation (OD), and move forward towards

collective action. Communities are facilitated to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of

open defecation (OD) and take their own action to become ODF (open defecation free). This

approach leads the community to the first step of sanitation ladder.

CLTS focuses on a collective sanitation analysis, sudden realization that leads, and in the end

making the village ODF. At the heart of CLTS lies the recognition that merely providing toilets

does not guarantee their use, nor result in improved sanitation and hygiene. Earlier approaches

to sanitation prescribed high initial standards and offered subsidies as an incentive. But this

often led to uneven adoption, problems with long-term sustainability and only partial use. It also

created a culture of dependence on subsidies. As a result, open defecation and the cycle of

fecal–oral contamination continued to spread disease.

In contrast, CLTS focuses on the behavioral change needed to ensure real and sustainable

improvements – investing in community mobilization instead of hardware, and shifting the focus

from toilet construction for individual households to the creation of “open defecation-free”

villages. By raising the awareness that every one remains at risk of diseases even when only a

minority continues to defecate in the open, CLTS triggers the community’s desire for change,

propels them into action and encourages innovation, mutual support and appropriate local

solutions, thus leading to greater ownership and sustainability.

CLTS approach can be implemented in the communities having following characteristics:

Communities where people go to fields for open defecation; and faeces are seen by

eyes

Community with small number of households i.e. between 100 and 300. If the number is

more than that, it will be little problematic for the facilitators to handle and control them.

The communities which has taken no or less assistance/subsidies from Government or

other NGOs in the past;

Communities having more diarrheal and water-borne diseases and consequently

children’s deaths in the past;

The communities with poor sanitation conditions.

The communities with no latrines, less number of sanitary latrines, or more un-sanitary

latrines; poor drainage system, poor water supply schemes, open wells, springs or other

contaminated source of drinking water.

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Pre-Triggering

Interacting with locals like, school

teacher, political leader, religious

leader, women activists, LHW and

village elders that are well regarded

and well known among the villagers.

Setting the time place and informing

people about the meeting.

Poor, miserable and vulnerable communities;

Communities which who are united and one voice. This means that the result of CLTS

approach will be more productive if people living in one community or village have one

tradition, culture, and same norms of life.

Under CLTS there are three critical phases i.e,

1. Pre triggering

2. Triggering

3. Post Triggering

Pre triggering: is the first step of CLTS during this phase, 1 or 2 visits are made to the selected

villages, where the facilitator meet with the village elders, religious leaders and activist etc. The

objective of this visit is to build the rapport with the Key Informant/villagers to get their

commitment towards improved sanitation. It is also advised that the facilitator would discuss the

modalities of the triggering phase with them and plan accordingly. The beauty of this step is not

only to ensure their participation but in a lead role.

Triggering Tools

During Triggering Phase, following tools are applied:

1) Introduction and rapport building

2) Social mapping

3) Transect walk

4) Calculation of faeces

5) Flow diagram of oral faecal contamination route (glass of water demonstration)

6) Calculation of medical expenses

7) Identifying solutions

8) Community action plan/ village action plan

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Introduction and Rapport Building

This is a rapport building activity; the facilitator will visit the village and collect important

information from the village. The facilitator will introduce him/herself with the villagers and will

explain the objective of the meeting. After the brief introduction the facilitator will collect

important information about the village. Some of the important information required is tabulated,

however the list can be increased as per the need of the sanitation programmes.

Social Mapping

Once the rapport building is complete and basic information about the village is collected, and

then set a time for the activity of triggering. The time, place and day of triggering are identified

one day prior to the activity.

Once this is finalized facilitator will visit the village on the set time and place. Before starting the

first triggering tool it is good that the villagers/participants may introduce each other and

facilitator may explain very briefly about the basic objective of this meeting. After this the CRP

will ask the villagers/participants to explain the sanitation issues in the area. Once the villagers

start explaining the issues the facilitator may ask the villagers/participants to draw the map on

the ground with the help of local material .Encourage them to draw the roads, small roads,

fields, schools, mosque and houses. At each step ask them that how they feel about their

village their answer will be that it’s looking good. Now ask the participant to share the houses

where there is no latrine and where they all are going for the defecation? The villagers will be

asked to highlight the area of open defecation with yellow color, point out where the children

excreta are disposed off and the location where animal excreta and solid waste is dumped.

Once the village mapping is complete it will be realized that they whole village is full of human

excreta.

Transect Walk

Once the village map is prepared ask the villagers/participants if they can show you around the

village so that you can have a real picture of the village. The CRP will ask the participants to the

areas where open defecation is done. The CRP will start discussing on the heap of the human

excreta. The CRP may ask from participants that which specific pocket of villagers is coming to

this area for open defecation. This exercise will help the participant to generate a collective

realization among the villagers of sanitation situation.

Calculation of Faeces

Ask, how much food is eaten by a healthy person? And Identify one person’s shit amount.

Identify the number of people who practicing open defecation daily .Calculate and identify per

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day open defecation amount. Multiply with 7 for one week, with 4 for the whole month and with

12 for the whole year.

Note:

The overall shit calculation process should be from community side

Share the amount with all community members loudly. The CRP can share that amount loudly

in muns and tons as well as with the examples of trucks because people know that capacity of

the trucks.

Flow Diagram

The participant will be asked to explain that how this open defecation and human excreta is

coming back to them. For this CRP will only guide the participants by asking some open ended

questions like what happened to this excreta the participants may tell that it dry up and becomes

part of air. Someone will say that it sticks with hoofs of goat, with chicken and will mix with

water. Ask them then what happened they may come to the real situation and may bluntly

explain that at the end human excreta becomes the part of our own food.

Glass of water exercise

The CRP will ask for a glass of water and take few Sips and present the water to 3 to 4

participants to taste the water. Ask, how is the taste of the water? In most of the cases the

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answer will be positive, the villagers will share that they liked the taste. Further probe that how

this water looks like and in most of the cases they will say its crystal clear.

CRP will do some acting in front of the villagers/participants. He or she will put a hair into the

human shit or rub it with the sole of the shoe and put it into the water .Present the water to the

participants after doing this exercise .They will refuse to drink and realize the fact of faecal

transmission . Now ask that how many legs a fly have after taking different responses tell the

participants that a house fly has six legs. Ask them what happens when a fly sits on human shit

and then sit on food what does it transmits on our food .Link the size of hair with the size of flies’

feet.

