TOPIC 1:

Examples:1. She went to Los Angeles. subject pronoun

2. She gave him her card. object pronoun

3. That essay is mine her card. possessive pronoun

4. Little babby has learned to eat by himself. reflexive pronoun

TOPIC 2:

A. Form1. Adverbs

a. Most adverbs end in –ly.adjective adverbbrave bravelyloud loudlyquick quicklydangerous dangerouslybad badly

1

Subject pronouns

IYou

He/She/ItWeYouThey

Object pronouns

MeYou

Him/Her/ItUsYou

Them

Possessive pronouns

MineYours

His/Hers/ItsOursYoursTheirs

Reflexive pronouns

MyselfYourself

Himself/Herself/ItselfOurselvesYourselvesThemselves

Relative pronounsWho

WhomWhoseWhichThat

b. Some adverbs are irregular.adjective adverbgood wellfast fasthard hard

2. Adjectivesa. We put adjectives in front of the noun.

adjective nouna new cartwo green apples

blue eyesb. Adjectives do not change.

adjective nouna big housetwo big houses

c. We use an in front of an adjective that begins with a vowel. an old man an easy exam

B. Use1. Adverbs describe verbs. You can do this exercise easily. (Easily describes do.)2. Adjectives describe nouns. This is an easy exercise. (Easy describes exercise.)

TOPIC 3:

A. Form Spelling1. Basic rule: We add –ing to the infinitive.

wash washingread readinghurry hurrying

2. Exception: for verbs that end in –e, we remove the -e and add –ing.drive drivinguse using

For verbs with a short vowel and only one consonant, we double the consonant and add –ing.

swim swimmingsit sitting

B. Use1. We use gerunds as subjects or objects. Skiing can be dangerous. I like travelling by plane.2. Certain verbal expressions take a gerund. Would you mind going to the bank for me? I don’t mind doing that.

2

Do you fancy watching a video?

TOPIC 4:

A. in is used with years in 1994 centuries in the nienteenth century

parts of the day in the morningdecades in the 1960sseasons in summermonths in November

B. on is used with dates on 19 July days of the week on Monday

on Sunday morning‘special’ days on my birthday

on Christmas Day

C. at is used with times at 7.00at midnight

holidays at Christmasat Easterat the weekend

D. no preposition is used with expressions with agotonight, this morningthis afternoon, etc.tomorrow, tomorrow afternoon, etc.yesterday, yesterday morning, etc.expressions with last or next

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TOPIC 5:

I. THE FUTURE WITH “WILL”A. Form

1. Positive and negativeIHeSheItWeYouThey

‘ll(will)

won’t(will not)

see you tomorrow.

get the job.

2. Questions Short answersWillWill

youhe

be at the meeting? Yes, I will.lend you his car? No, he won’t.

B. Use 1. We use the future with will to make predictions or general statements about the

future.We’ll need some more money soon.In the year 2050 the world’s population will reach 10 billion.

2. We use the future with will to describe a decision made at the moment of speaking often or to make an offer.

‘Have you got that report?’ ‘Yes, I’ll fax you a copy.’‘I can’t hear the TV very well.’ ‘I’ll turn it up.’

II. THE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO”A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I‘m(am)

going to

do the shopping.

have a shower.

clean the windows.

‘m not(am not)

HeSheIt

‘s(is)Isn’t‘s not(is not)

WeYouThey

‘re(are)aren’t‘re not(are not)

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2. Questions Short answersAre you

going to

play football? Yes, I am.

Is he going to

buy the wine? No, he isn’t

B. Use 1. We use going to to describe plans, intentions, and things we have decided to do.

I’m going to look for a new job.I’m going to sell my car.

2. We use going to to describe things we can see or feel will definitely happen in the future.

She’s going to have a baby.3-0 up with five minutes to play, Manchester City are going to win.

III. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSEA. Form

1. Positive and negativeIWeYouThey

livein Manchester.don’t live

(do not live)HeSheIt

playstennis.doesn’t

play(does not play)

a. In the third person singular we add –s to the infinitive. b. When the verb ends in –ss, -sh, -ch, -z or –o, we add –es.

kiss kisseswish wisheswatch watchesbuzz buzzesdo does

c. When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ies worry worries

study studies2. Questions Short answers

Do you live in London? Yes, I do.

Does

he play golf? No, he doesn’t.

B. Use 1. We use the present simple tense to describe states.

I live with my parents.Water boils at 100 degrees.

2. We use the present simple tense to describe regular events.I usually work late on Mondays.They go on holidays to Ireland every year.

C. Pronunciation 1. After a vowel sound or a voiced consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, //, /z/, /l/,

/r/, /m/, /n/, //) we pronounce the final –s as /z/.comes / kʌmz/ goes /gәʊz/

2. After a voiceless consonant sound (/t/, /p/, /f/, and /k/) we pronounce the final –s as /s/.

cuts / kʌts/ stops /stɒps/ coughs /kʌfs/ looks /lʊks/5

3. When the verb ends in –ges, –ches, –sses, –ses, –zes or –shes, we pronounce the final syllable /iz/.

changes /ʧeinʤiz/ pushes /pʊʃiz /

IV. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEA. Form

1. Positive and negative

I‘m(am)

reading.

watching TV.

working at home..

‘m not(am not)

HeSheIt

‘s(is)Isn’t‘s not(is not)

WeYouThey

‘re(are)aren’t‘re not(are not)

2. Questions Short answersAm I meeting Mike at 12.00? Yes,

you are.Is she coming to the meeting? No, she

isn’tAre the

ydriving or coming by train?

a. To make –ing forms we add –ing to the infinitive. eat eatingfly flying

b. For verbs that end in –e, we remove the –e and add –ing.drive drivingcome coming

c. When the verb ends consonant–vowel–consonant and the stress is on the final syllable, we

double the final consonant and add –ing. run runningadmit admitting

B. Use 1. We use the present continuous tense to say what is happening at the moment.

We’re having dinner just now.‘Where’s Sue?’ ‘She’s watching TV.’

2. We use the present continuous tense to describe a temporary state.I can’t find a flat, so I’m living with my parents.I’m doing French evening classes this year.

3. We use the present continuous tense to describe a future arrangement.I’m playing tennis tomorrow evening.They’re arriving next Monday at 10.00.

C. Present simple and present continuous 1. Sometimes the use of the present simple or the present continuous depends on

whether we see a situation as permanent or temporary. I live in a flat in George Road. (I see the situation as permanent.) I’m living with my parents until I find a place of my own. (I think the situation

is temporary.) Where do you work? (I think you have a permanent job.) Where are you working? (I think you are doing something temporary.)

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2. Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form even when they refer to the present moment. They refer to states and not to actions. The most important ones are a. like, love, prefer, hate, want, wish, need

I need a new pen. NOT I’m needing a new pen. b. think, imagine, believe, know, realize, mean, understand, remember, forget,

suppose, hope, seeI don’t understand. NOT I’m not understanding.

c. be, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell This tastes delicious. NOT This is tasting delicious.

d. belong, contain, include, matter, owe, own Who does the car belong to? NOT Who is the car belonging to?

3. Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous form when they describe actions and not states. Compare these sentences.

This ice cream tastes disgusting. (state)He’s tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt. (action) I think it’s important. (state)‘What are you doing?’ ‘I’m thinking.’ (action)

V. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSEA. Form We make the present perfect tense with have/has and the past participle.

1. Positive and negativeIWeYouThey

‘ve(have) lived abroad.haven’t(have not)

HeSheIt

‘s(has) cooked dinner.hasn’t(has not)

2. Questions Short answersHave

you been to Paris before? Yes, I have.

Has she broken her leg? No, she hasn’t

a. To make regular past participles, we add –ed to the infinitive. play playedopen openedThis is the same as the regular past tense.

b. A lot of common verbs have an irregular past participle. go gonewrite writtensee seen

B. Use The present perfect links the past with the present.

PAST PRESENT

1. We use the present perfect tense when we are interested in the present result of a past action.

She’s gone home. (She isn’t here now.)I’ve bought a new car. (I’ve got a new car now.)

2. We use the present perfect tense when an activity or situation started in the past and still continues to the present.

He’s worked in the same office for twenty years.(He still works there now.)I’ve lived here for three years. (I still live here now.)

