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SScSciieiencn e RRReRepopo ttrter SESEPTPTEMEMBEBERR 20201616

THE fi h planet in our solar system, Jupiter, has always fascinated

astronomers and space agencies. And rightly so – with its massive size (almost twice as much as all the other planets put together), its light and dark bands, the auroras at the poles, its four distinct moons and the enigmatic gaseous state – all make it worth the watch.

NASA’s mission to explore the planet in depth has been massive too. While Pioneer and Voyager, on their interstellar missions, skimmed the planet and sent back spectacular images, the spacecra Galileo was exclusively commissioned in 1989 to reach Jupiter and study its moons. A probe was released to the surface in 1995 from Galileo. Flying by close to Io and Europa, two of the four moons of Jupiter, it sent amazing information about them and the existence of sub-surface oceans on them. Its mission completed, the spacecra disintegrated in Jupiter’s atmosphere.

SUSHEELA SRINIVASC

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The world looks forward to Juno’s communication to unravel and demystify the hidden secrets of our solar system.All images courtesy NASA

Juno blasts off on its journey to Jupiter

aboard the Atlas–V 551 rocket

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On 5 August 2011, another spacecra was launched from NASA’s base in Florida, USA. Called Juno, the Jupiter-bound spacecra was carried aboard the Atlas–V 551 rocket. The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Centre in Huntsville, Alabama. Its mission was to reach the bright, big planet and study it in much more detail. The target distance: around 588 million kilometres (588,000,000 km at its closest to earth).

The spacecra manufactured by Lockheed Martin at an approximate cost of 1.1 billion dollars (2011), is managed by JPL – Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology – for NASA. JPL also supervises NASA’s Deep Space Network, a worldwide

system of transmi ers and receivers that communicate with interplanetary spacecra .

There was jubilation all around in the tracking centre on 4 July 2016. The monitors in the tracking centre recorded the successful locking of Juno into the orbit of Jupiter. NASA released a video consisting of time lapse images that clearly show the four moons of Jupiter in tandem as recorded by Juno.

A Special MissionJupiter has been studied earlier too. In the previous eight missions, only Galileo was an exclusive spacecra sent to the planet, while all others were fl yby operations – that is, fl ying past and returning or, gravity assists that is, taking Jupiter’s gravity to propel further to the target

planets. Galileo was designed to study the moons in detail. Moreover, it could not approach the planet nearer to record the studies;

In what way is the Juno probe diff erent from the earlier ones? Why is this mission so special and signifi cant? Well, Juno scores brownie points on several accounts.

Firstly, most spacecra s are designed to be powered by radioactive energy to accommodate the continuity of power supply in the absence of sunlight. However, Juno deviates from this in that it is a completely solar-powered spacecra .

Secondly, Juno’s aim is to study Jupiter’s core, presence of water in its atmosphere and the formation of the magnetosphere. These studies will throw light on various theories. Juno will study in detail the evolution of the planet and other mysteries hidden in its core. This will help us gain more insight into the way our solar system was formed; it will give us clues as to how this planet has changed in the duration of 4.6 billion years – the life of our solar system so far.

Thirdly, Juno will take a deep look at the fascinating auroras of Jupiter. This is a highly risky endeavour as it involves intense magnetic fi elds and currents. Juno’s technology has to withstand this extreme environment for around 20 exposures before degrading.

Fourthly, Juno is fi ed with a special camera called JunoCam, made as an interactive module and available to the public. NASA has provided the means to track JunoCam’s positioning in such

Galileo spacecraft was sent exclusively to Jupiter

Jubilation as tracking centre records the successful locking of Juno into the orbit of Jupiter

Jupiterwww.jpl.nasa.gov

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a way that any enthusiast can vote and decide which parts of the surface can be photographed – just by using the Internet and following NASA’s instructions on its website.

Great ChallengesAs Juno embarks on a mission to record the various aspects of Jupiter, it is fraught with extreme conditions to be overcome.

Being gaseous in nature, Jupiter off ers no solid base for probes to land on it. This is a big hurdle as any probe sent

Launch: 5 August 2011

Deep Space Exercises: August/ September 2012

Earth fl yby assist (gravity assist or a slingshot manoeuvre): October 2013

Jupiter Arrival: July 2016

Juno’s aim is to study Jupiter’s core, presence of water in its atmosphere and the formation of the magnetosphere. These studies will throw light on various theories. Juno will study in detail the evolution

of the planet and other mysteries hidden in its core.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Built To Withstand Intense Radiation Environments

WHAT PROBLEMS DOES INTENSE RADIATION CAUSE?

• Spacecraft and instrument degradation• Electric charging of the spacecraft• Noise from particles hitting detectors

WHY DOES JUPITER HAVE SUCH IN-TENSE RADIATION BELTS?