Calculation of Medical/Diseases Expenditure

The participants will be asked about the common water borne diseases in their area. Asked one

of the participants to enlist those on a chart and then ask the participant to tell that how much

average expenditure a household usually spend on that kind of diseases on monthly basis. Now

multiply the figure for all the households in a village for 12 months. The figure will represent the

total expense that will be spend in one year by the village because of poor sanitation; open

defecation. Tell the villagers that all this can be averted if the change in collective behaviour of

community comes in for the open defecation.

Identifying Solutions

CRP will ask from the participants that what will be the

solution. The participants may share that latrine is the solution

but at the same time they will say that cost of the latrine is very

high and they cannot afford. The CRP will probe that how

much cost of the latrine they envisaged. The participants may

share the different figures which can be range from 20,000 to

100,000. The CRP will than share the different options, he/she will also share that that latrine

can be constructed in low cost. The following options will be shared according to local norms

and geographical conditions:

Simple Pit latrine

Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP)

Pour Flush Latrine

Flush Latrine

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ECO San latrine.

The CRP will also share the following benefits of the latrine with the participants:

• Dignity and privacy

• Clean environment

• Improved sanitation and hygiene

• Safety

• Saves time and money, and produces compost and biogas for

energy

• Breaks the transmission cycle of sanitation related diseases.

Preparing Community Action Plan

Once the community is triggered the community action plan will be prepared which will

contribute to ODF status once successfully implemented. This action plan can be translated as

possible solution to the problem.

At the time of developing community Action Plan it will be appropriate to identify the five to six

proactive persons who will join for a committee for the implementation and monitoring of action

plan.

Handling Different Community Groups

During Triggering the CRP and SO may face different types of community groups and it is

important that the CRP may know about them and learn how to handle each type of group while

working in community. Different types of community groups are as follow:

Groups Match box in a gas station----A group which is eager to change

Hidden flames---- A group is active but needs multiple trigger to make them active

Scattered Flames---- A group is not very active and facilitator may find some of the

participants who want to listen and require further explanation of the impacts of poor

sanitation

Extinguished flames----this group is not promising and will not react to any of the tools

applied may show some half hearted commitment that too is to get rid of the facilitators.

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ODF Village Certification Criteria

Once the action plan is successfully implemented the ODF certification process will be followed.

This includes the following steps.

Involves a set of activities which starts in following order:

Once the certificate is awarded, then the communities celebrate the ODF status of their village.

The final criteria for ODF village is:

1. ODF village and open spaces

2. The water sources are free from human excreta

3. Hand washing with soap is practices before having food and after the use of toilet

1. All the village is aware about the safe disposal of human excreta and is practicing the

same

VSC an introduction

The village sanitation committee is a basic level organization which is organized group of people

to resolve the issues of water hygiene and sanitation. Like all other organization VSC has all the

characteristics of basic level organization.

VSC has following characteristics:

1. It is structured Unit1

2. Has an objective/aim/goal

3. Have members with specific roles and responsibilities to contribute in collective

objective/aim/goal

4. The VSC work in a system and affect and are affected by the environment

1 Usually there are two structures i.e formal and informal however formal one is preferable.

Step - I Initiation

Step- II

Verification

Init

Step- III Declaration

Init

Step- IV Certification

Init

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Why village sanitation Committee is important

The basic objective of organizing the community members for the committee is to ensure

participation of the community members for their own development. Community development

requires the participation of all the community members to achieve certain objective or goal.

This will be only possible if all the community members like women and men are equally

represented in an organization

The development work by the community cannot be implemented successfully until and unless

the inclusive participation is not ensured that mean that the participation is not limited to only

certain groups of the community rather it will be represented for all the community groups to

address their issues like, those who are poor, disable, marginalized, socially excluded etc.

Community organization is not a onetime activity that is performed and is considered complete it

is rather a continuous ongoing process the process of building power through involving a

community in identifying problems they share solutions to problems that they desire; identifying

the people and structures that can make those solutions possible; enlisting those targets in the

effort through negotiation and using confrontation and pressure when needed; and building an

institution that is democratically controlled by that constituency that can develop the capacity to

take on further problems and that embodies the will and the power of that constituency.

Village Sanitation committee will perform under the basic principles of

organization

1. People are motivated by their self-interest. This is important to motivate and involve

community, that's being organized. The proactive community members will be

encouraged to be part of VSC.

2. Community organization is a dynamic process that requires constant attention and

effort. It is impossible to use community organization to get to a certain point or goal and

stop, or to build a community organization up and then stop reaching out for new folks

and taking on new issues.

3. It's important that, at an early stage of the development of any group, they learn to deal

with conflict and confrontation. Some people see this as manipulation, as tricking people.

Obviously, some groups and some organizers are guilty of this. In the final analysis,

though, groups must learn confrontation and negotiation because they'll eventually have

to use both.

4. In selecting an issue to work on, every group has to take into account the fundamental

definition of an issue. A neighbourhood, a minority group, a group of workers or people

who share any common complaint can be a community that wants to get organized.

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TORs of Village Sanitation Committee

Once the village sanitation committee has been form following TOR will be shared with the

members:

The VSC will maintain the village profiles.

The VSC will develop the community action plans for the village which will identify that

how the village will achieve ODF status.

The VSC will allocate responsibility at individual/ house hold for fixed point defecation

and social mobilization to climb up on sanitation ladder.

The VSC will encourage the linkages among the mason, entrepreneur, mart owners,

CRP, SO and natural leaders.

The VSC will prepare their village level WASH road maps and will coordinate with duty

bearers and municipal services providers to develop plans for total sanitation.

VSC will ensure equitable support to the poorest of the poor to construct the solutions for

safe excreta disposal.

The VSC will develop a mechanism of operation and maintenance of public sanitation

services so that the factors of functionality and sustainability can be ensured even at the

end of project.

The VSC will encourage exploring options for women and children to raise their voices

for improved sanitation.

The VSC will raise and maintain funds at local level for sanitation.

