topic 1 role of ict

8/7/2019 Topic 1 Role of ICT

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ICT AS Module 1Topic 1 Role of ICTTopic 2 ICT in Business and ManufacturingTopic 3 Role of Communication SystemsTopic 4 Processing of Data

Topic 5 Computers and the LawTopic 6 Computer ProfessionalsRevision Notes based on other websites are here to help you with yourrevision.www.fatmax.org/as1 is an alternative site

Topic 1 Role of ICT

Capabilities and Limitations of ICTICT has become an integral part of almost all commercial and otherenterprises:

Very fast processing (essential in banking)

Vast storage capacity

Rapid search and combination of data in many ways.

Instant response

Accurate results

Rapid communication between individuals and organisations Improves a company image.

Question 1 How does ICT improve a companys image?ANSWER

Answer 1_1_1

How does ICT improve a companys image?

Three points you could make here from this list:

ICT is a productivity tool. ICT makes a company look up to date ICT will help customer service. A company can be accessible to its customers by a website. On-line ordering allows access out of normal business hours.
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All of these provide organisations and individuals with rapid access to highquality information that they can use in planning and decision making.Twenty years ago, it might well take a fortnight to make an enquiry and getan answer. Now it can be done in a few minutes.

Question 2 What is meant by high quality information? ANSWER

Answer 1_1_2

What is meant by high quality information?

Three points that are essential:

Up to date Accurate Complete

ICT is very effective in allowing instant feedback on levels on commodities,e.g.

Funds in bank accounts

Availability of seats in aeroplanes

Stock levels in a chain of supermarkets

Keeping track of books borrowed from a library.

The diagram below shows the instant feedback available from an on-linebooking system. In this example there is one seat left on the flight. It isbooked instantly by a customer. Shortly after (it could be a fraction of asecond later), a request for the seat comes for another customer. Thecomputer has filled the seat and the customer is told that the flight is fully

booked. Then the computer can allocate our second customer a seat on thenext flight. There is a slight possibility that the two requests come in atexactly the same time. This is unlikely, but there are mechanisms toprevent double-booking. The diagram below shows the instant feedbackavailable from an on-line booking system. In this example there is one seatleft on the flight. It is booked instantly by a customer. Shortly after (itcould be a fraction of a second later), a request for the seat comes foranother customer. The computer has filled the seat and the customer istold that the flight is fully booked. Then the computer can allocate oursecond customer a seat on the next flight. There is a slight possibility that

the two requests come in at exactly the same time. This is unlikely, butthere are mechanisms to prevent double-booking.
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In a library, the system can provide information on:

Borrowers names and addresses What books they have

Which are overdue

Location in other libraries of books that readers order.

The computer can also:

Issue overdue notices

Provide information for borrower enquiries.

Provide the necessary information for auditing, planning, and

purchasing. Provide better security.

Save staff time by releasing them from repetitive paper based tasks.

Question 3Explain how a supermarket might use its ICT resources toensure that stocks are kept up. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_3

Explain how a supermarket might use its ICT resources toensure that stocks are kept up.

These are possible points. Each point is backed up by an example:

Stock level monitoring - records the number of items held andsold.

Movement of stock - ensuring that oldest stock is sold first. Recording location of stock - so that staff can find it quickly. Reordering of stock - at a predetermined value, an automatic

order is sent to the supplier.


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Remember: Point - and then example.

ICT systems also have drawbacks:

Introduction of ICT systems can lead to a lot of extra work, especiallyif the system is none-too-reliable (as in the early days), and manual backup records have to be kept.

Employees find themselves redundant New or redesigned accommodation.

Faults in the software can lead to chaos, which can bring theorganisation to a halt. This is often a problem in bespoke or specialistsoftware written for the particular organisation by a software house.

Inadequate hardware can cause communication logjams.

Failure of a computer system means a catastrophic loss ofinvestment, i.e., its a damned waste of money!

Major failures of ICT hardware and software have damaged the public imageof the organisations and led to not a few scandals.

Working with ICT

The arrival of ICT on a wide scale has been a quiet revolution. Only thirtyyears ago, there were no Hole-in-the wall machines outside banks. To getcash, you had to queue in the bank and write out a cheque, then the bankclerk would dole out the money. Long distance telephone calls had to be

connected manually by the operator. There were no computer games (butit could be argued that people did much more practical things).


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When ICT was first introduced, there was a lot of worry about thousands ofpeople being made redundant:

Those doing routine work such as filing in offices

Assembly line workers

In reality more jobs have been created by computers:

Call centres depend on extensive databases

Printing and publishing companies have burgeoned

Many people make their living in software and maintenance ofcomputer systems. The rapidly evolving nature of ICT systems ensuresthat equipment that is two years old is past its sell by date, and thatwhich is ten years old is positively antediluvian!