• Very strong magnetic fi eld• Jupiter’s magnetosphere extends out 100

Jupiter radii on the sun-facing side-Earth’s is only 10 Earth radii

• In addition to the solar wind, Io’s volcanic activity constantly releases gas into the magnetosphere, which gets ionized and energized, adding to the radiation

RADIATION CHALLENGE:

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Several instruments practiced making measurements in Earth’s magnetosphere

RADIATION CHALLENGE:

SPACERadiation from….• Solar energetic particles• Cosmic rays from outside the

solar system

JUPITER RADIATION

BELTS

RADIATION CHALLENGE: JUPITER

• Very intense radiation belts• Particles trapped in the belts are

so fast they spiral from top to bottom in only a few seconds

• These particles are moving at nearly the speed of light!

WHAT PROTECTS JUNO FROM RADIATION EFFECTS?• Detectors and their electronics are built to withstand radiation• Most electronics shielded in ~1/2-inch thick titanium vault • On the outside of the spacecraft, the star tracker’s camera is

about 4x heavier than even the biggest standard star trackers due to extra shielding

• Orbit is designed to avoid most intense pockets of radiation

www.nasa.gov

JUNO’JOURNAL

Speed on orbit: 0.17 km/sec

Orbit height: 4300 km

In orbit: 37 orbits spanning 20 months

End of Mission (self-destruction): February 2018

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deep into its atmosphere will be crushed and destroyed due to the intense pressure of the atmosphere surrounding it.

Travelling into deep space and close to Jupiter, which no other spacecra has done before, causes the spacecra to be exposed to intense radiations. The radiations encountered are in three diff erent positions:• Earth radiation: Caused due to the magnetosphere of the earth as the spacecra vaults into outer space. Many of these conditions are well studied and simulated for Juno to withstand. Juno overcame these.• Inter space radiation: The solar particles, random space objects and cosmic rays from outside the solar system are all travelling at high speeds, acting as projectiles and cause the interstellar

radiations. Juno’s protective shield has to withstand these radiations too.• Jupiter’s magnetosphere: The sheer size of this gigantic planet has contributed to a strong magnetosphere that covers a distance equal to nearly 100 times the radius of the planet. In addition, its moon Io is primarily volcanic in nature spewing gaseous ma er into the planet’s magnetosphere. These high intensity expulsions cause ionization adding to the intensity of the magnetosphere.

Jupiter’s radiation belt is so strong that many particles trapped in it spiral at the speed of light travelling from top to bo om within a few seconds. These projectiles can pose a severe challenge to the spacecra .

The radiations on Jupiter are so intense that they can cause severe damage

to the rotating parts of the spacecra and probes. Electrical arcing o en occurs between rotating and non-rotating parts causing system failure. Earlier probes faced these radiations and a lot of data was lost.

All these hurdles can cause severe damage to Juno by making it highly electrically charged. This aff ects the functioning of the spacecra , disrupting the working of the electronics and recording equipment. Additionally the noise generated by the hi ing particles rapidly degrades the functioning of the equipment.

Built to WithstandTo overcome this situation, Juno has been fi ed with a specially designed electronic armour – a vault to protect its main computer and recording instrument. A 181 kilogram, half inch thick, titanium radiation shield, known as the electronic radiation shield, is employed to protect the system from the inevitable radiations. The radiation shield adds to the bulk and weight of the spacecra so much so that the external camera, called the star tracker camera of the spacecra , is four times heavier than the conventional tracker camera.

Moreover the detectors and electronics are upgraded and of superior

APT AND INTERESTINGAccording to Roman mythology, Juno (also known as goddess Hera) is Jupiter’s (also known as Zeus) wife, and she was capable of seeing through clouds which Jupiter surrounded himself with. The primary mission of Juno is to look into the gaseous atmosphere and the clouds surrounding Jupiter. Very apt, indeed!

Aboard Juno are three Lego fi gurines represen ng: Galileo, the astronomer who found Jupiter’s moons, he holds a replica of planet Jupiter and a telescope; Juno herself holding a magnifi er, symbolising the search for truth; and Jupiter, holding a lightning bolt, signifying the intense radia ons around the planet.

The Italian Space Agency has donated a plaque carrying an inscrip on that states the original words of Galileo as he discovered and presented to the world the presence of Jupiter’s moons. This fi nding broke the then understanding that Earth was the centre of the universe.

NUMBERS SIGNIFICANT TO JUNO

3 – The number of solar wings (panels) which provide the power to the equipment.

9 – Nine instrument units will be recording the planet from its core to the atmosphere.

20 – Juno will orbit Jupiter for a period of 20 months before plunging into the harsh atmosphere of the planet and destroying itself.

32 – Juno will make 32 polar orbits around Jupiter during its mission.

5000 – This is the closest distance Juno will approach the planet’s atmosphere to make its studies.