Structure of VSC

The desirable structure of VSC is to:

a) Participation of each and every segments of population of area with a focus on

vulnerable communities/households

b) Elect mutually the president/Chairman and general secretary (ideally eight to nine

members)

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Selection Criteria of VSC member

1. A member is a local villager

2. Preference may be given to a literate person for record keeping and communications.

3. Technically skilled Human resources like mason, religious leaders, teachers, LHWs and others can be preferred.

4. Is motivated enough to do voluntary work for the community development.

5. Is trust worthy among the community

6. He/She is representative of at least 8-10 house hold.

7. The member is unbiased and can keep aside the personal interest and contentions.

8. Member is well sensitized about the needs of people living with disabilities, minorities, elderly and other vulnerable groups.

9. Members are well aware of child rights.

10. Equal or Equitable representation of men and women members is preferred

c) Women are part of the VSC but if this is not possible the women VSC will be formed

separately and this as an organization will share their concerns and decisions with the

male VSC for further implementation

The selection of VSC members is very important step that must be done against defined criteria.

The selection criteria of the VSC member are as follow:

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Role and responsibilities of VSC of Members

As the VSC has its roles and responsibilities same is true for each member as well. The roles of

VSC members can be

1. Able to highlight collective issues of their village and address the sanitation issues on

priority

2. To ensure the participation of all community members including men, women, youth and

children in development of community

3. To raise awareness and facilitate BCC campaigns and provide timely two way information

to the related households;

4. To participate in all development projects and make efforts for their sustainability;

5. To perform his/her activities while being accountable to the community members;

6. To give his/her own opinion and provide opportunities to others to express their point of

views in all the decisions of the organization;

7. To play his/her active role in the betterment of the social situation of the village;

8. Be able to make collective decisions

9. Local fund raising and funds management

These roles can be further defined as per the needs and requirements of VSC. The governance

structure of village sanitation committee with in a community can be

1. The organization will have 8-9 members as the main body of an organization.

2. Each member is representative of 10 % households.

3. These elected members will elect their chairman vice chairman, general secretary,

finance secretary and linkages building secretary

4. It will be preferable that parallel structures must not be organized if there is already a

village based organization exists.

5. If multiple forums exist within the community like sanitation, health etc then there

representatives can be members of the Village based organization.

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Record Register for Meetings

Contain the following information

Date Time Venue Total Members who have participated Name of the participants & Contact Details Agenda of the Meeting What was decided and who is responsible Monitoring of activities Next meeting date, time and venue.

What is Accountability?

It is the processes through which an

organization makes a commitment to

respond to and balance the needs of

stakeholders in its decision-making

processes and activities, and delivers

against this commitment

How the meetings will be conducted

The meetings of VSC will be called on monthly2 basis and

each VSC will be provided with the record register. In this

record register the VSC Chairman will keep all the record of

each meetings and its proceedings as per the date, time ,

venue name of participants and decision taken up at that time.

Accountability

The VSC interacts with the external and internal environment

so it is important to know all the internal and external stake

holders that may interact with VSC.

Internal Stake holders

VSC Members

External Stake Holders

Other organization

Funders/Supporters

Beneficiaries

These stakeholders are important as the VSC is accountable to many of them so to keep the

accountability at the prime level of importance it is important to understand what is meant by

accountability.

2 In addition on need basis

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Function of VSC

Conduct monthly meeting for sanitation issues and their solutions in the catchment areas

Record proceedings of their meetings and decisions taken

Identify and select Community Resource Person (CRPs) as per agreed criteria to undertake activities

Ensure that CRP performs their responsibilities as per agreed TORs

Provide support to CRPs in Project activities

Identify masons from their catchment areas to be trained on latrine technologies and low cost options.

Identify poorest of the poor for demo latrines in village (3%)

Identify 7% household for cost sharing latrines

Ensure masons’ support for construction of latrines for poorest of the poor families

Provide support to organize and conduct the BCC campaign

Maintain the liaison for procurement of sanitation supplies

Make efforts to mobilize the communities in achieving and maintaining ODF status

Extend support to project staff and government for ODF verification, certification and

celebration

Manage revolving funds for sanitation

Functions of VSC

School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS)

School Led Total Sanitation approach is a progressive step towards Total Sanitation

emphasizes on effective mobilization of WASH club to motivate the communities to build and

use the latrine. SLTS, which is developed as a complete package of school and community

sanitation, comprises the basic elements of sanitation program.

School is a respectable and permanent community institution, so SLTS program has regarded it

as an entry point to sanitation promotion. Similarly, it has recognized the teachers and members

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of SMC and PTA as the mover and shaker of the society to lead sanitation promotion. The

program has also emphasized on an effective mobilization of the WASH club, the change

agents. It has envisioned making school and its catchment area free from open defecation and

gradually achieves perfection in personal, households and environmental sanitation. For this,

motivation of communities and students is taken as a key step towards behavioural

transformation and latrine promotion through enhanced partnership of school, local level

organizations and community.

Activity calendar

SLTS/WASH activity calendar suggested is as under:

Activity

Code

Activity

Description Responsible

Start

Date

End

Date Deliverable/output/Remarks

SLTS – Objectives & Major Functions

Develop students and schools as role model in sanitation

Motivate to use latrines by all households and institutions

Achieve and ensure ODF in settlement/school catchment areas etc

Promote hygiene practices like hand washing with soap

Enhance and promote students’ innovativeness and leadership capacity

Develop partnership of school and community

Promote child/gender friendly WASH facilities in school

Manage waste water, solid waste and other related facilities in school

Scaling up of total Sanitation approach to meet MDG was briefed, and emphasized that

National Sanitation target will be prior key to achieve this MDG’s goal.

The role of VSC is to provide funds to SMCs for repair/maintenance and construction of

sanitation facilities in the schools. However, The SMC is recommended to locally manage the

29


cleanliness of sanitation facilities if none of the employee/sweeper is available with the school

as budgeted position.

The funds can be used as “sustainability fund” for repair/maintenance of the sanitation facilities

within schools. However, all the financial record would be available for audit purposes.

Important Consideration for WASH Club Formation

1. Selection of Schools to be finalized with willingness of principal and signing of MOU

2. Selection of two active teachers who are popular amongst students and have interest in

working for the improvement of environment.

3. Selection of member’s student shall include the children of class 3 to class 8.

Register the WASH Club members and assign the duties to WASH club members as per the

TORs of WASH Club.

After the formation of the WASH club following TORs will be given to the members:

TORs of WASH Club

School WASH club if active can play a very important role in providing the services to

school.

