topic 19: cloud chambers and mountain top...
TRANSCRIPT
Ice Cloud Instrumentation Workshop
Seaside, June 25 – 27, 2010
Topic 19: Cloud chambers and mountain top facilities
Ottmar Möhler, Dan Cziczo, Jean-Francois Gayet,
Martina Krämer, Olaf Stetzer
Paul Connolly, Joachim Curtius, Andrea Flossmann, Gannet Hallar,
Masataka Murakami, Martin Schnaiter, Ernest Weingartner
Scope of session
Introduction to major lab facilities with capabilities for investigations on
• ice formation at simulated cloud conditions
• secondary ice processes (multiplication, aggregation, …)
• ice crystal size and morphology
• radiative properties of growing and evaporating ice particles
• instrument performance, calibration and interconparison
Introduction to mountain top stations with capabilities for
• aerosol-cloud process studies
• long term observation of mixed-phase cloud characteristics
• instrument test and comparison under natural cloud conditions
Cloud Chambers
Manchester ice cloud chamber, Manchester University, UK.
Cloud simulation chamber, MRI, Tsukuba, Japan.
AIDA facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.
Manchester ice cloud chamber
• Three cold rooms on top of each other.
• One 10m long, 1m diameter stainless steel tube.
• Cold rooms controlled down to -55C
• Work so far includes instrument inter comparisons, ice nucleation experiments and aggregation experiments.
Paul Connolly and colleagues at the University of Manchester
Warm cloud probe intercomparisons (droplets)
Collaborations between the Met Office and University of Manchester
Comparing FSSP, FFSSP, CDP, and SID2
Some instruments sampled through inlet horn in some runs
Comparison of droplet size distributions (FSSP, CDP, CPI, FFSSP, SID2)
Good comparison between droplet probes. This is only possible
after corrections have been applied following bead calibrations
dn/d
p (
cm-3
µm
-1
Aggregation studies
Length of snowflake
Lo
g o
f n
um
be
r o
f sn
ow
fla
ke
s
Slope decreases due to
aggregation
Aim of the experiment is to measure how the slope of the size distribution
changes due to aggregation:The results will be presented by
Paul Connolly at the AMS conference!
Cloud simulation chamber, MRI, Japan
Masataka Murakami and colleagues at MRI
Following the design of CSU cloud simulation
chamber with wall cooling during expansion
runs (DeMott and Rogers, 1990)
About 1.4 m3 volume
T range 30 to -100°C
Expansion to < 30 hPa
Adiabatic ascent control
0 to 30 m/s
Cloud simulation chamber, MRI
Pressure and
temperature
control during
expansion with
equivalent
ascent of 3 m/s.
Cloud simulation chamber, MRI
Expansion experiments at 3 m/s with
natural air (1 and 3) and smoke enriched
natural air (2)
AIDA cloud chamber facility
http://imk-aida.fzk.de
Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere
AIDA cloud chamber facility
Projects:
Aerosol optical properties
Formation and properties of
secondary organic aerosols.
Heterogeneous ice
nucleation of pristine and
aged aerosol types
Homogeneous freezing of
super-cooled cloud and
solution droplets
Growth, habits and optical
properties of growing and
evaporating ice crystals
Inter-comparison of
instruments for water vapour,
aerosol particles, droplets
and ice particles.
AerosolChamber
HeatExchange
ThermostatedHousing
CryostatVacuum Pump
Aerosol andTrace GasInstrumentation
-90°C to +60°C
1 to 105 Pa
AIDA as a test bed for new instruments
ICIS 2007 30 participants
12 instruments
Ice nuclei counters and ice nucleation instruments
AquaVIT 2007 36 participants
22 instruments
Formal intercomparison of atmospheric water
vapour measurement methods
HALO-01 2007 22 participants
9 instruments
In situ cloud probes: characterisation of pure ice
and mixed-phase clouds
HALO-02 2008 10 instruments In situ cloud probes: characterisation of ice clouds
at cirrus temperature conditions
AIDA facility (prototype) instrument HALO aircraft
4th International Ice Nucleation Workshop (ICIS 2007)
Main objective: Compare all currently
available ice nuclei (IN) counters
All currently worldwide available mobile IN
counters operated at AIDA
PIs of IN instruments:
Paul DeMott, Colorado State University, USA.
