topics in equine and large animal practice
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Topics in Equine and Large Animal Practice. New Foal Examination Laurie Gallatin DVM, DACVIM [email protected]. Preparing for the Foal. 340+/- days gestation 3 stages of labor Preparations begin at least 1 month prior- pre-foaling vaccines (colostrum). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Topics in Equine and Large Animal Practice
New Foal Examination
Laurie Gallatin DVM, DACVIM
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Preparing for the Foal
• 340+/- days gestation
• 3 stages of labor
• Preparations begin at least 1 month prior- pre-foaling vaccines (colostrum)
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Prepartum Vaccinations to Protect the Foal
• 1 month prior to expected foaling date: – F/R, EWT, WNV, PHF, +/- botulism
• 8,9, and 10 months of gestation:– Rotavirus
• 5, 7, 9 months of gestation:– EHV- 1 and EHV- 4
• Regular deworming schedule and W/I 24 hours of foaling
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Stage 1 Labor• Can last up to 12
hours.• Mare may be
restless• Up and down• Urinating
frequently• Ends when
allantois breaks
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Stage 2 Labor
• Expulsion of the foal.
• Occurs within 30 minutes of water breaking.
• If not- EMERGENCY!
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Stage 3 Labor
• Begins once foal is out.
• Expulsion of Placenta
• Should occur w/in 3 hours of foaling.
• If not- EMERGENCY!
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New Foal Examination normally performed at 12-24
hours of age.
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New Foal Examination(Foal-O-Gram)
• Cardiovascular• Respiratory• Urogenital• Umbilicus• Musculoskeletal• Ophthalmic• Digestive• Neurologic• Hematologic• Immunologic
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Foal Restraint
• ALWAYS have someone hold the mare.
• Keep the foal between you and the mare
• Wrap arms around foal
• Use walls
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Periparturent Mare Examination
• Check:– Udder– Vulva– Placenta
• Completeness
– Deworm– +/- Oil
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Cardiovascular System• Rate begins at 40-80,
then elevates to 120-150• drops to 80-100 by 1
week
• Rhythm – sinus arrhythmias WNL
• Other arrhythmias occasionally- significance depends on other clinical signs.
• Murmurs- holosystolic murmur - common - probably physiologic - not PDA
• PDA - normal up to 7-10 days - unless other signs of disease
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Respiratory System
• Rate- 60-80 breaths per minute at birth
• declines to approximately 30/minute within 1 hour
• very loud lung sounds - normal
• may hear slight crackle in ventral lung fields
• increased effort - flared nostrils, abdominal component to respiration more important than auscultation
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Respiratory System
• palpate thorax for rib fractures• brown tinged nasal exudate -
mechonium aspiration• milk from nose - cleft palate• diagnostic aids– ultrasonography - hernia, hemothorax– radiographs
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Urogenital System
• Colts - both testicles usually descended at birth
• inguinal hernia - particularly Standardbred - correct by manual reduction several times each day for first few days of life
• Colts -ruptured bladder - may strain to urinate and only pass small amounts at short intervals
• tail elevated and back hollowed out
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Umbilicus• Dip umbilicus• normally a small defect 4-8 cm in the
body wall is present at birth• usually closes within 2-3 days• draining urine - patent urachus• enlargement of umbilical stalk -
possible infection• ultrasound of umbilicus easy method
to detect problems
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Musculoskeletal System• Angular limb
deformities– Valgus/ Varus– Collapsed
carpus/tarsus– "Windswept”
• Axial skeleton– Scoliosis– Lordosis– kyphosis
• Contractural deformities– superficial/deep flexor
tendons– joint capsule/septic
joints
• Physeal injuries• Brachial plexus injuries• Gastrocnemius rupture• Luxations
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Musculoskeletal System
• skull deformities• "Wry" nose• miniature foals
appear hydrocephalic
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Ophthalmic Exam
• Eyelids– Entropion
• Eye– cornea - ulcers – lens - suture lines,
persistent hyaloid– retina -
detachments, vascular disruptions to optic disc
• Anterior chamber– hyphema– Hypopion
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Digestive System• mechonium passage is
crucial - must occur within first few hours
• signs of difficulty– straining with tail
elevated and back arched
– short, frequent attempts to nurse
• auscultation - sounds every 20-30 seconds
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Digestive System
• percussion - find gas filled areas of intestine
• ultrasonography/radiography• nasogastric intubation - difficult in
some cases since foal may have a depressed swallowing reflex
• abdominocentesis
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Neurologic System• vestibular system• ocular reflexes -
normally slower than in adult, menace may be absent
• swallowing reflex• foals are hyperreflexic
to stimuli until several weeks old
• gait - ataxia, circling• abnormal
vocalizations
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Hematology
• values for hemogram and profile are significantly different from adult for first few weeks– Creatinine– GGT– ALP– etc
• neonatal icterus common - check for neonatal isoerythrolysis
• muscle enzymes frequently elevated to some degree
• Evaluate CBC including WBC, PCV, and TP at new foal exam
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Immunologic System
• IgG - measure 18-30 hours after birth
• agammaglobulinemic d/t epitheliochorial placentation
• Must receive 1-2 pints high quality colostrum within 12 hours of birth (3,000 mg/dl IgG = SG of 1.050)
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Evaluation of the Immunologic System
• Methodology - tests for passive transfer– ELISA for equine IgG– radial immunoassay - standard for
comparison– ZnSO4 turbidity– sodium sulfite– glutaraldehyde– agglutination reactions
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Immunologic System
• > 800 mg/dl – normal
• >400 but <800 mg/dl - partial failure transfer
• <400 mg/dl - failure of passive transfer
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Immunologic System
• Treatments for FPT or PFPT– Colostrum – oral- if
< 12-24 hours old– Equine serum - oral– Lyophilized IgG -
oral– IV plasma transfer -
only option after 18-24 hours
Septicemia is the number 1 cause of death in foals under 7 days of
age!
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Vaccination Guidelines
• Recently (2008) set forth by AAEP Infectious Disease Committee and can be viewed on the AAEP website.
• www.AAEP.org
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