The WASH Club will coordinate with SMC and PTA.

They will provide the functional sanitation services to the children and teachers.

School sanitation committees will provide the clean and safe sanitation facility.

WASH club will share the hygiene messages.

WASH club will ensure that hand washing stations are provided and soap is available.

WASH club will ensure that wash rooms are accessible to male and female children

during school hours.

WASH club will propagate if the proper services for disable children is not available in

the school.

WASH forums will celebrate the hygiene events to raise awareness among the

community.

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WASH club will generate resources for maintenance of facilities through different

activities.

WASH club will represent the school to respective Village Sanitation Committee; they

will give their opinion in construction of facilities for the students.

It is important to understand that the roles of WASH club members must not be prepared on a

set pattern as the WASH roles can be different from area to area or as per the culture which

allows to acquire certain roles very effectively by children or may apprehend certain activities in

school or community.

The structure of WASH club is flexible as it depends on children that how they will decide that

how they can contribute in a better way to perform effectively.

The children will decide about the meetings and agenda of WASH club and the process of

implementing the action required.

The teacher, SMC members and PTA member of the school will be honorary members of

WASH club and will have an independent opinion about the decisions ‘of WASH club they will

monitor the reasons why certain issues are not addressed or there are delay in the issues and

will submit their reports to the EDO education to take up the issues to higher levels.

Role and responsibility of WASH Club Members

The WASH club detailed responsibilities can be

1. Preparing the action plan with WASH members to ensure that school children have

access to safe latrines and are using it properly and practicing hand washing practices at

critical timings.

2. They ensure the soap availability at the hand washing stations. They can arrange soap

by mobilizing school management through school funds and if not possible than through

the WASH clubs funds or material received from any stakeholder

3. School WASH club children will actively participate in the activity of hygiene promotion,

as per the agreed strategy.

4. School will engage with local representative of government in the community to support

the WASH club campaign through their participation and contribution of resource

material that may be required to conduct those campaigns.

5. WASH club will explore the alternative resources that could be generated through the

disposal of solid waste to provide resources for soap availability.

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6. WASH club will actively contribute in advocating the community to attain ODF status, for

this the school teacher will help the students to organize different awareness raising

activities within the community or in school premises through celebration of events.

7. WASH club will manage the funds and will also generate the activities of fund

generation.

It is important to understand that the roles and responsibilities of WASH club can be flexible and

should be finalized among the member of WASH club; but it must be ensured in sanitation

programs that each WASH club must address the issues of social inclusion and disability while

promoting hygiene practices. Addressing the issues of equity, inclusion and disability will

facilitate all the children to get access for school WASH services and facilities.

As WASH club role is not limited to school, they also perform their role in the community. The

following table will guide the WASH members about their role at school and community level:

School Community

Regular Cleaning of School Compound Construction of Household (HH) latrines and

appropriate drainage system

Cleanliness of WASH facilities Follow-up household and ensure that they

properly use and maintain the latrines

Provision of garbage pits / bins in schools Display of key Health & Hygiene messages on

prominent places in the community

Participation in WASH and BCC activities Mobilize communities for early ODF status

WASH Club formed and efficiently active Organize and participate in BCC campaigns

Participation of teachers Open Defecation Free status being monitored

and maintained

Involvement of SMC / PTA

Maintenance of WASH Facilities (User

Friendly) – Operational

Open Defecation Free status

SLTS activities documented and

communicated among students

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1-Monitoring Indicators for Sanitation Facilities:

Availability of safe toilet for boys and girls separately

Hand washing facility with soap and water

Adequate safe Water for drinking

Proper safe drainage

Clean Environment

School Community

Activity Register in place & updated

While performing the WASH club in the school and community both members and teachers

should know that their activities should not create any conflict among the children and

community The activities should follow the do not harm approach and equal importance should

be given to all the children and without discriminating a child due to his/her physical health and

cast Conflicts can be avoided through participatory approaches and with clear and complete

messages which are not biased towards certain community groups, religion or ethnic clusters. If

any conflict arises in the school or in the community teacher can play his/her role being an elder

of the group and settle the issue in a way which benefit to all.

The cultural context and local customs must be studied in detail when implementing WASH

Club activities.

Monitoring indicators

Monitoring of activities is an important part of roles and responsibilities as the activities will not

performed as per the standards if the indicators are not identified and monitoring frame work is

not prepared.

The next step for the WASH club members is to monitor the hygiene promotion activities in the

school. All the indicators will be recorded as per the monitoring frame work. Indicators for

Hygiene promotion activities can be

2-Monitoring indicators of Hygiene Promotion activities

Hygiene Promotion activities are regularly performed

Hygiene education is participatory and life skill based

Parents and community are involved collectively through different events/celebrations

Children are using toilet properly and cleanliness of the latrine will be ensured

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3-Monitoring indicators of Use and maintenance of services

All children use toilets

Children practicing hand washing at critical timings

Cleanliness of toilet and availability of water is ensured

WASH in School Internal Stake Holders

School Children

WASH club

School Administration

SMC

PTA

WASH in School External Stake Holders

Community Members

Village Organization

SMC

PTA

District authorities

Resource mobilization and Sustainability of WASH Club

Resource mobilization is one of the important activities for carrying out different activities in the

school for maintenance of the facilities and hygiene promotion as well for the assurance of the

soap availability. The sources for fund generation depend upon the internal and external stake

holders of the sanitation programs.

Out of these stakeholders the School Management Councils and parent teacher associations

are important part of institutional funds availability and their authorities for utilization. A close

working relationship between the WASH club and these school level bodies will help in address

the initial needs of funds. The fund generation activities can be generated by various school

level activities.

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Salient features of wash club

To build capacity of schools and communities in order to facilitate behavioral and attitudinal changes among children and communities.

Enhance students’ innovativeness and leadership capacity

Develop partnership of school and community

Develop ownership among the children towards their environment.

Promote child/gender friendly WASH facilities in school

The exemplary activities can be resource generation through recycling of paper waste, school

events, water and sanitation melas/ exhibitions and nominal registration fees.