Olaf Stetzer, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
Jon Abbatt, University of Toronto, Canada.
Masataka Murakami, MRI Tsukuba, Japan.
Zev Levin, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Richard Cotton, UK Met Office.
Hazel Jones, University of Manchester, UK.
Ulrich Bundke, Universität Frankfurt.
Ottmar Möhler, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.
ICIS 2007
4th International Ice Nucleation Workshop (ICIS 2007)
DeMott et al., BAMS, submitted; see also ACPD special issue
AIDA Formal intercomparison of atmospheric water vapour
measurement methods October 2007 (AquaVIT)
Background:
Measurements of high
ice supersaturations in
upper troposphere and
related measurement
uncertainties
Main AquaVIT objective:
Formal blind
intercomparison of state
of the art techniques
Participation:
36 scientists
17 research groups
11 countries
22 instruments
3 independent referees
AquaVIT core instrument result
https://aquavit.icg.kfa-juelich.de/WhitePaper/AquaVITWhitePaper_Final_23Oct2009_6MB.pdf
Conclusions
• Intercomparisons of in situ and satellite observations show long-standing
discrepancies that have motivated the AquaVIT study.
• The AquaVIT water vapor intercomparison was a technical success.
• AquaVIT results alone will not resolve observational discrepancies.
For core instruments: APicT, CFH, FISH, FLASH, HWV, JLH
• For 1-10 ppm WV, average deviations from reference within about 10 %
• Most instrument accuracy estimates include reference value
• Observed biases can partly be due to chamber configuration
• Absolute standard for multi-instrument calibration not yet developed, but APicT
promising candidate
Implications for field observations
• Observed differences between CFH and HWV are smaller than in field
observations
• Larger differences may be caused by specific sampling issues on the respective
platforms
PHIPS – Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering Probe
Features• Stereo imaging for reconstruction of 3D
particle shape and orientation
• Simultaneous measurement of the polar
scattering function in 1° - 170° angular range
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1801
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mie
PHIPS
log(I
nte
nsity)
Angle (°)
Reconstructed Particle
Image 1 Image 2
100 µm
Optics Electronics
100 µm
Project AIDA-HALO
More intercomparison studies within DFG project AIDA-HALO (2010-2010)
as part of DFG Priority Programm (SPP1294)
Instrument development for HALO aircraft
AIDA-HALO activities are open to the international community
Funding opportunities through EUROCHAMP-2 transnational access project
http://www.eurochamp.org/
Summary of cloud chamber part
New facilities at University of Manchester and MRI in Tsukuba.
Manchester ice cloud chamber:
• generating and characterising of ice clouds
• investigating ice crystal aggragation
• comparing instruments (CPI)
Cloud simulation chamber, MRI:
• simulates cloud expansions over large p and T ranges
• investigates CCN and IN processes
AIDA facility, KIT:
• continued aerosol-cloud process studies
• new ice particle imaging and scattering probe
• international campaigns for instrument comparison
Mountain Top Facilities
Puy de Dôme (PDD) station, France (1465 m)
Jungfraujoch station, Switzerland (3580 m).
Storm Peak Laboratory, CO (3220 m).
Schneefernerhaus, Zugspitze, Germany (2700 m).