588 million – The target distance of Juno was 588 million km as per requirement.

2.8 billion – Juno had to travel a distance of 2.8 billion km to reach Jupiter. The route taken was a circuitous one as the engines were not powerful enough to launch Juno directly. It had to take the Earth’s gravity assistance and was sling-shot into outer space.

Juno – Built to withstand

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quality to withstand temperatures and radiations be er than the currently available. Juno also gets assistance from the carefully designed orbit which avoids the intense radiation pockets.

Mission RequirementsDespite the earlier missions, Jupiter still remains enigmatic. Due to its gaseous state, and a probable liquid core, a lot has to be revealed about this giant planet. As Juno approaches the clouds over Jupiter it will peer into the gaseous atmosphere. The studies will also reveal if Jupiter has a solid core. Jupiter is such a huge ball of raging gases, that it can easily be misunderstood for another Sun. The great red spot on its surface is blazing a gas which is big enough to gobble up the earth. A critical and close up view of the planet will reveal a lot of mysteries about the formation of the solar system.

While probing deep into the core of Jupiter, it may reveal the way the intense magnetic fi eld is created. This magnetosphere concentrates at the poles causing the famous Jovian Auroras. One critical and important responsibility of Juno is the study of the Aurora. Unlike Earth’s Auroras (called northern and southern lights as seen in Alaska), Jovian Auroras are not caused by solar fl ares. The planet’s huge mass, intense magnetic fi eld and gaseous atmosphere cause their own fl ares. When Jupiter spins on its axis, it is like a big electromagnet being rotated. This generates currents which when strike the atmosphere, charge the surrounding particles. Being concentrated around its poles, the Jovian aurora generates nearly 10 million volts! These are occurring continuously. However, Juno will make further intense studies from a much closer position.

Mostly made up of Hydrogen and Helium, another interesting aspect of Jupiter are the impressive light and dark bands, created by strong east-to-west winds of its atmosphere. The light white clouds comprise of crystalline frozen ammonia. Juno is programmed to make an extensive study of the bands while orbiting Jupiter.

Juno’s information and recordings, especially of the water content in the atmosphere will throw light on the presence of oxygen and hence the theory of formation – that is, whether the current theory is supported or new theories have to be determined. Knowing about the original form of water will help us understand be er how planets were originally formed. In addition it may throw more light on the evolution of the solar system.

We look to Juno to answer all these questions.

Juno – Exploring JupiterThe Juno mission is divided into 13 phases from launch to end-of-mission. This covers the pre-launch, deep space manoeuvres, gravity assist, in-orbit duration and recording phases.The trajectory: Deciding a direct path for spacecra s to reach their target distances is a highly fuel consuming aff air. If a cra has to be propelled into space directly, it consumes as much fuel as it would consume to launch it from the earth into space. Hence, to reduce this energy requirement, astrophysicists use the gravitational pull of a nearby planet as a sling shot to put the spacecra into outer regions. This is called a gravity assist fl yby.

Juno too required a gravity assist

to put it into the path of the outer solar system. Following a helio-centric orbit, using Earth’s gravity assist, it was launched towards Jupiter. This entire exercise however added miles to the path to be travelled. In all Juno traversed 2.8 billion kilometres to reach Jupiter.

The 66-foot diameter by 15-foot height spacecra , hexagonally shaped, three-winged solar panelled spacecra , employed the stable spinning elliptical orbit. This mode of operation allows for accurate and stable control of the spacecra .

PAYLOAD INSTRUMENTS ABOARD JUNO

Gravity Science: This set of instruments fi ed at the mouth of the hexagonal body will record and study the gravity fi elds and deep core analysis of the planet.MAG: A vector magnetometer fi ed to the p of the wing spans, it will record the magne c fi eld structure of Jupiter.MWR: A six-wavelength microwave radiometer will be used to record for atmospheric sounding and composi on.JADE, JEDI and Waves: These plasma and energe c par cle detectors will especially come to use in the study of Auroras. Along with that they will also sample and study the way the magnetosphere is connected to the atmosphere on Jupiter by sampling the electric fi elds, plasma waves and surrounding par cles.UVS and JIRAM: These Ultra violet and Infra-red range Spectrometers will be used for imagery.JunoCam: This colour camera is the fi rst of its kind fi ed to give an interac ve experience to the public.

Keeping the tradition of deep-space missions, Juno has time only till February 2018 before it has to destroy itself by deorbiting. This is in order to prevent any contamination from Earth (in the form of hidden bacteria or microbes on the spacecraft) that may unintentionally be present and carried into space by a defunct spacecraft.

Juno captured this image on July 10, 2016, less than a week after entering orbit around Jupiter. Juno was about 2.7 million miles (4.3 million kilometers) from Jupiter when it took the picture.