1. For establishing WASH club, here are the steps to be followed:

Awareness raising

Develop child as a change agent

Behavior Change and empowerment

Capacity building

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Mobilization of WASH club

Orientation of teachers, members of SMC & PTA and VDC secretary/member

Liaison with Village Sanitation Committee

Development and implementation of school and community level plan of action

Generation of funds in school to construct WASH facilities

Construction, use and operation & maintenance of WASH facilities in schools

Use of PRA tools for community sensitization to stop open defecation

Implementation of advocacy/awareness raising activities during implementation of SPSP-Rural

Development of social map and base line data on monitoring indicators

Development of documentation system in school

Formation and mobilization of Community Action Group, (if required) or link with VSC

Reward and recognition of individual/organization/communities

Promotion of innovative and creative activities in sanitation

Self-monitoring and follow-up of school and community level actions

Facilitate, organize and participate in BCC campaigns

2 Various steps for mobilization of WASH club are:

Marketing

Marketing is defined as “the science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to

satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit.” The Marketing process starts with identification

of a need or desire, followed by quantifying the size of the identified market, and culminates in

designing and promoting the most suitable product or service while ensuring customer loyalty.

In short, commercial marketing refers to identifying a need and fulfilling it profitably. Marketing

performs these functions through the use of the marketing mix, a marketing tool that considers

the Product, Price, Placement and Promotion to create a holistic offer.

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Despite taking the concept of marketing from Commercial Marketing, the discipline of Social

Marketing stands apart due to its focus on creating or influencing social behaviours that are of

benefit to the audience and society rather than for profit. Born in the 1970s, social marketing

refers to the design and implementation of programs that can bring positive social dividends by

utilizing concepts from commercial marketing. Where the commercial marketing rests on the 4

Ps, social marketing adds a few more P’s to the equation- The Public, Partnerships, Policy and

Purse Strings (i.e. the funding capacity of donors). Among the many colors of Social Marketing,

Sanitation Marketing is arguably one of the most prominent fields. Sanitation Marketing works

on both ends of the market; it creates demand of the latrine product by sensitizing community

about the demerits of Open Defecation, whereas it works to bring easy latrine solutions to the

community by intervening in the supply side.

It is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customer for the

purpose of selling that product or service.

It is significant to understand that concept of marketing revolves around marketing

research, knowledge of target market, knowing the competitors, developing the action

plan for the promotion, setting the price and position of the product, branding the

product and the budget.

Commercial Marketing

Marketing in its true sense is the commercial marketing where as the social marketing is

the transformation of the idea of commercial marketing. The idea of commercial

37


marketing is to sell the goods, services and facilities to the eligible customers through

marketing techniques. The commercial marketing is based on the 4-Ps of sanitation

which are discussed in the latter section of this guides.

Social Marketing

Based on the ideas of commercial marketing the spirit is to sell the goods, services and

facilities which belongs to social welfare and collective benefits of the communities. It’s

like selling the ideas of health behaviours and practices.

The social marketing can be defined as a promotional business idea to increase the

awareness about a social welfare campaign. The social marketing works on the basic

principles of commercial marketing to achieve the social benefits like use of safe

sanitary latrine solutions to improve the health of community.

The social marketing works on the themes of behaviour change, hence it is of

significance to understand about the behaviours that are required to change. The

drivers for social marketing will be drawn from the various tools which will help the

program in developing the behaviour change campaign.

1. Social Mapping

2. Problem Tree

3. Market Analysis

4. Enabling Environment

Sanitation Marketing

Sanitation marketing is an approach which utilizes the social and commercial marketing

approaches to scale up the supply and demand to contribute in improving the sanitation

services and products. Sanitation marketing adopts the successful marketing strategies

which are based on the facts of real time market research. The logical models use most

appropriate skills and knowledge to determine the requirements of the customers and

hence, use the resources efficiently to generate the profits in exchange process.

The core concept of sanitation marketing is to sell the sanitation products and services

to the customers, generating profits and eventually expanding the sanitation coverage.

It covers the demand and supply interventions, development and execution of

Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) campaigns, and monitoring and evaluation of

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The factors that affect the price

of a product

1-Supply Chain

2-Demand of the product

3-Cost of the Product

sanitation marketing interventions services, the transformation of supply side actors,

and the involvement of government sector in policing, the participation of micro finance

institutions, the connection of corporate sector and the sales follow up mechanisms.

Sanitation Entrepreneur

A sanitation entrepreneur is the key driving force in the field of Sanitation Marketing. His

entrepreneurial spirit does not let him leave the issue of sanitation to the government or

the business sector and he rises to the occasion with a zest for innovation. A sanitation

entrepreneur is determined to play the role of change agent for his society; he seizes

opportunities in the sanitation business that others miss, seeks to alter behaviour that

others take for granted, and innovates solutions when the rest follow norms.

Demand Creation: As in Pakistan the access to sanitation is limited and only 48% of

the population has access to sanitation. This shows that there is a great demand of

sanitary products and services which can be created through successful campaigning.

This requires the use of media, mass media campaigns, street theatres, sanitation

melas, and events in school with the school children. Once the successful campaigning

is done the effort may result in change of behaviours and priorities of the community for

sanitation products and services. One must understand that the demand creation is not

limited to successful campaigning as the demand creation can be done by providing

enabling environment like providing certain privileges to the household who practice

safe sanitation or initiation of development work on priority in the villages who are

declared ODF.

Supply: Once the demand of certain product or service is generated it is significant to

work simultaneously on the supply side of the product. The profit margins can be

increased by working on the supply chain and price of the product can also be reduced.

4-Ps of sanitation marketing

Price Mechanisms

For a sanitary entrepreneur it is important to understand

that the price of a product is very important for the supplier

as it may increase or decrease the demand of the product

and may disturb the profit margins. The price of the

products is dependent on the supply chain and as the

number of end users increases, the price of the product

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Price

List Price

Discounts

Allowances

Credits

Payment Period

also increases. The routine supply chain for a sanitary product may be

In this traditional approach at each level the profit margins are

added and secondly the transportation of the material further

adds up in the price. The transportation at each level of

sanitary marts also affects the price of a product; one must

consider that the cost of transport may be different in different

geographical areas.