The Puy de Dôme station (1465 m)
Unique site in France for the observation of the atmosphere (Greenhouse gases, aerosols, clouds, meteorology, …). The station is part of national (PREVOIR) and international networks (EUSAAR,
EUCAARI, …)
Andrea Flossmann and Jean-Francois Gayet, LaMP, Clermont-Ferrand
Puy de Dôme Observatory
WIND TUNEL
Observatoire de Physique du Globe De Clermont-Ferrand, at top ofpuy de Dôme
Measurements at the PDD station
Puy de Dôme (1465 m)
Gas-PhaseO3: Ozone
CO: Carbon Monoxyde
NO, NO2, NOy : Nitrogen species
SO2:
CO2 , CH4
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ,
formaldehyde (HCHO)
AerosolsNumber of aerosol particles and
Size (10 nm-10µm)
Chemical composition
Mass Concentration
Optical properties
Hygroscopicity
Aerosol Optical Depth
Black carbon content
Aerosol total scattering coefficient at 550 nm
(m-1)and 700 nm) (m-1)
Aerosol backward scattering coefficient at
450 nm (m-1), 550 nm (m-1) and 700 nm
(m-1)
Weather parametersWind speed and Wind direction
Pressure, Humidity, Temperature
Rainfall
Radiation (UV, diffuse and total)
CloudsDroplets number
Chemistry in droplets and rain
Liquid water content
Cloud Condensation Nuclei
Droplet surface area
Droplet radius (µm)
PM10 Hi-Vol
EU project CIME (=Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment)
Partners: LaMP (France), IfT (Germany), FISBAT (Italy)
ECN (Netherlands), (LGGE, France)
Work program
Supercooled cloud
Freezing of drops
due to seeding
Ice cloud
Measurements of H2O2,
NH3,.. and AP, in gas
and liquid phase
Measurements of H2O2,
NH3,.. and AP, in gas
and solid phase
Campaigns: winter ‘97 and ‘98
Objectives: to study the fate
of pollutants in the aqueous phase
during the freezing of a cloud
Observatoire de physique (in the foreground) on the summit
of the Puy de Dôme (Massif Central) in the center of France.
Location: the Puy de Dôme,
France (PDD)
Acknowlegdement: This project was financed by the
European Commission under ENV4-CT95-0012. The
calculations have been done on the C98/94 of the
computing center IDRIS (CNRS,France). We also
acknowledge the financing of the french PNCA/CNRS.
Impact of supercooled cloud seeding on aerosol particles
10 100 1000
diameter (nm)
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150ch
an
ge
s in d
N /
dlo
gD
exchanges between residual and interstitial reservoirsduring the seeding (19:00 -20:16, 23 Feb. 1998)
losses in residual particles (CVI)
increase in interstitial particles (RJI)
Schwarzenböck, Mertes, et al., Atmos. Res., 2001
Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l.
• Global GAW station
• Continuous characterization
of the aged aerosol
• Good infrastructure
• Free troposphere
• 40% cloud occurrence !
Sphinx
laboratory
Research
stationTourist
area
P A U L S C H E R R E R I N S T I T U T http://www.psi.ch/lac [email protected]
Ernest Weingartner, PSI Villigen
• What are the abundances and properties of CCN and IN ?
• How are the aerosol particles partitioned between the
interstitial and cloud phase ?
• How does the presence of ice crystals change this partitioning ?
During intensive field campaigns the following questions
are addressed at Jungfraujoch:
New ice selective inlet for the physico-chemical characterization of natural ice
nuclei.
Measurements will start in 2012, collaborating partners are highly welcome !!
P A U L S C H E R R E R I N S T I T U T http://www.psi.ch/lac [email protected]
BC enhancement in ice residuals (Cocic et al., 2008)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
B
C m
ass f
racti
on
in
ice r
esid
uals
0.120.080.040.00
BC mass fraction in bulk aerosol
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 1:1 line
BC acted as IN or just scavenged?
Partner Institutes:
Paul-Scherrer-Institut, Villingen, CH
ETH Zürich, CH
Univ. of Manchester, GB
IFT Leipzig
Universität Frankfurt
Universität Mainz
TH Darmstadt
MPI für Chemie, Mainz
Partikelchemie
Biogeochemie
Luftchemie
Participation of 5 partners and 2 associated partners
of the DFG project SFB 641 „The Tropospheric Ice Phase“
of Uni Frankfurt, Uni Mainz, TH Darmstadt and MPI für Chemie, Mainz
With financial support by HFSJG, DFG, GAW, Meteo Swiss, DWD
Participation of 40 scientists,30 instruments
CLACE 6 activity
CLACE 6 campaign
PM2
cycloneheated
inlet
Ice
CVI
Interstitielle Partikel
ca. 25 Meß-instrumente
Results see e.g.