NOW

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I’ve lived here for three years. PAST three years ago

3. We use the present perfect tense when we are referring to a time frame that comes up to the present.

Have you ever been to Brazil? (In your life until now.)I’ve been to Brazil three times. (Until now I’ve been there three times.)Have you seen John today? (We are still in the time frame of ‘today’.)

VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEA. Form

1. Positive and negativeIWeYouThey

‘ve(have)

been

playing football.

having a rest.

waiting for an

hour.

haven’t(have not)

HeSheIt

‘s(has)hasn’t(has not)

2. Questions Short answersHas he bee

nreading? Yes, he has.

Have

you been

waiting long? No, I haven’t

B. Use 1. We use the present perfect continuous tense to describe an activity that is still

incomplete.I’ve been writing a letter. (I haven’t finished it yet.)How long have you been reading that book? (You haven’t finished it yet.)

2. We use the present perfect continuous tense to focus on the process of an activity.

‘What have you been doing?’ ‘I’ve been running.’3. We use the present perfect continuous tense to emphasize the duration of an

activity.You’re late. I’ve been waiting for an hour.

C. Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 1. The present perfect continuous and the present perfect simple can both be used

to describe situations which started in the past and are still going on, or about past actions which have present results. The important difference is that the present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself, but the present perfect simple focuses on the completion or result of the action.

I’ve been playing a lot of football this week. (focus on activity) I’ve played two matches. (focus on completion)

2. We always use the present perfect simple when we say how much or how many. How many letters have you written this week?How much rice have you cooked?

3. With the verbs live and work we can normally use either the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous.

Have you lived here long?Have you been living here long?

4. Sometimes the present perfect simple can describe a more permanent state and the present perfect continuous can describe a temporary activity.

I’ve lived here for ten years. (permanent)I’ve been living with my sister for the last few months. (temporary)

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VII. THE PAST SIMPLE TENSEA. Form

1. The verb to bea. Positive and negative

IHeSheIt

wasat home last week.

wasn’t (was not)

WeYouThey

werehere yesterday.weren’t

(were not)

b. Questions Short answersWas

he at home

last week? Yes, he was.

Were

they

here yesterday? No, they weren’t.

2. Regular verbs a. To make the past simple tense we add –ed to the infinitive. The past simple is

the same for all persons.verb past simplewatch We watched a film last night.happen It happened in Rome.

When the verb ends in –e, we add –d.use useddecide decided

When the verb ends consonant-vowel-consonant, and the stress is on the final syllable, we double the final consonant and add –ed.stop stoppedprefer preferred

But we do not double –y, or –w as final letters.delay delayedshow showed

When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ied. hurry hurriedstudy studied

b. Pronunciation After /p/, /k/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/, and /s/ we pronounce the final –d as /t/. When the verb ends in –t or –d we pronounce the final syllable /id/. Otherwise we pronounce the final –d as /d/.

/d/ /t/ /id/pulledlived

seemed

watchedliked

missed

wantedended

decided

3. Irregular verbs Many commons verbs have an irregular past form. The irregular form is the same

for all persons.a. Positive

verb past simplesee I saw her yesterday. buy They bought a new car last week.

b. NegativeHe

didn’t(did not)

go to the theatre.

c. Questions Short answers9

Did you see the film last night? Yes, I did.

Did she visit her parents? No, she didn’t.

Negatives, questions, and short answers are the same for all persons and for all verbs except the verb to be.Note: In negatives and questions we use the infinitive of the verb.Did you go out? NOT Did you went out?Did they buy a car? NOT Did they bought a car?

B. Use 1. We use the past simple tense to describe a completed action in the past.

NOW We went to the cinema yesterday.

PAST

2. We use the past simple tense to describe a completed situation in the past. NOW

I worked in Edinburgh from 1989 to 1995. PAST 1989 1995

3. We use the past simple tense to describe a repeated action in the past. NOW

They went to Greece every year until 1995. PAST 1988 1995

C. Past simple and present perfect Compare the uses of the past simple and the present perfect.

1. We use the past simple when we are interested in the action or the time of the action, not the effect.

She’s gone home. (She isn’t here now.)She went at four o’clock. (We’re interested in when the action took place.)

2. We use the past simple when we are talking about a finished time in the past. I’ve lived here for five years. (I still live here.)

Before that I lived in Madrid. (But I don’t live there now.) NOW Before that I lived in Madrid. I’ve lived here for five years. PAST

3. We use the past simple when we are referring to a time frame that ended in the past.

‘Have you been out today?’‘Yes, I went out this morning.’

VIII. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSEA. Form

1. Positive and negativeIHeSheIt

wasgoing to work.wasn’t

(was not)WeYouThey

werestanding at the bus stop.weren’t

(were not)

2. Questions Short answersWas

he having a bath? Yes, he was.

10

Were

they

driving to Scotland? No, they weren’t.

B. Use The past continuous tense describes a continuous or unfinished activity in the past.1. We use the past continuous tense to describe an action that started before a

particular moment, and probably continued after it.At 8.00 I was having breakfast.This time last week I was lying on a beach in Greece.

NOW I was lying on a beach in Greece. PAST

This time last week

2. We use the past continuous tense to describe a temporary situation in the past.I was living in Bristol last year.

C. Past continuous and past simpleWe often use the past continuous tense with the past simple tense. The past continuous describes the situation – it is background information. The past simple describes the main event. The clauses are usually joined by while, as, or when.

While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain.As I was going to bed, the doorbell rang.

NOW We were driving to the station PAST

when the accident happened.

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IX. THE PAST PERFECT TENSEA. Form We make the past perfect tense with had/hadn’t and the past participle.

1. Positive and negativeIHeSheItWeYouThey

‘d(had)

hadn’t(had not)

been there for 2 hours.

finished the project.

2. Questions Short answersHadHad

youhe

seen him before? Yes, I had.Eaten breakfast? No, he hadn’t.

B. Use 1. We use the past perfect tense to look back on an event that occurred before another

event in the past.We had dinner. We weren’t hungry.We weren’t hungry because we’d had dinner.

NOW dinner not hungry PAST 1 2

We weren’t hungry because we’d had dinner.2. The past perfect is often used with when, after, before, as soon as.

I was sure I’d seen him before.After we’d finished dinner, we went for a walk.

The past perfect is necessary when we need to make it clear that one thing happened before another. Compare these sentences.

Sheila got up, got dressed, had some breakfast, and went out.When Sheila got to the party, Amanda had gone home.

In the first sentence we do not use the past perfect, because the order of events is clear. In the second sentence we need to use the past perfect to make it clear that Amanda went home before Sheila got to the party.

X. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY never hardly ever sometimes often normally always frequently usually

A. We put the adverb of frequency after the verb to be.

The train is always on time.He’s never here at 9.00.

in front of the main verb.We often go to the park.I don’t usually get up late.

B. Sometimes, normally, and usually can also go at the beginning or end of the sentence, but they usually

go before the main verb

I have lunch in a restaurant .

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sometimesnormallyusually

TOPIC 6:

A. Form 1. When the statement is positive the tag is negative.

You’re Italian, aren’t you?He’s from

Bristol,isn’t he?

2. When the statement is negative the tag is positive.They aren’t

coming to the party,

are they?

She isn’t

here yet, is she?

3. With the verb to be we make the tag with the verb and the subject. It isn’t very warm, is it?

4. When there is a modal verb or an auxiliary verb we make the tag from the modal or auxiliary and the subject. You can swim, can’t you?She won’t

be here tomorrow,

will she?

It doesn’t

matter, does it?

You’ve finished, haven’t you?

It was raining, wasn’t it?

5. When the verb in the sentence hasn’t got an auxiliary, we make the tag from the auxiliary that we would normally use for making questions in that tense.

She arrived yesterday, didn’t she? You like fish, don’t you? Note: Negative tag questions are contracted.

You knew about this yesterday,didn’t you? NOT … did not you? She can speak Russian, can’t she? NOT … can not she?

6. When the subject of the statement is a noun, we replace it with a pronoun in the tag.

This chair‘s French, isn’t it?Bob and Betty live near here, don’t they?

7. The question tag for a sentence with Let’s is shall we? Let’s get a pizza, shall we?

8. The question tag for a sentence with I am is aren’t I? I’m going to Helsinki next week, aren’t I?

9. When we write a question tag it is separated from the statement by a comma (,) and is followed by a question mark (?).

B. Use A question tag turns a statement into a question. It is less direct than an ordinary question.We can use falling intonation or rising intonation on a question tag. We use falling intonation when we think the statement is true and we expect the other person to agree. We use rising intonation when we want to check something.