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Adopting a helio-centric orbit, it fl ew past the orbit of Mars, cruised inwards again towards the Earth for gravity assist and then entered the outer solar system. Cruising silently for two years, the fi nal stage of approach to Jupiter was encountered. This lasted for 178 days.

The path of its orbit around Jupiter was to enter at the north, drop to a level lower than the inner radiation belt and exit from the south. This helped Juno avoid intense radiation regions.

As per the design, the fi eld of view of the instruments on Juno will be

exposed to the orbit once every rotation. In all, at three rotations per minute the instruments will make 400 sweeps during its fl ight from pole to pole. The path is so calculated that Juno does not enter the night cycle of Jupiter.Drawing solar power: Jupiter being farther away from the Sun receives nearly 25 per cent lesser solar energy than the Earth. However, specially designed solar panels atop Juno employ advanced solar cells which are 50 per cent more effi cient and radiation tolerant than the silicon cell hitherto used in earlier missions. The span

of the panels runs to 66 feet, which fold neatly at the time of pre-launch and open up in such a way that they constantly face the Sun throughout the entire expedition. Overall they have a surface area of 256 square feet absorbing the sunrays and providing a continuous stream of energy to the instruments.

In addition, the mission duration is so well timed in design that it avoids any eclipses and the instruments draw modest power making use of the available technology.Leaving no traces: Despite all the measures there will be progressive degradation of the equipment due to harsh environments encountered on the planet and Juno has to make quick and timed readings to send back before it is time to end the mission.

Keeping the tradition of deep-space missions, Juno has time only till February 2018 before which it has to destroy itself by deorbiting. This is in order to prevent any contamination from Earth (in the form of hidden bacteria or microbes on the spacecra ) that may unintentionally be present and carried into space by a defunct spacecra .

The world looks forward to Juno’s communication to unravel and demystify the hidden secrets of our solar system.

Ms Susheela Srinivas is an Electronics Engineer by education and an Entrepreneur by profession. She is a well-published writer with regular contributions to Deccan Herald for their supplements. Address: #189, I F cross, 3rd Stage, 4th Block, Basaveshwaranagar, Bengaluru-560079; Email: sushsri@gmail.com

EARLIER MISSIONS EXPLORING JUPITER

1. Pioneer 10 – 1973: The fi rst spacecra to cross the asteroid belt and skim the atmosphere of Jupiter. It sent visuals of Jupiter’s moons, existence of the radia on belt and presence of magnetosphere. However, the intense and unexpected radia on belt that it encountered gave rise to func onal errors and erroneous readings.

2. Pioneer 11 – 1974: This was principally launched with Saturn as the target; 12 months a er the fi rst cra , Pioneer 11 reached Jupiter. This too was a fl yby mission and it sent back visuals of the moons, fl uid nature of the interior of the planet, magnetosphere and atmosphere. Both Pioneers paved way for further advancements in the construc on of spacecra .

3. Voyager 1 – 1979: Another fl yby mission sent images of the moons, rings and magne c fi elds. This was a very short fl yby of 48 hours and hence not many details obtained. However, at a closed distance of 349000 km from the centre, it gave spectacular imagery.

4. Voyager 2 – 1979: On its way to Saturn and Pluto, Voyager 2 reached the cloud tops of Jupiter closer than the previous probe. This fl yby mission sent clear images of volcanic ac vity on Io, tectonic plates of Ganymede and craters of Callisto. These visuals helped scien sts to further improve the technology of space cra s.

5. Ulysses – 1992: Ulysses, a solar probe, used Jupiter as gravity assist to proceed further in its journey. During this, it recorded the magnetosphere. The gravity of Jupiter deviated its path from the calculated value and hence again, Ulysses visited the planet, this me farther away and made more recordings. Since the probe had no cameras, no images were taken.

6. Galileo orbiter – 1995 to 2003: This was the fi rst spacecra designed as an exclusive mission to Jupiter. As an orbiter probe it orbited Jupiter 34 mes in the span of seven years. Detail visuals and data were received about the moons. Galileo released a probe into the atmosphere which parachuted down to 150 km, recording 57 minutes of imagery, before disintegra ng. This was a major milestone and set a benchmark for further missions.

7. Cassini Huygens – 2000: Another fl yby mission to Saturn, Cassini sent the best colour visual images of the planet. At a height of around 26000 km, the smallest recorded picture was of detail 60 km across.

8. New Horizons – 2007: En-route to Pluto, this spacecra stopped by Jupiter for gravity assist. During this period it recorded further details of the moons. Due to irretrievable memory error of the data handling computer, some recordings were lost. However, the system was rebooted in two days and New Horizons con nued to stream readings.

While Pioneer and Voyager, on their interstellar missions, skimmed the planet and sent back spectacular images, the spacecraft Galileo was exclusively commissioned in 1989 to reach Jupiter and study its moons.