Manufacturer of Sanitation Product

Sole Distributor of Sanitary Product

Distrcit Sanitary Mart Owner

Rural Sanitatry Mart

End User

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Factors that increase the acceptability of latrine model

Quality

Durability

Price

Product variety: Color, Design, Sizes

Culturally acceptability

Accessibility /Availability

Services

Warranty

Return

Brand name packaging

Latrine Solution

Bricks

Sand

Crush stones

Cement

Pipes

Latrine pan

Labor

Transportation

Masonry tools (Mixing

plate etc )

Place

Channels

Coverage

Transportation

Location

Inventory (Catalog)

Transport

Assortment (Range)

Product Design

Product design is one of the important aspects in sanitation

marketing that needs an understanding; as none of the

sanitary mart owner or manufacturer offers a complete latrine

product which includes several options that can be installed by

a technical person. Hence latrine technology and latrine

product are neither similar concepts and nor can be

interchangeably used in communication. There is a great

difference between the two concepts. A latrine technology

consists of various components that may or may not be

procured from a single vendor. This can be called a latrine

solution. So a complete latrine solution may have multiple

components.

There are certain important factors that definitely affect the

acceptance of certain latrine models and will increase the

demand of a product.

Placement Dynamics

The shop location is important in any business. Although it

is well understood by the entrepreneur but not well

practiced among the sanitary business owners. The

marketing strategy has emphasized on the placement

dynamics as it is a significant tool for business success.

Right place at the right time can lead to increased

profitability. The general principles involved in placement

dynamics are mentioned here in the form of check list

which can be practiced by sanitation mart owners.

Is it a busy place, how many people daily use

the way like, vehicles, and passerby?

Are there other competitors in the near vicinity?

Visibility of Shop

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Promotional Tools

1. Sanitation campaign

2. Involving the Mason

3. Using CRPs as a sales person

4. Effective Wall Chalking

5. Face to face marketing

6. Village Gathering

7. Discount Deals

8. CRP session Sales Motivation

9. Advertisement at local Cable networks and FM Radio

General Surrounding

Access to utilities

Easy to access by the customer

Transport facility

Security Situation

Direction of growth of area

Distance from mosque, school, and playground

To decide about the placement of business, the mentioned points must be evaluated for

their positive and negative impacts in a given setting.

Promotion Mix

Promotion is an important aspect of marketing. In a

lay man language this can be called as the

promotion of certain product or service to increase its

demand .The Promotion requires appropriate tools to

create awareness and spread of message to the

expected audience.

For promotion following must be given due

consideration

• Durability of promotional messages

• Message must be short and clear

• Visual acceptability

• Cultural Context

• Aspect of entertainment

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Some of the important means for promotion are given as a guide.

BCC campaign and Messages

In PATS approach, behaviour change communication is an important pillar, therefore it is

important that SO should know about the BCC, he/she also know that sequence of the

campaigns at household, community, school and religious places as well as information

education communication material being used in the campaign.

What is Behaviour?

A scientifically planned intervention targeting a specific behaviour through different mediums for

promotion of positive change providing a supportive environment and enabling people to initiate.

Why Behaviour Change Communication?

To use a variety of mediums and approaches to positively influence the behaviour of target population to adopt hygienic practices related to WASH at the individual, household and community level.

To facilitate an enabling environment to achieve & sustain those practices.

To make a dent in the national efforts for reducing morbidity & mortality related to poor sanitation and resulting a dignified and healthy family

The Behavior Change Communication will be done through following four ( 4) campaigns:

Demand Creation

Technical Options for the sanitation/ Appropriate Technology

Hygiene campaign

Sustaining Behavior Change

It will be futher shared with the participants that the campaign will be conducted of following levels and for each level alongwith allocated budget:

Household

Community

Religious Place

School

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Type of IEC

Material Messages When Where How

Hoarding Boards

Hand Washing before eating Food and after use of latrine

During Campaigns

or when required

At place where there are play grounds, on main roads, bus stands, eating places

CRP, Social organizers and village sanitation committee can decide that how the messages will be displayed

Poster Messages for hand washing for females

During campaigns or hygiene sessions arranged by female CRP at house hold level

At place where 20-25 participants can be gathered at one place

CRP and Social Organizer in coordination with VSC will decide the arrangement of session

Poster Messages for hand washing for Children’s

During campaigns or hygiene sessions arranged by male/female CRP or school teacher in school level

At places where children gather for assembly or in the class room, can be placed at the hand washing station

School Teachers, CRP and social organizer will decide how the sessions will be conducted

Flip Charts Messages on Personal and house hold hygiene

For hygiene session is schools or at house hold level

In hygiene session in class or in community for a gathering of 20-25 persons

School Teachers, CRP and social organizer will decide how the sessions will be conducted

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Basic Sanitation Skills

Communication skills

Problem solving skills

Listening

Presentation

Team building

Advocacy &

campaigning

Basic Skills Required for Facilitator

For Social Organizer best tool is to deliver the triggering session and develop effective communication with the local community. The important qualities that will be discussed can be;

1. Facilitator stands at a place where participants can see the

facilitator directly.

2. Communicates with the participants and make an eye contact.

3. Facilitator must be active and maintains a comfortable distance

from the participants.

4. The facilitator shall not involve is activity which might distract the participants.

5. While interacting with participant the good facilitator makes appropriate verbal and

nonverbal communication

6. Facilitator is a good observer and because of this the facilitator can assess the interest

of participant.

7. Carefully listening to the participant.

8. Making appropriate questions to keep the interest of the participants

Linkages development

The Social Organizer has to rely on the stakeholders for developing successful sanitation action plan hence it is important that SO to know about the stake holders who are directly linked with sanitation program and can be one of the important link in awareness raising and part of sanitation campaigns; A few of them are

1. VSC

2. WASH Clubs

3. Sanitary Marts/Local Manufacturers

4. Masons

The role of external stake holders can be variable and they may not be directly part of sanitation

program activities. One must know that external stakeholders can be;

1. District level marts

45


2. Parent Teacher Association

3. Micro financing institutes

4. School Management Councils

5. Lady Health Worker

6. Masons other than sanitation project

46


Agenda of Day 1

Registration of the participants 30 minutes

Recitation of the holly Quran 05 minutes

Introduction of the facilitator and participants (Ice breaking session) 25 minutes