TOPIC 7: 13

A. Form 1. We make the passive with the verb to be and a past participle.

These computers

are made in Japan.

This wine is produced in Portugal.

2. We can use the passive in any tense. To make different tenses we change the verb to be.

Past The car was stolen.Present perfect

Someone has been

arrested.

Present Thousands of cars are stolen.will The crime will be solved.would Fewer crimes would

becommitted.

3. To make the negative of the passive, we use the negative of the verb to be. The man wasn’t sent to prison.The weapon hasn’t been found.

4. To make questions we use the normal question form of the verb to be in each tense.

Was the man sent to prison?Has the weapon been found?

5. We can use the passive with a modal verb. We use a modal verb + be + past participle.

Cars shouldn’t be parked there.It can’t be done.She must be told.

B. Use 1. We use the passive when the action is more important than the agent (who or

what did the action).2. We use the passive when we don’t know the agent.

The car has been found.The suspect was identified.These houses were built in the 1930s.

If we want to show the agent, we use by.The car has been found by some children.The suspect was identified by a witness.

TOPIC 8:

14

I. FIRST CONDITIONALSA. Form We use the present simple tense in the if clause and the future with will in the main

clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is

first.If she eats all that ice

cream,she ‘ll feel terrible

.If I hav

etime, I ‘ll

phoneyou later.

You ‘ll be hungry

if you don’t have

some dinner.

They

won’t arrive

on time

if they

miss the bus.

Note: We do not use will in the if clause.If it rains, we’ll go to the cinema.NOT If it will rain, we’ll go to the cinema.

B. Use First conditionals predict the results of a real or probable action or event.

If you get up late, you’ll miss the appointment.(There is a real chance that you’ll get up late.)We won’t go if it rains. (There is a real chance that it will rain.)

II. SECOND CONDITIONALSA. Form We use the past simple form in the if clause and would + infinitive without to in the

main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.If I had enough

money,I ‘d

buythat house.

If you didn’t eat

so much, you ‘d lose

weight.

He ‘d feel better

if he didn’t smoke

so much.

They

wouldn’t play

tennis

if it was raining.

Note: We do not use would in the if clause.If I had enough money … NOT If I would have enough money …

B. Use Second conditionals describe unreal, unlikely, or imaginary situations.

If we had more money, we’d travel business class.What would you do if you saw a ghost?

III. THIRD CONDITIONALSA. Form We use the past perfect (continuous) form in the if clause and would have + past

participle in the main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.If I had told the truth, I wouldn’t

havefelt.

If you hadn’t studied

so hard, you

would have failed.

I would have

passed

if I ‘d worked harder.

They

wouldn’t have

come

if they

hadn’t wanted

to see you.

B. Use We use third conditionals to describe something that didn’t happen, an imaginary

situation in the past. If I’d worked harder I would have passed the exam.(I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass the exam.)

15

You wouldn’t have crashed if you hadn’t been driving so fast.(You were driving too fast, and you crashed.)

TOPIC 9:

A. Formadjective comparative superlative

one syllable tallcold

tallercolder

the tallestthe coldest

One syllable: short vowel + one consonant

hotthinbig

hotterthinnerbigger

the hottestthe thinnestthe biggest

Two syllables: consonant + y

heavypretty

heavierprettier

the heaviestthe prettiest

Two or more syllables

moderninteresting

more modernmore interesting

the most modernthe most interesting

Irregular goodbadfar

betterworsefurther

the bestthe worstthe furthest

1. A comparative adjective is often followed by than.Russia is bigger than Canada. The film was much better than I expected.

2. as … as … can be used to make comparisons.Her house is as big as mine. Silver isn’t as expensive as gold.

3. In the negative so … as … is also possible.Silver isn’t so expensive as gold.

B. Use 1. The comparative is used to compare two separate items or groups.

Alex is taller than his brothers. 2. The superlative is used to compare one member of a group with the rest of the

group.

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

TOPIC 10: 16

Alex 1.92m

Alex’s brothers 1.85m 1.83m 1.75m

all the mountains in the world

Mount Everest

A. A relative clause gives more information about a noun in a sentence.I saw the man.I saw the man who lives next door.

A relative clause starts with a relative pronoun. We use 1. who with people.

He’s the man who lives next door. 2. which with things.

Where’s the disk which was on my desk? 3. that with people and things.

He’s the man that lives next door. Where’s the disk that was on my desk?

4. whom instead of who when it is the object of a verb. The woman whom I wanted to see was away on vacation.

5. whose instead of his / her / their We saw some people whose car had broken down.

6. where to talk about a place The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

7. when with time That was the time when I was unhappy.

8. why with reason That was the reason why I didn’t want to meet him.

B. In a relative clause we can sometimes leave out the relative pronoun who, which or that.

We can only do this if the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. Look at these sentences.

He’s the man. She married him. object

He’s the man (who/that) she married. In this sentence the man is the object of the relative clause, so we can leave out the

relative pronoun. He’s the man. He lives next door. subject

He’s the man who/that lives next door. In this sentence the man is the subject of the relative clause, so we can’t leave out the

relative pronoun.

TOPIC 11:

I. STATEMENTS When we report what somebody says we make the following changes. The pronouns and possessive adjectives change, because a different person is

now speaking. 17

Direct speech: I like cooking. Reported speech: Sally says that she likes cooking.

When we report something with a past tense verb (e.g. said or told), some of the tenses of the

verbs also change. Direct speech Reported speech present perfect past perfect past simple past perfect/past simple present simple past simple present continuous past continuous will would

Note: The past perfect tense, would, and modal verbs do not change. Direct speech Reported speech

Walter: I’ve read that book. Walter said (that) he had read that book.Zoe: We saw a great film last week.Zoe said (that) they had seen a great film the

week before.Tom: I don’t want to stay here.Tom said (that) he didn’t want to stay there.Andrea: I’m going out. Andrea said (that) she was going out.Luke: I’ll be away till March. Luke said (that) he’d be away till March.Zoran: I had never been there before. Zoran said (that) he had never been

there before.Helen: I’d like a coffee. Helen said (that) she’d like a coffee.Monica: I might phone you later. Monica said (that) she might phone us later.

Note: In everyday speech the rules are not always followed, particularly when the direct speech is still

true at the time of reporting.Zoe said that they saw a great film.Tom said that he doesn’t want to go.

II. QUESTIONS Reported questions are a form of indirect question. When we report questions, we make the following changes. The tenses and pronouns change as for statements. The word order changes to a statement word order, and verbs have a statement

form. There is no question mark at the end of a reported question.

‘Where does John work?’ A man asked me where John worked. ‘How many times have you seen this film?’She asked me how many times I’d seen the film.

With Yes/No questions, the reported question starts with whether or if. ‘Have you seen them today?’ He asked me whether/if I had seen them today.

III. COMMANDS AND REQUESTS We normally use tell for commands and ask for requests, but other verbs can also be

used, such as advise, warn, persuade, beg, order, and command. To report a command or a request we use the following structure: told/asked + person + (not) to + verb.

‘Don’t worry.’He told me not to worry. ‘Please sit down.’The doctor asked me to sit down.

TOPIC 12:

I. SUBJECT SEPARATED FROM THE VERBVery often, if the subject and verb are separated, they will be separated by prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase has no effect on the verb.

18subject + [prepositional phrase] +

verb

The study of languages is very interesting.singular subject singular verbSeveral theories on this subject have been proposed. plural subject plural verbThe view of these disciplines varies from time to time.singular subject singular verbThe danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.singular subject singular verbThe effects of that crime are likely to be devasting.plural subject plural verbThe fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.singular subject singular verb

The following expressions also have no effect on the verb.

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.singular subject singular verbMr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.singular subject singular verb

NOTE: If the conjunction and is used instead of one of these phrases, the verb would then be plural.

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight. plural subject plural verb

II. WORDS THAT ALWAYS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS AND PRONOUNSSome words are often confused by students as being plural. The following words must be followed by singular verbs and pronouns in formal written English.

* Either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line.Something was under the house.If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. (note the singular

pronoun)No problem is harder to solve than this one.Nobody works harder than John does.

III. NONE/NONone can take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the noun which follows it.

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

No can take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the noun which follows it.

No example is relevant to this case.