Cziczo et al., 2009
Northwestern Colorado
Located on Steamboat Springs Ski Resort
Elevation: 3220 m (10,530 ft)
Pressure: ~ 690 mb
In cloud ~25% of time in the winter
Mixed Phase Clouds
9 Person Bunkhouse
Full Kitchen, NOW Running Water!
Facility and Guest Instruments
UPCOMING NSF ARI-R2 RENOVATION:
3 New Aerosol Manifolds
New Wet Chemistry Lab
High Speed Internet Connection - 150 Mbps
Storm Peak Laboratory
Storm Peak Laboratory Current Equipment
Aerosol Concentration
Including Ultra-Fine
Aerosol size distributions
TSI SMPS and APS
DMT Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)
Multi-Filter Shadow-band Radiometer
Cloud droplet size distributions
DMT SPP-100 forward scattering spectrometer
modified PMS-2DP precipitation probe
CO2 Measurement - Britt Stevens, NCAR
O3 Measurement
Pyranometer
Cold Room- Cloud Sieves for collection of cloud water
Meteorological Station – 7 on Mountain
Storm Peak Lab Cloud Property Validation ExperimentAMF2 Deployment October 2010 - April 2011
Multiple Ground Locations –
Valley, Mid Mountain, SPL
Airplane (NSF funded)
OBJECTIVES
1. Unique opportunity for cloud property
retrievals
liquid phase boundary layer clouds, mixed
phase clouds to heavily precipitating snow.
Full Doppler spectra from the scanning
cloud radar combined with continuous in situ
data to development of new algorithms
2. Unique challenge and opportunity for modeling
Collected in a region of complex terrain.
3. Study role of aerosol in cloud and precipitation
processes
Aerosol and IN data collection to study the
role of natural and anthropogenic aerosol in
cloud and precipitation processes.
Schneefernerhaus Environmental Research Station
Located below Zugspitze
summit at 2650 m
Established in 1998 by the
State of Bavaria
Global Atmosphere Watch
(GAW)
Year-round access by cable
cars and coghweel train
Offers laboratories,
observation and experimental
decks, offices, overnight
accomodation, conference
and meeting facilities to the
national and international
scientific community.
KIT aerosol-cloud pilote study Feb 2010: Instrumentation
PM10 heated inlettotal aerosol
CPC
UCPC
UHSAS APSSP2 WIBS
hydrometeor inlet
SID3 hydrometeoranalyser
KIT Laboratory
aerosol inlet
hydrometeorinlet
SID3
camera
anemometer
pump andflow system
hygrometer
Summary of mountain top station part
Puy de Dôme station:
• Long tradition of aerosol and cloud studies (e.g. CIME)
• New facilities
• New wind tunnel
Jungfraujoch station:
• Series of CLACE campaigns on aerosol-cloud processes
• New ice selective inlet for characterization of natural ice nuclei
Storm Peak laboratory:
• Continuous aerosol and cloud measurements
• Cloud Property Validation Experiment October 2010 - April 2011
Schneefernerhaus Environmental Research Station (UFS)
• New facility for aerosol-cloud research
• Pilote campaign in February 2010
• Continuous measurements from 2011
General Remarks
Cloud chambers and mountain top stations complement
aircraft studies:
• Long duration measurements
• Campaigns
• Modelling
Also good for instrument test, calibration and
intercomparison
Recommendation:
More efforts towards secondary ice studies
Freezing of a levitated droplet
0ms 0,39ms 0,51ms 1,0ms 1,36ms
655,07ms
1,87ms 16,06ms
286,03ms 372,1ms 490,59ms 601,19ms 640,1ms
657,88ms657,8ms656,94ms656,56ms656,51ms 657,95ms 657,99ms
658,03ms 658,34ms 661,61ms 661,85ms 671,52ms 679,39ms