Norm setting 10 minutes

Welcome speech and objectives of the training 15 minutes

Pre-training assessment 20 minutes

Introduction of PATS & SPSP-Rural 60 minutes

Role of IPs in SPSP program activities 30 minutes

Flow Chart Exercise of SPSP-Rural 30 minutes

Introduction to sanitation 45 minutes

Climbing ladder towards total sanitation 60 minutes

An overview of PRA and brief on next day field activity 60 minutes

Agenda of Day 2

Recitation from The Holy Quran 5 minutes

Review of the day 1 25 minutes

Brief on field activity 30 minutes

Field Activity to practice PRA Tools 6 hr 30 minutes

Agenda of Day 3

Recitation from the Holy Quran 5 minutes


Introduction to Community Action Plan 30 minutes

Practical Demonstration of Community Action Plan 90 minutes

Formation and Capacity Building of VSC 75 minutes

Role Play 60 minutes

Introduction to SLTS 75 minutes

Formation of WASH Club in Schools 45 minutes

WASH Club Activities – Planning 60 minutes

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Introduction of Monitoring/Mentoring Mechanism & Funds Mgmt 60 minutes

Agenda of Day 4



ODF declaration and verification mechanism 30 minutes

Establishing Linkage with Government duty bearers 45 minutes

Sanitation marketing -4Ps of marketing 45 minutes

Linkages development with CRP, VSC, Masons 60 minutes

Low cost latrine construction/sanitation options 45 minutes

Criteria of CRP Selection 60 minutes

Agenda of Day 5



Introduction to BCC- campaign 30 minutes

4 Campaigns of BCC Campaign wise allocation of BCC material 45 minutes

Campaign wise allocation of BCC 60 minutes

Introduction to training facilitation skills 60 minutes

Activity Calendar 90 minutes

Developing Human Interest Stories 45 minute

Introduction to triggering tools 30 minutes

Review of the training 30 minutes

Certificate Distribution Ceremony and closing Remarks 30 minutes

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5 Days Training of Social Organizers

Schedule and Session Plan

Time in hrs Session Contents and expected outcomes Methodology

Resource

Person/

Facilitation

DAY 1

0830 – 0900 Registration of participants The participants will register themselves on the provided

registration forms available at the registration desk.

Registration

Forms

0900 – 0905 Recitation from The Holy Quran One of the Participants will recite verses from the Holy Quran.

Recitation

0905 – 0930

Introduction of the facilitators

and participants /Ice breaking

(Expectation & fears of the

participants)

This session will help participants to know each other and will help in the upbringing of inter personal communication among the participants.

The expectations of the participants will be noted down and these will be matched with the training objectives, the left over will be included by the resource persons in order to meet the expectations of the participants.

Brainstorming

0930 – 0945 Norms setting

Participants will set the norms for the workshop so that the time available for the training is utilized in an effective and efficient manner.

Brainstorming

0945-1000 Welcome Speech and

Objectives of the training

This will be a formal welcome to the SOs/SMs and views will be provided on the objectives of the training in relation to its relevance with the program highlights the role of the SOs/SMs’.

In addition to this the objectives of the training will also be shared with the participants.

Presentation/

Discussion

10:00 – 11:00 Introduction to PATS & SPSP

Project

Objective of this session is to bringing workshop participants; team of SOs/SMs, at the same level of understanding of the project and approach in terms of the project goal, objectives, activities and interventions and expectations from the project

Presentation

Tea Break (15 min)

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Resource

Person/

Facilitation

1115-1145 Roles of IPs in SPSP Project The IP will brief on its particular role and responsibilities

regarding SPSP to make sure that everybody are on the same page.

Brain Storming

1145-1330 Flow charts exercise of SPS-

Program activities

The participants will arrange the sequence of given flash cards with written activities to develop understanding on the time frame of the activities

Brain storming &

participatory

Prayer & Lunch Break (45 min)

1415-1500 Introduction to Sanitation

The understanding of the participants will be enhanced with regards to sanitation covering the following topics i.e.

What is sanitation Sanitation Ladder Approach Current Sanitation Scenario in Pakistan Issues of Sanitation

Presentation

1500- 1600 Climbing ladder towards total

sanitation

The participants will be divided into 2 groups and each group will prepare a ladder

Group work and

discussion

1600-1700 An overview of PRA and brief on

next day field activity

PRA concepts, tools and methodologies – an overview and field brief

Presentation

DAY 2

0830-0835 Recitation from The Holy Quran One of the Participants will recite verses from the Holy Quran.

Recitation

0835-0845 Review of the day 1 The participants will reflect their moods of Day 1

0845-0930 Brief on field activity The facilitator will brief the participants about the activities to be executed in the field with regards to PRA

Brainstorming

0930-1600 Field Activity To practice PRA Tools

1600-1730 Review of the Day The participants will provide feedback of the day Group Work

Presentation

50



Resource

Person/

Facilitation

DAY 3


Recitation


0900- 0930 Introduction of Community

Action Plan

The participants will be briefed about the practical application of community Action Plan (CAP)

Group Work

Presentation

0930-1100 Practical Demonstration of

Community Action Plan

The participants will be divided into groups and will be assigned responsibilities to develop community action plan on total sanitation model

Group work

Discussion

presentations

Tea Break (15 min)

1115-1230 Formation and capacity building

of Village Sanitation Committee

(VSC)

The participants will be briefed about the mechanism of VSC formation and its roles and responsibilities along with selection of community Resource Person. The participants will be develop understanding about the concept of achieving ODF and award grants and revolving funds to VSC

Presentation

Discussion

1230-1330 Role Play Participants will perform the activity of VSC selection and formation/ Dialogue

Role play

Group Work

Prayer & lunch break (45 min)

1415-1530 Introduction to SLTS The participants will be briefed about the concept and objectives of the School Led Total Sanitation and develop understanding about SLTS implementation model/Frame work. The participants will be explained about the mechanism of establishing ODF verification committee (SMC,PTA) for schools and its mergence with VSC.

Presentation

Discussion

1530-1615 Formation of WASH Clubs in

Schools

Understanding of the participants will be developed about formation of WASH Clubs in schools along with selection criteria for schools, teacher (Master Trainers), club members (students), roles and responsibilities and identification of schools catchment area.

Presentation

Group Work

51



Resource

Person/

Facilitation

1500-1600 Wash Club activities planning Based on understanding developed in last session, the participants will design the activities of the club members within school and communities

Group Work

Discussion

1600-1700 Introduction of Monitoring

mechanism & Funds

management

The participants will understand the monitoring mechanism with regards to SLTS reporting system.