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together with along withaccompanied by as well as

any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular every + singular nouneach + singular noun

anybody nobody somebody everybody anyone no one someone everyone either*anything nothing something everything neither*

none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

no + + singular verb

singular noun non-count

no + plural noun + plural verb

No examples are relevant to this case.

IV. EITHER/NEITHERWhen either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor is singular or plural. If or or nor appears alone, the same rule applies. Study the following formulas.

Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today. plural noun plural verbEither John or his friends are going to the beach today. plural noun plural verb

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today. singular noun singular verbEither John or Bill is going to the beach today. singular noun singular verb

Examples:Neither John nor Jane is going to class today. singular singular Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today. plural pluralJohn or George is bringing the car. singular singular Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before. singular singular Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet. singular singular

V. COLLECTIVE NOUNSAlso many words indicating a number of people or animals are singular. The following nouns are usually singular. In some cases they are plural if the sentence indicates that the individual members are acting separately.

* Majority can be singular or plural. If it is alone it is usually singular. If it is followed by a plural noun, it is usually plural.

The majority believes that we are in no danger.The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

Examples of collective nouns:The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.The family was elated by the news.The crowd was wild with excitement.Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.The organization has lost many members this year.Our team is going to win the game.

The following nouns are used to indicate groups of certain animals. It is not necessary to learn the nouns; however, they mean the same as group and thus are considered singular.

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+ noun + + plural noun + plural verb

neither

nor or

+ noun + + singular noun + singular verb

neither

nor or

congress family group committee classorganization team army club crowdgovernment jury majority minority public

flock of birds, sheepschool of fishherd of cattle pride of lionspack of dogs

The flock of birds is circling overhead.The herd of cattle is breaking away.A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

Collective nouns indicating time, money, and measurements used as a whole are singular.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test.Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.Two miles is too much to run in one day.

VI. A NUMBER OF/THE NUMBER OF

A number of students are going to the class picnic.The number of days in a week is seven.A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.

VII. NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURALThe following nouns are always considered plural. They cannot be singular. In order to speak of them as singular, one must say “a pair of___________.”

The pants are in the drawer.A pair of pants is in the drawer.The pliers were on the table.The pair of pliers was on the table.These scissors are dull.This pair of scissors is dull.

VIII. THERE IS/THERE ARERemember that with sentences beginning with the existential there, the subject is actually after the verb.

There is a storm approaching. singular singular There have been a number of telephone calls today. plural plural There was an accident last night. singular singular There were too many people at the party. plural plural

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a number of + plural noun + plural verb…

the number of + plural noun + singular verb…

scissors shorts pants jeans tongstrousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers

+ singular subject… (or non-count)

there isthere wasthere has been

+ plural subject…

there arethere werethere have been

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars. singular singular There was water on the floor where he fell. singular non-count

Read the text carefully and then choose the correct answer.

PASSAGE 1

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Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist, bequeathed most of his vast fortune in trust as a fund from which annual prizes could be awarded to individuals and organizations who had achieved the greatest benefit to humanity in a particular year. Originally, there were six classifications of outstanding contributions designated in Nobel’s will including chemistry, physics, physiology and medicine, literature, and international peace.

The prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. In 1969, a prize for economics endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden was added. Candidates for the prizes must be nominated in writing by a qualified authority in the field of competition. Recipients in physics, chemistry, and economics are selected by the royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; in physiology or medicine by the Caroline Institute; in literature by the Swedish Academy; and in peace by the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by Norway’s parliament. The prizes are usually presented in Stockholm on December 10, with the King of Sweden officiating, an appropriate tribute to Alfred Nobel on the anniversary of his death. Each one includes a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one million dollars.

1. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. Alfred Bernhard Nobel B. The Nobel prizesC. Great contributions to mankind D. Swedish philanthropy

2. Why were the prizes named for Alfred Bernhard Nobel?A. He left money in his will to establish a fund for the prizes.B. He won the first Nobel prize for his work in philanthropy.C. He is now living in Sweden.D. He serves as chairman of the committee to choose the recipients of the prizes.

3. How often are the Nobel prizes awarded?A. Five times a year B. Once a yearC. Twice a year D. Once every two years

4. The word “outstanding” in line 3 could best be replaced by ______________.A. recent B. unusual C. established D. exceptional

5. The word “will” in line 4 refers to ________________.A. Nobel’s wishes B. a legal documentC. a future intention D. a free choice

6. A Nobel prize would NOT be given to ______________.

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A. an author who wrote a novel B. a doctor who discovered a vaccine

C. a composer who wrote a symphony D. a diplomat who negotiated a peace settlement

7. The word “one” in line 12 refers to _______________.A. tribute B. anniversary C. prize D. candidate

8. Which individual or organization serves as administrator for the trust?A. The King of Sweden B. The Nobel FoundationC. The Central Bank of SwedenD. Swedish and Norwegian academies and institutes

9. The word “appropriate” in line 12 is closest in meaning to _________________.A. prestigious B. customary C. suitable D. transitory

10. Why are the awards presented on December 10?A. It is a tribute to the king of Sweden.B. Alfred Bernhard Nobel died on that day.C. That date was established in Alfred Nobel’s will.D. The Central Bank of Sweden administers the trust.

PASSAGE 2

Line (5)

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(15)

Noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is another environmental pollutant. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced as a byproduct of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it.

Unlike the eye, the ear has no lid; therefore noise penetrates without protection. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased.

Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in the same ways that we would respond to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of noise as well. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during walking hours.

1. What is the author’s main point ?A. Noise may pose a serious threat to our physical and psychological health.B. Loud noise signal danger.C. Hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem.D. The ear is not like the eye.

2. What is the author’s definition of noise?A. Unwanted sound B. Physical and psychological harmC. A byproduct of technology D. Congestion

3. What was probably the topic of the paragraph that preceded this passage?A. Environmental pollutants B. TechnologyC. Urban areas D. Disease

4. The word “congested” in line 2 could be best be replaced by ________________.A. hazardous B. polluted C. crowded D. rushed

5. It can be inferred from this passage that the eye ______________.

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A. responds to fear B. increases functions

C. enjoys greater protection than the ear D. is damaged by noise6. According to the passage, people respond to loud noises in the same way that they

respond to ___________.A. annoyance B. danger C. damage D. disease

7. The word “accelerate” in line 6 is closest in meaning to ___________________.A. decline B. interrupt C. increase D. cease

8. The word “it” in line 3 refers to ___________________.A. noise B. harm C. life D. technology

9. According to the author, which of the following is correct?A. Noise is not a serious problem today.B. Noise is America’s number-one problem.C. Noise is an unavoidable problem in an industrial society.D. Noise is a complex problem.

10. The phrase “as well” in line 15 is closest in meaning to which of the following?A. after all B. also C. instead D. regardless

PASSAGE 3

Line (5)

(10)

Throughout history, the search for salt has played an important role in society. Where there was no salt near, it was brought from great distances. Thus, salt became one of the most important articles of early trade. Records show that in areas of scarcity, salt was traded ounce for ounce for gold. Rome’s major highway was called the Via Salaria, that is, the Salt Road. Along that road, Roman soldiers transported salt crystals from the salt flats at Ostia up the Tiber River. In return, they received a salarium or salary, which was literally money paid to soldiers to buy salt. The old saying “worth their salt,” which means to be valuable, derives from the custom of payment during the Empire. The caravan trade of the Sahara was also primarily an exchange of goods for salt. Among ancient peoples there, to eat salt with another person was an act of friendship. Slaves were often purchased with salt. Salt was so important in the Middle Ages that governments retained salt trade as a monopoly, or levied taxes on its purchase. By then, people’s social rank was demonstrated by where they sat at the table above or below the salt.

Even today, in some remote regions of the world, salt is a luxury item. In fact, in a few isolated areas of Southeast Asia and Africa, cakes made of salt are still used for money.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The old saying “worth their salt” B. The Roman EmpireC. Salt D. Ancient trade

2. The word “scarcity’ in line 3 could best be replaced by ______________.A. influence B. deprivation C. demand D. progress

3. What was the rate of exchange for salt and gold in areas where salt was a scarce commodity?A. One to one B. One to two C. One to ten D. One to sixteen

4. According to the passage, where were salt flats located?A. Rome B. Tiber C. Ostia D. Salaria

5. What does the Latin word salarium mean?A. Salt B. Salary C. Soldiers D. The Salt Road

6. If a man is “worth his salt,” he is ________________.A. a soldier B. a thirsty personC. a valuable employee D. a highly paid worker

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7. The word “retained” in line 10 could best be replaced by which of the following?

A. reserved B. transferred C. denied D. designated8. Who enjoyed a monopoly on the sale of salt?

A. Soldiers of the Roman Empire B. Traders in the SaharaC. Governments in the Middle Ages D. People of high social rank

9. The word “then” in line 10 refers to ___________________.A. ancient times B. the Roman EmpireC. the Middle Ages D. early modern times

10. The word “remote” in line 12 is closest in meaning to ____________________.A. distant B. prosperous C. traditional D. irresistible

PASSAGE 4

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

The nuclear family, consisting of a mother, father, and their children, may be more an American ideal than an American reality. Of course, the so-called traditional American family was always more varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting the very different racial, ethnic, class, and religious customs among different American groups, but today diversity is even more obvious.

The most recent government statistics reveal that only about one third of all current American families fit the traditional mold of two parents and their children, and another third consists of married couples who either have no children or have none still living at home. Of the final one third, about 20 percent of the total number of American households are single people, usually women over sixty-five years of age. A small percentage, about 3 percent of the total, consists of unmarried people who choose to live together, and the rest, about percent, are single parents, with at least one child.

There are several reasons for the growing number of single-parent households. First, the number of births to unmarried women has increased dramatically. In addition, a substantial number of adults become single parents as a result of divorce. Finally, a small percentage of deaths result in single-parent families. Today, these varied family types are typical, and therefore, normal.

In addition, close friends have become a more important part of family life than ever before. The vast majority of Americans claim that they have people in their lives whom they regard as family although they are not related. A view of family that only accepts the traditional nuclear arrangement not only ignores the reality of modern American family life, but also undervalues the bonds created in alternative family arrangements. Apparently, many Americans are achieving supportive relationships in family forms other than the traditional one.

1. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?A. The traditional American family B. The nuclear familyC. The current American family D. The ideal family

2. The author implies that ________________________________.A. there have always been a wide variety of family arrangements in the United StatesB. racial, ethnic, and religious groups have preserved the traditional family structureC. the ideal American family is the best structureD. fewer married couples are having children

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3. The word “current” in line 5 could best be replaced by which of the following?

A. typical B. present C. perfect D. tradition4. According to the passage, married couples whose children have grown or who have no

children represent _________________.A. 33 percent of the households B. 20 percent of householdsC. 7 percent of households D. 3 percent of households

5. The word “none” in line 7 refers to ______________.A. parents B. children C. couples D. families

6. How many single people were identified in the survey?A. One third of the total surveyed B. One fourth of the total surveyedC. One fifth of the total surveyed D. Less than one tenth of the total

surveyed7. Who generally constitutes a one-person household?

A. A single man in his twenties B. An elderly manC. A single woman in her late sixties D. A divorced woman

8. The phrase “the rest” in lines 9 and 10 could best be replaced by ____________________.A. those easily forgotten B. those remainingC. a small number D. a significant group

9. Where in the passage does the author refer to the value of close friends?A. Lines 5–7 B. Lines 8–10 C. Lines 13–14 D. Lines 15–18

10. The word “undervalues” in line 18 is closest in meaning to ________________.A. does not appreciate B. does not know aboutC. does not include D. does not understand

PASSAGE 5The wise old monk listened carefully to the doctor’s story. Then he said, “I understand

your problem, doctor. You cannot tell the king the truth. He will throw you into prison if you do. You must let the king find out for himself why he is always ill.”

“How can I do that?” the doctor asked.“I have a plan,” the old monk said. “Can you get me an invitation to breakfast at the

palace?” “Yes, I can do that easily,’ the doctor answered.The next morning the old monk arrived at the palace. He looked very fat because he had

cushions hidden under his clothes.“Come and sit next to me,” the king said to him. “You are a holy man and you must have

the best food.”The monk sat next to the king and began to eat. He ate and ate and ate.“I like a man who can eat a lot,” the king said.A few minutes after the meal the monk suddenly fell to the floor.“Oh! Oh!” he cried. “My stomatch! My head! Oh! Oh!”“Do you have stomatch-ache and a headache, too?” the king asked.“Always. Your Majesty,” the old monk said, and he walked painfully out of the room.On the last day of the month the old monk went to the palace again.He was slim and healthy.“You look well,” the king said. “Come and eat with me.”“No, thank you,” the old monk said. “I eat only one meal a day. I saw your doctor. He is a

very clever man and he told me that I eat and drink too much. He was right. Now I do not eat very much and I am healthy. I never have pains in my stomatch or head.

“That is very interesting,” the king said. “I’ll eat and drink less, too. Perhaps it will cure me.”

And, of course, it did.

1. What was the doctor’s problem?A. He was ill, too. B. He could not tell the king the truth.C. The king wanted to throw him into

prison.D. The king would not listen to him.

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2. What would the doctor give the monk?

A. Fine clothes. B. The best food.C. An invitation to breakfast with the king. D. A big breakfast.

3. Why did the monk look very fat?A. He was a holy man. B. He had cushions under his clothes.C. He wore a lot of clothes. D. He ate a lot of food.

4. What did the monk do after the meal?A. He ate more food. B. He sat next to the king.C. He fell to the floor. D. He asked to see the doctor.

5. How did the monk look at the end of the month?A. Happy and proud. B. Slim and healthy.C. Fat. D. In great pain.

PASSAGE 6“Oh dear, Sally, you look unwell. What’s the matter with you?”“Mother, I think I have a fever!”Mrs. Lee sat by the side of Sally’s bed and put her hand on Sally’s forehead. Poor Sally was

feeling very weak and dizzy. She could not get out of bed.Mrs. Lee first called Miss Wong, Sally’s class mistress. She told her that Sally was ill and

could not attend school that day. Then she called Dr. Pang to make an appointment for Sally.At eleven o’clock, Mrs. Lee and Sally arrived at Dr. Pang’s clinic. The waiting-room was

already full of patients. Most of them were children. One little boy had his arm in a sling. One little girl kept blowing her nose. It seemed that she had a rather bad cold.

Ten minutes later, the nurse called Sally’s name. Mrs. Lee took Sally into Dr. Pang’s room.“Hello, Sally. Can you tell me what’s wrong?” Dr. Pang asked.“I feel very tired and I have a sore throat,” Sally replied.“She also has a cough,” added Mrs. Lee.“How long have you been like this?” Dr. Pang continued.“Since the day before yesterday,” answered Sally.“I see. Now stick out your tongue and say “Ahh”.“Ahhh!”Sally’s temperature was taken and Dr. Pang found that she had a high temperature. She

needed an injection to lower her temperature. While the nurse was giving Sally the injection, Dr. Pang wrote out a prescription. He told Mrs. Lee to give Sally her medicine four times a day. This included some tablets and a bottle of cough syrup.

“Now go home, take your medicine and stay in bed for a few days. I’m writing a note for you to send to your teacher. You should not go to school until you have recovered. In this way, you will not infect your class-mates.”

“Thank you, doctor,” Sally said.Mrs. Lee then paid the bill at the counter and took Sally home.

1. Who said the sentence “Oh dear, Sally, you look unwell…” at the beginning of the passage?A. Miss Wong B. Dr. Pang C. Sally D. Mrs. Lee

2. Why was Sally unable to go to school?A. Because she was ill. B. Because she had her arm bandaged.C. Because she was lazy. D. Because she kept blowing her nose.

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When Mrs. Lee and Sally arrived at Dr. Pang’s clinic, there were already many ____________ waiting.A. patients B. little girls C. little boys D. children

4. Why did the nurse give Sally an injection?A. To cure her cold. B. To lower her temperature.C. To cure her cough. D. To cure her sore throat.

5. What should Mrs. Lee remember to do?A. Give Sally her medicine. B. Ask Dr. Pang for a prescription.C. Pay the bill at the counter. D. Put Sally to bed.