Utilization & record keeping of SLTS funds

Receiving returned loans and utilizing in sustainability of wash clubs

Group Work

Discussion

DAY 4


Recitation


0900-0930 ODF declaration and verification

mechanism

The participants will be briefed about ODF declaration and verification mechanism for school and community

Presentation

Discussion

1045 – 1130 Establishing Linkage with

Government duty bearers

The participants will learn how to develop linkages with government (TMA)

How to organized orientation of government officials, process of ODF, its verification mechanism, SLTS certification and reward announcement

Presentation

Discussion

Tea Break (15 min)

1145-1230 Sanitation marketing -

4Ps of marketing The understanding of the participants will be developed on

the difference between marketing and sale along with importance and implementation of 4 Ps of Marketing i.e. Product, Place, Price, Promotion along with product placement

Presentation

1230-1330 Linkages development with SO,

CRP, VSC, Mason

Proper maintenance of record

The participants will be briefed about establishing and maintaining active working association between SO, CRP, VSC and Mason

Presentation

Prayer & Lunch Break (45 min)

52



Resource

Person/

Facilitation

1415-1500 Low cost latrine construction

options

The participants will be divided into groups and will be asked to design the low cost latrine and material used in it

Group Work

Presentation

1500-1600 Criteria of CRP Selection The participants will be able to identify the right person to contribute in efficient manner

Brain storming ,

presentation

DAY 5


Recitation


0845 – 0915 Introduction to BCC- campaign Participants will be briefed about Behavior Change Communication, its Definition & Concept

Presentation and

Discussion

0915– 1000 04 BCC campaigns in SPSP Participants will be able to develop understanding about different components of BCC i.e. Demand Creation, Technical Education, Hygiene Promotion, Sustainability through BCC

Presentation and

Discussion

Tea Break (15 min)

1000-1100 Campaign wise allocation of

BCC material

The participants will be divided into groups and will be asked to make set of BCC material in accordance with their use during different phases of BCC campaign

Group Work

Discussion

1100-1200 Introduction to training

facilitation skills

Facilitator communication skills, problem solving skills, listening, presentation, team building, advocacy &campaigning

Discussion

Group work

Presentation

1200-1330 Activity Calendar/Puzzle

diagram3

The participants will design an Integrated Community based activities plan in accordance with project components. The plan will reflect the activities to be undertaken during different phases of the project i.e. Linkages development with duty bearers, Sanitation demand creation for ODF communities, sustaining the demand through supply side

Briefing

Group work

Presentation

3 Attached in the end puzzle diagram front and back page.

53



Resource

Person/

Facilitation

intervention, Participatory health and hygiene Promotion, Attaining 100 % adequate drainage and waste water treatment, Knowledge management and accountability

Prayer and Lunch Break (45 min)

1415-1500 Developing Human Interest

Stories The participants will understand how to write down Human

interest stories from the project target areas.

Brain storming,

power point

presentation,

1500-1530 Introduction to triggering tools Introduction to CLTS triggering tools Brain storming,

power point

presentation,

1530-1600 Review of the training Participants will contribute their learning about whole training topics

Discussion

1600-1630 Certificate Distribution

Ceremony and closing Remarks

The participants will be awarded with certificates and facilitator will present the closing remarks

Note of Thanks

54


Registration Form

Social Mobilizer/Organizer Data Base

S. No.

Name

Gender Age

Org. Desig. Address Email Contact

Education Experience e (as

SO)

M F

18 to 22

23 to 28

29 to 34

35 +

FA

BA

MA

> = 5

6 to 10

11 to 15

55

Guiding Booklet for Social Mobilizer

Pre and Post Test

Training for Social Organizers – Pre-Post test for the trainees

Date _____________

Venue_______________

Name of the trainee Designation

Organization District

Trainer’s Name

1.

2.

A. Please write true/false against statements given below:

S#

Statement

True

False

1.

Currently in Pakistan, 52 % of population does not have access to

sanitation facility

2. PATS means “ Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation”

3. School teachers are developed as “agent of change” to achieve total

sanitation in the approach called SLTS

4. School Management Committee and Parents Teachers Association

should be taken on board before starting the SLTS activities in

school

5. Social Mapping should be exercised in consultation with the religious

leader of the community only\

6. Problem tree analysis helps to find solutions by mapping out the

causes and effect around an issue

7. “Village Sanitation Committee” in a community is established to

56


S#

Statement

True

False

guide the strangers about their way to the nearby town market

8. “ODF” status of a community means that “community is protected

against natural disasters”

9. Planning & Development Department of the Provincial Government

is responsible for community development and welfare

10. Community Action Plan is made to finalize the plan for collectively go

for shopping in nearby town

11. Sanitation Marketing is a concepts about establishing vegetable

Market in the village

12. The minimum cost for construction of a latrine is 35 thousands

rupees

13. IEC material is used to sensitized the community members about

problem and solution related to a particular issue prevailing in a

community

14. “Demand Creation” is one of the components of BCC campaign

15. CRP is a representative of Government Department

B. Please encircle the appropriate answer

Question No 16

What is CLTS? Encircle the right answer?

Children’s Long Term Support

Connectionless Transport System

57


Community Living in Town having Sewerage

None of the above

Question No 17

Encircle the name of the concerned Government Departments with regards to community development and welfare in your districts

Tehsil Municipal Authority

Local Government & Community/Rural Development Authority

Communications & Works Department

Planning & Development Department

Question No 18

What is PRA? Encircle the right answer

Popular Rotorcraft Association

Prudential regulation Authority

Physical Review Analysis

58


Participatory Rural Appraisal

Question No 19

What is the meaning of BCC? Encircle the right answer

Blind Carbon Copy

Bristal community Collage

Behaviour Change Communication

None of the above

Question No 20

In your opinion, what is the role of a social organizer under UNICEF’s SPS Program?

Signature by Trainee

________________________

59


60


61


Rural Support Programmes Network (RSPN)

House No.07, Street 49, F-6/4 Islamabad, Pakistan

Tel: 00-92-51-2829141, 2829556

2822476, 2826792, 2821736

Fax: 00-92-51-2829115

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.rspn.org

tot manual for pats master trainers...pakistan was further deteriorated by the devastating floods of...

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