ANSWER KEYPassage 1 Passage 2 Passage 3 Passage 4 Passage 5 Passage 6

1C 1A 1C 1A 1B 1D2A 2A 2B 2A 2C 2A3B 3A 3A 3B 3B 3A4A 4C 4C 4A 4C 4B5B 5C 5B 5B 5B 5A6C 6B 6C 6C7C 7C 7A 7C8B 8A 8C 8B9C 9C 9C 9D10B 10B 10A 10A

I. Anh (Chò) choïn töø coù phaàn gaïch döôùi coù caùch phaùt aâm khaùc vôùi caùc töø coøn laïi trong cuøng moät nhoùm vaø vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi caùc töø ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 1 ñeán 10 trong baûng traû lôøi. (10 x 0,2 = 2 ñieåm)1. A. castle B. bald C. small D. war2. A. station B. today C. water D. decade3. A. green B. tea C. pink D. screen4. A. much B. full C. rush D. club5. A. computer B. study C. during D. opportunity6. A. butter B. put C. sugar D. push7. A. great B. bread C. break D. steak8. A. would B. about C. round D. out9. A. suit B. seven C. sugar D. sun

10. A. day B. take C. face D. anyII. Anh (Chò) haõy choïn moät töø hoaëc nhoùm töø thích hôïp cho moãi choã troáng trong nhöõng caâu sau. Vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi töø / nhoùm töø ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 11 ñeán 40 trong baûng traû lôøi. (30 x 0,1 = 3 ñieåm)

11. Next week, we ____________ a sports car.A. buy B. are going to

buyC. bought D. have bought

12. At the moment we _______________for the museum to open.A. are waiting B. waited C. have waited D. wait

13. Last year we ______________on a small island.A. stayed B. stay C. are staying D. have stayed

14. In my life I ______________round the world twice.A. fly B. flew C. have flown D. am flying

15. I _______________to the cinema every week.A. go B. am going C. went D. have gone

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16. I _______________my leg three years ago.

A. broke B. have broken C. am breaking D. break17. If I _______________him, I’ll tell him.

A. saw B. see C. will see D. have seen18. She_________________hungry if she doesn’t eat something.

A. is B. will be C. was D. has been19. I want a _____________.

A. pair of shoes B. pair shoes C. shoes’ pair D. pairs of shoes20. Kate’s ____________________the three

A. the more intelligent from B. the most intelligent ofC. most intelligent than D. more intelligent as

21. I’m sorry I ______________see you yesterday.A. can’t B. couldn’t C. am not able to D. don’t

22. That is the girl ___________ father owns the shop.A. whose B. which C. who D. her

23. He said, “Do you know Mr. Brown?”In indirect speech, this should read:A. He asked if I knew Mr. Brown. B. He asked whether I know Mr. Brown.C. He asked if I know Mr. Brown. D. He asked whether I have known Mr.

Brown.24. An architect is someone ____________ designs buildings.

A. which B. who C. whose D. whom25. That’s the wig __________ she was wearing.

A. who B. that C. which D. B and C are correct

26. This is my new watch and ____________ I bought it in the same shop as you did.A. whose B. which C. that D. no word is

needed27. Peter ____________ my bicycle since 8 o’clock yesterday morning.

A. was having B. has had C. has been had D. is having28. Have you ever ___________ by a dog?

A. bitten B. had bitten C. been bitten D. been biting29. The room _____________ at the moment.

A. is cleaned B. is being cleaned C. was cleaned D. has been cleaning

30. George didn’t have his car yesterday. It ____________ at the garage.A. has been serviced B. is being servicedC. was serviced D. had been serviced

31. My family has lived in Ho Chi Minh City __________________.A. for ten years B. since I am a childC. since ten years D. for 1992

32. X: Have you ever gone to Bangkok? Y: _______________.A. Yes, I do B. Yes, I hadC. Yes, I has D. Yes, I have

33. If you tried again, you _______________.A. would succeed B. will succeedC. will have succeed D. had succeeded

34. If I had known that you were coming I ____________ you at the airport.A. would meet B. would have met C. must have met D. might meet

35. If our documents ___________ in order, we could have left at once.A. have been B. were C. were to be D. had been

36. Accidents _______________________.A. are often caused by carelessness B. are often cost by carelessnessC. are often caused carelessly D. are often carelessly caused

37. Jeff wanted to know _________________________.A. the banks closed what time B. what time did the banks closeC. when did the bank close D. what time the banks closed

38. I don’t know why ___________________last night.A. Kate would not come to our party B. Kate didn’t come to our partyC. didn’t Kate come to our party D. wouldn’t Kate come to our party

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39. “Stay in bed for a few days,” the doctor said to me.In indirect speech, this should read:A. The doctor said me to stay in bed for a

few days.B. The doctor told me to stay in bed for

a few days.C. The doctor said that I stay in bed for a

few days.D. The doctor told me that to stay in

bed for a few days.40. I asked Tim, “Will you listen to me?”

In reported speech, this should read:A. I asked Tim will he listen to me. B. I asked Tim if he listens to me.C. I asked Tim if he would listen to me. D. I asked Tim if he will listen to me.

III. Anh (Chò) haõy choïn caâu hoaøn chænh thích hôïp nhaát töø caùc töø gôïi yù cho saün. Vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi caâu ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 41 ñeán 45 trong baûng traû lôøi. (5 x 0,4 = 2 ñieåm)

41. While / they / have / dinner / we / go / out for walk. A. While they had had dinner, we went out for a walk.B. While they had dinner, we went out for a walk.C. While they were having dinner, we were going out for a walk.D. While they were having dinner, we went out for a walk.

42. We / go / airport / see / off / last.A. We went to the airport to see him off last week.B. We go to the airport to see him off last week.C. We go to the airport seeing him off last week.D. We went to the airport seeing him off last week.

43. Would / mind / lend / motorbike / until / week.A. Would you mind lending me your motorbike until next week?B. Would you mind to lend me your motorbike until next week?C. Would you mind to lending me your motorbike until next week?D. Would you mind lend me your motorbike until next week?

44. He / not interested / buy new / car.A. He was not interested on buying a new car.B. He was not interested in buying a new car.C. He was not interested to buy a new car.D. He was not interested to buying a new car.

45. The tea / too hot / me / drink.A. The tea is too hot for me to drink.B. The tea is too hot for me to drinking.C. The tea is too hot of me to drink.D. The tea is too hot for me drink.

IV. Anh (Chò) ñoïc 2 baøi ñoïc vaø traû lôøi caâu hoûi baèng caùch choïn phöông aùn ñuùng. Vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi caâu ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 46 ñeán 60 trong baûng traû lôøi. (15 x 0,2 = 3 ñieåm)PASSAGE 1

Line (5)

(10)

Charles Ives, now acclaimed as the first great American composer of the twentieth century, had to wait many years for the recognition he deserved. The son of a bandmaster, Ives entered Yale at twenty to study composition with Horatio Parker, but after graduation, he did not choose to pursue a career in music. He suspected correctly that the public would not accept the music he wrote. Even the few conductors and performers he tried to interest in his compositions felt that they were unplayable. Instead, he became a successful insurance executive, building his company into the largest agency in the country in only two decades. Even during that busy time, he still dedicated himself to composing music in the evening, on weekends, and during vacations. Although he occasionally hired musicians to play one of his works privately for him, he usually heard his music only in his imagination.

After he recovered from a serious heart attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his ideas, especially the use of dissonance and special effects, were just too different for the musical mainstream. Determined to share his music with the few people

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(15) who might appreciate it, he published his work privately and distributed it free.In 1939, when Ives was sixty-five, American pianist John Kirkpatrick, played

Concord Sonata in Town hall. The reviews were laudatory. One reviewer proclaimed it “the greatest music composed by an American.” By 1947, Ives was famous. His Second Symphony was presented to the public in a performance by the New York Philharmonic, fifty years after it had been written. The same year, Ives received the Pulitzer prize. He was seventy-three.

46. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Modern musical composition B. Charles Ives’ lifeC. The Pulitzer prize D. Career choices

47. The word “suspected” in line 4 could be best be replaced by ________________.A. desired B. guessed C. worried D. recalled

48. Why didn’t the public appreciate Ives’ music?A. It was not performed for a long time. B. It was very different from the music

of the time.C. The performers did not play it well. D. He did not write it down.

49. The word ‘they” in line 5 refers to _______________.A. conductors B. performers C. interest D. compositions

50. The phrase “became reconciled to” in line 10 is closest in meaning to _________________.A. accepted B. repeated C. disputed D. neglected

51. How did Ives make a living for most of his life?A. He conducted a band. B. He taught musical composition.C. He owned an insurance company. D. He published music.

52. How did Ives first share his music?A. By publishing free copies B. By playing it himselfC. By hiring musicians to perform D. By teaching at Yale

53. Where was Ives’ work first publicly performed?A. New York B. Europe C. Yale University D. Town Hall

54. How was the performance of Concord Sonata received?A. There were no reviews. B. The musicians felt it was unplayable.C. The public would not accept it. D. It established Ives as an important

composer.55. In what year did Ives receive the Pulitzer prize?

A. 1939 B. 1947 C. 1965 D. 1973

PASSAGE 2John lay in his hospital bed and looked around. (56)___________________ beds in the ward,

and each one had a patient in it. He wondered if the other patients had broken their legs (57)_________________, or whether they were suffering from something (58)_________________. The man in the next bed smiled at John.

“What are you in for?” he asked.“Broken leg,” said John. “(59)_________________”“Same thing. Everybody here has a broken leg except for Fred over there.”“What’s wrong with Fred?” John asked, curious. He looked across at Fred, and realised

(60)_________________. Fred was completely wrapped in bandages, with only his nose showing!

56. A. There were several other B. Looking at all the otherC. He couldn’t see all the D. There weren’t any other

57. A. then B. after all C. either D. too58. A. just the same B. other C. else D. that he was59. A. Are you? B. What for? C. What about

you?D. What’s it

about?60. A. there was a big problem for him B. what a silly question it was

C. he didn’t know the answer D. what the question was for

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THÍ SINH VIEÁT CAÂU TRAÛ LÔØI VAØO KHUNG DÖÔÙI ÑAÂYI (10 x 0,2

= 2)II (30 x 0,1 = 3) III (5 x 0,4

= 2)I V (15 x 0,2 = 3)

1. 11. 21. 31. 41. 46. 56.2. 12. 22. 32. 42. 47. 57.3. 13. 23. 33. 43. 48. 58.4. 14. 24. 34. 44. 49. 59.5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 50. 60.6. 16. 26. 36. 51.7. 17. 27. 37. 52.8. 18. 28. 38. 53.9. 19. 29. 39. 54.

10. 20. 30. 40. 55.

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I. Anh (Chò) choïn töø coù phaàn gaïch döôùi coù caùch phaùt aâm khaùc vôùi caùc töø coøn laïi trong cuøng moät nhoùm vaø vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi caùc töø ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 1 ñeán 10 trong baûng traû lôøi. (10 x 0,2 = 2 ñieåm)1. A. come B. love C. women D. some2. A. mean B. weather C. head D. ready3. A. children B. child C. line D. sign4. A. decided B. stopped C. looked D. attacked5. A. hat B. cat C. that D. late6. A. matter B. back C. bag D. talk7. A. wait B. train C. said D. paid8. A. happy B. hour C. high D. hotel9. A. mean B. weather C. head D. ready

10. A. who B. where C. what D. why

II. Anh (Chò) haõy choïn moät töø hoaëc nhoùm töø thích hôïp cho moãi choã troáng trong nhöõng caâu sau. Vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi töø / nhoùm töø ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 11 ñeán 40 trong baûng traû lôøi. (30 x 0,1 = 3 ñieåm)

11. “Don’t come before 6 o’clock”, I said to him.A. I told him don’t come before 6 o’clock. B. I told him to come not before 6

o’clock.C. I told to him not to come before 6

o’clock.D. I told him not to come before 6

o’clock.12. “I can see you later,” he said.

A. He said he could see me later. B. He said I can see you later.C. He said he can see me later. D. He said you could see him later.

13. “I shall tell him exactly what I think,” she said.A. She said she should tell him exactly what she thought.B. She said she would tell him exactly what she thought.C. She said she shall tell him exactly what she thinks.D. She said I would tell him exactly what I thought.

14. Barbara works for a company ________________________.A. which washing machines are made B. that makes washing machinesC. that people make washing machine D. whose washing machines are made

15. Susan told me __________________________.A. that she has to change her job last

weekB. that she had to change her job last

weekC. that she has to change her job the

previous weekD. that she changed her job next week

16. We are too late. The plane _______________off ten minutes ago.A. took B. has taken C. had taken D. was taken

17. ___________________, more people would become nurses.A. If there are higher salaries B. If salaries are higherC. If there were salaries D. If salaries were higher

18. She is the woman ______________ I told you ______________.A. who, to B. whom, to C. whom, about D. whose, about

19. X: I miss my brother very much. Y: _____________him lately? A. Can’t you see B. Haven’t you

seenC. Do you see D. Would you see

20. We haven’t seen them ____________Christmas.A. until B. while C. since D. to

21. After the movie ___________, they decided to get something to eat.A. have finished B. has finished C. finishes D. had finished

22. If John _________the situation, he will certainly try to help.A. understands B. will understand C. is going to D. is

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understand understanding23. Many people would be out of work if that factory ____________ down.

A. closes B. closed C. had closed D. would close24. Ruth says, “Today is a wonderful day in my life.”

In reported speech, this should read:A. Ruth said that today is a wonderful day in her life.B. Ruth said that today is a wonderful day in my life.C. Ruth said that that day was a wonderful day in her life.D. Ruth said that that day was a wonderful day in my life.

25. I asked Tim, “Will you listen to me?”In reported speech, this should read:A. I asked Tim will he listen to me. B. I asked Tim if he listens to me.C. I asked Tim if he would listen to me. D. I asked Tim if he will listen to me.

26. X: “When did your sister arrive?”Y: “________________.”A. Since a week B. In five days C. For two days D. Last Monday

27. The electricity failed while she ___________ our dinner.A. is cooking B. was cooking C. has cooked D. has been

cooked28. At school, David was __________ anyone else in his class.

A. as clever as B. as clever than C. clever as D. cleverest29. I have broken my pencil. May I borrow one of ___________?

A. you B. your C. your’s D. yours30. This is the first time I _____________ to play badminton.

A. have tried B. am trying C. was trying D. would be trying

31. This watch is not ___________ that one.A. as expensive as B. more expensive C. expensive

alikeD. so expensive

like32. The matter has been settled between ____________.

A. our B. we C. ours D. us33. I have been here ____________ weeks.

A. after B. for C. since D. in34. X: _______ did you send that package?

Y: To Miss Davis.A. Whom B. To whom C. Who D. To who

35. X: ________ did you speak to Mr. Adams? Y: Two days ago.A. Why B. What C. When D. Where

36. X: ________ will you spend your vacation? Y: In New England.A. When B. Where C. How D. With whom

37. X: ________ did you go to the library? Y: To get a book.A. Why B. When C. How D. How often

38. We ___________ to the baker’s last week.A. drive B. drived C. drove D. was driving

39. Mary and ____________ would like to join the English club.A. me B. my C. mine D. I

40. I go to school with ____________ every day.A. he B. him C. his D. himself

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III. Anh (Chò) haõy choïn caâu hoaøn chænh thích hôïp nhaát töø caùc töø gôïi yù cho saün. Vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi caâu ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 41 ñeán 45 trong baûng traû lôøi. (5 x 0,4 = 2 ñieåm)

41. If / I / not try / be nice / people, I / not / any friends.A. If I didn’t try to be nice to people, I wouldn’t have any friends.B. If I didn’t try to be nice to people, I wouldn’t have had any friends.C. If I didn’t try to be nice to people, I didn’t have any friends.D. If I didn’t try to be nice to people, I hadn’t have any friends.

42. She / speak English / fluent / last year.A. She can speak English fluent than last year.B. She can speak English more fluent than she could last year.C. She can speak English fluently than last year.D. She can speak English more fluently than she could last year.

43. I / run / fast / my brother.A. I can run fast than my brother does.B. I can run more fast than my brother does.C. I can run more faster than my brother can.D. I can run faster than my brother can.

44. I / always / watch / MTV / Asia / music channel / 9 o’clock.A. I always watch MTV Asia on channel music at 9 o’clock every Saturday.B. I watch always MTV Asia on channel music at 9 o’clock every Saturday.C. I always watch every MTV Asia on music channel at 9 o’clock Saturday.D. I always watch MTV Asia on music channel at 9 o’clock every Saturday.

45. I/ feel / good / today / last weekendA. I feel much better today than I did last week.B. I feel much better last week than I did today.C. I feel better today much than I did last week.D. I did feel much better today than I last week.

II. Anh (Chò) ñoïc 2 baøi ñoïc vaø traû lôøi caâu hoûi baèng caùch choïn phöông aùn ñuùng. Vieát chöõ A, B, C, hoaëc D töông öùng vôùi caâu ñaõ choïn vaøo caùc oâ töø 46 ñeán 60 trong baûng traû lôøi. (15 x 0,2 = 3 ñieåm)PASSAGE 1

Line (5)

(10)

Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of points of view have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of specific events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many years suddenly emerged in detail.

The memory trace is the term for whatever is the internal representation of the specific information about the event stored in the memory. Assumed to have been made by structural theoretical construct that we use to speculate about how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time. Most theories include the strength of the memory trace as a variable in the degree of learning, retention, and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the same information supports recall. Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.

46. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?A. Wilder Penfield B. Neurosurgery C. Human

memoryD. Chemical

reactions47. The word “formerly” in line 1 could best be replaced by _______________.

A. in the past B. from time to time

C. in general D. by chance

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48. Compared with a computer, human memory is __________________.

A. more complex B. more limited C. less dependable

D. less durable

49. The word “that” in line 1 refers to ________________.A. the computer B. the efficiency C. the

sophisticationD. the memory

50. According to the passage, researchers have concluded that ________________________________.A. the mind has a much greater capacity for memory than was previously believedB. the physical basis for memory is clearC. different points of view are valuableD. human memory is inefficient

51. How did Penfield stimulate dreams and other minor events from the past?A. By surgery B. By electric stimulationC. By repetition D. By chemical stimulation

52. The word “elicit” in line 5 is closest in meaning to ______________.A. prove B. prevent C. cause D. reject

53. According to the passage, the capacity for storage in the brain _________________________.A. can be understood by examining the physiologyB. is stimulated by patterns of activitiesC. has a limited combination of relationshipsD. is not influenced by repetition

54. The word “bonds” in line 14 means ______________.A. promises B. agreements C. connections D. responsibilities

55. All of the following are true of a memory trace EXCEPT that _______________________.A. it is probably made by structural changes in the brainB. it is able to be observedC. it is a theoretical constructD. it is related to the degree of recall

PASSAGE 2There were two brothers, Tono and Tanto. The elder brother, Tanto, was very unkind to

Tono. He always scolded him for making mistakes, but he never helped him.“You must look after yourself,” he always said. “I’m not going to look after you.”One day they both set out to visit another village. Tanto wanted to find a wife. No girl in

his own village wanted to marry him.The two brothers walked for several hours. Then Tanto stopped to have some food. Tono

was unhappy.“I’ve forgotten to bring any food,” he said.“Well, you can’t have any of mine,” his brother told him, “You must learn to look after

yourself.”After lunch they continued their journey. Soon they came to a stream. Tanto was a tall

man with long legs. He jumped across the stream easily.Tono said, “Help me, brother. I am very short. I cannot jump across. Give me your hand.”“You must learn to look after yourself,” Tanto replied and walked on. His brother tried to

jump across the stream but he fell in.Late that day the two brothers reached the village. Tanto walked to the headman’s

house: “My name is Tanto,” he said. “That man is my servant.” He pointed to his brother. “I have come to your village to find a wife.”

The headman had a niece and was very pleased to see Tanto. His niece was a pretty girl but she had a bad temper. No one in the village wanted to become her husband.

“You are welcome,” he said. “Come in and eat. Bring your servant with you.”“Oh, he can look after himself,” Tanto said and went into the house.Tono went round to the back of the house. There he met a servant girl. “I hope your

master marries the headman’s niece,” she said. “She has a very bad temper. She will leave the village and then we shall all be pleased.”

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Hearing this, Tono ran back to the front of the house. “Tanto, Tanto!” he called, “I must talk to you.”

Tanto was very angry. “Go away,” he shouted. “You must learn to look after yourself.”Tono went back to the servant girl. She gave him a good dinner and washed his clothes

for him.The next day Tanto married the headman’s niece. He shouted to Tono. “Come and carry

my wife’s luggage.”“No,” Tono said. “I’m going to stay here and marry the servant girl.”“Oh, your poor fool,” Tanto said. “Can’t you find a better wife than that? Look at me. I

have married the headman’s niece.’At that moment a hard, high voice shouted, “Tanto! Tanto! Come here at once. Pick up

my box. Carry that bag. Hurry up. I don’t want to stand here all day.”“Yes, yes,” Tanto said and ran to obey his wife.The servant girl came up to Tono. “You are tired,” she said. “Sit down under the tree and

rest. Soon I will bring you some lunch.” She smiled. “Is there anything which you want? I am happy to look after you.”

56. How was Tanto unkind to Tono?A. He often beat Tono. B. He always refused to help Tono.C. He liked to punish Tono. D. He made Tono walk for several hours.

57. Why did Tanto visit another village?A. He loved a girl there. B. He wanted to find a wife. C. He did not like the girls in his own

village.D. He wanted Tono to marry a girl in

another village.58. What made Tono unhappy when they stopped?

A. He was very tired. B. He did not want to go to another village.

C. He loved a servant girl in his own village.

D. He was hungry but he had no food.

59. Why could Tanto jump across the stream easily?A. He was tall and had long legs. B. He was not tired.C. He was strong after his meal. D. Tono helped him.

60. Who had a bad temper?A. The headman. B. The headman’s niece.C. The servant girl. D. Tono.

37

THÍ SINH VIEÁT CAÂU TRAÛ LÔØI VAØO KHUNG DÖÔÙI ÑAÂYI (10 x 0,2

= 2)II (30 x 0,1 = 3) III (5 x 0,4

= 2)I V (15 x 0,2 = 3)

1. 11. 21. 31. 41. 46. 56.2. 12. 22. 32. 42. 47. 57.3. 13. 23. 33. 43. 48. 58.4. 14. 24. 34. 44. 49. 59.5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 50. 60.6. 16. 26. 36. 51.7. 17. 27. 37. 52.8. 18. 28. 38. 53.9. 19. 29. 39. 54.

10. 20. 30. 40. 55.

ÑAÙP AÙN ÑEÀ 1 I. (10 x 0,2 = 2) II. (30 x 0,1 = 3) III. (5 x 0,4 = 2)IV. (15 x 0,2 = 3)

38

1A 11B 21B 31A 41C 46B 56A2C 12A 22A 32D 42A 47B 57D3C 13A 23A 33A 43A 48B 58C4B 14C 24B 34B 44B 49D 59C5B 15A 25D 35D 45A 50A 60B6A 16A 26D 36A 51C7B 17B 27B 37D 52A8A 18B 28C 38B 53D9C 19A 29B 39B 54D10D 20B 30C 40C 55B

ÑAÙP AÙN ÑEÀ 2 I. (10 x 0,2 = 2) II. (30 x 0,1 = 3) III. (5 x 0,4 = 2)IV. (15 x 0,2 = 3)1C 11D 21D 31A 41A 46C 56B2A 12A 22A 32D 42D 47A 57B3A 13B 23B 33B 43D 48A 58D4A 14B 24C 34B 44D 49D 59A5D 15B 25C 35C 45A 50A 60B6D 16A 26D 36B 51B7C 17D 27B 37A 52C8B 18C 28A 38C 53B9A 19B 29D 39D 54C10A 20C 30A 40B 55B

Ñöùc, T. Höôùng Daãn OÂn Taäp Laøm Baøi Thi Traéc Nghieäm Tieáng Anh. Nhaø Xuaát Baûn Ñaïi Hoïc Sö Phaïm

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Hutchinson, T. (2001). Lifelines–Elementary. Oxford University Press

Hutchinson, T. (2001). Lifelines–Pre-Intermediate. Oxford University Press

Hutchinson, T. (2001). Lifelines–Intermediate. Oxford University Press

Leâ, V.S. (2003). A Study-Pack for ABC Certificates in English. Nhaø Xuaát Baûn Vaên Hoùa Thoâng Tin

Nguyeãn, T.T. (2003). Taøi lieäu Luyeän Thi Chöùng Chæ Quoác Gia Tieáng Anh. Pre-Tests – Trình ñoä A. Nhaø Xuaát Baûn Thaønh Phoá Hoà Chí Minh

Nguyeãn, M.T. (2005). 1500 Caâu Traéc Nghieäm Anh Ngöõ. Nhaø Xuaát Baûn Vaên Hoùa Saøi Goøn

Nguyeãn, T.T. (2003). Taøi lieäu Luyeän Thi Chöùng Chæ Quoác Gia Tieáng Anh. Pre-Tests – Trình ñoä B. Nhaø Xuaát Baûn Thaønh Phoá Hoà Chí Minh

Pyle, M.A. and Page, M.E. (1995). Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide. USA: Cliffs Notes, Inc.

Sharpe, P.A. (1996). Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL Test. USA: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.

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