Question 4 How has ICT altered the pattern of employment?ANSWER

Answer 1_1_4

How has ICT altered the pattern of employment?

These are possible points. Each point is backed up by an example:

Fewer jobs in clerical grades - computers have taken overmuch routine filing work.

Less assembly line work - repetitive assembly now done bycomputerised machines.

More work in ICT related fields - specialists are needed tomaintain equipment

Call centre work has increased - use large databases. Many people work from home - connected to the office by a

computer link.

Remember: Make sure that your answer mentions how ICT helps.

The nature of work has changed:

Accountants use spreadsheets

Secretaries use word processing packages that save the need to retypepages of script if text needs modification.


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Engineers can produce much more accurate drawings with CAD packagesrather than manual techniques.

Maintenance of records takes up less time and space. A companysrecords can be accommodated in a couple of drawers rather than a roomfull of filing cabinets (and the data accessed in a fraction of the time).

Expert systems are databases of knowledge and expertise of prominentpeople in their field. For example, a doctor can access the database forhelp in diagnosing an unusual illness.

Question 5 Write down three ways in which the nature of work haschanged due to ICT, giving an example of each one. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_5

Write down three ways in which the nature of work haschanged due to ICT, giving an example of each one.

There are many possible points. Each point is backed up by anexample:

Accountants use spreadsheets to do the accounts instead offorms.

Secretarial staff use word processing to produce lettersinstead of typing. Many of these can be standard, usingdatabase mail merges.

Many employees use a database to look up informationinstead of having to search through manual files

Teachers use interactive whiteboards with presentationgraphics rather than notes and diagrams off the board.

Engineers use CAD packages to help in their design work,instead of the drawing board.

Engineers use computer modelling techniques which saves onhaving to build a duff prototype that doesn't work.

Remember: When you answer a question like this, you must NOTgive trade names such as Microsoft Access (a database managementsystem). You must state what the program does.


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With the help of ICT, people do not have to work in the office at all. Theycan do their work at a terminal at home, and submit their work to the officethrough a telephone line. This is called teleworking. It has advantages:

Easier to concentrate at home than in a noisy office (?)

No commuting is needed. Greater flexibility to do work around home and family commitments.

Cost savings by employers.

Teams of teleworkers can be made in different locations

Recruitment can be from a much wider geographical area.

People can work outside standard office hours.

There is a downside:

There can be difficulties in management of a workforce thats not in

the office. There can be a lack of a corporate identity and ethos

Employees can feel isolated and miss out on the social life of anoffice.

Employees might not be able to get help when they need it.

Work can encroach on family life, or children can be a distraction.

Workers can be open to exploitation, and unions cannot easily operate tohelp an employee in trouble.

Question 6 Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of teleworking.ANSWER

Answer 1_1_6

Explain two advantages and two disadvantages ofteleworking, giving an example of each one.

There are many possible points.

Advantages:

Employees can work from home via a computer link. Recruitment can be over a wide area. Fewer recruitment problems in areas where house prices are

high, which hinder the mobility of labour. A smaller office is needed, leading to lower overheads. Employees do not waste time commuting.

Disadvantages


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Employees can feel isolated, and lack a sense of corporateidentity.

Management of remote employees is more difficult. Work can be delayed being sent in if there is a systems

failure. Employees cannot get help when needed, and could make a

disastrous mistake. Family and other domestic pressures can be a distraction

Some companies have moved much of their operations from expensiveoffices in London to cheaper parts of the country. Some organisations cando a lot of their routine work with employees who live abroad. LondonUnderground has its daily data processing done in India. BT are now usingemployees in India for directory enquiries.

Question 7 Explain the advantages that a company might gain by movingits call-centres abroad. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_7

Explain the advantages that a company might gain bymoving its call-centres abroad..


Advantages:

Wages are lower. Fewer employment regulations. Premises cheaper. Plentiful supply of good quality staff.

The shape of businesses is changing:
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More people are going into business by themselves

Larger organisations are becoming less hierarchical, with employeesworking more in groups needing less supervision.

The use of problem-solving skills, ability to use initiative andfamiliarity with ICT is increasingly important in recruitment.

Many people now use the Internet for contacting companies anddoing business with them.

Question 8 Discuss how business has changed under the impact of ICT.ANSWER

Answer 1_1_8

Discuss how business has changed under the impact of ICT.

These are some possible points.

More people are going into business by themselves. More business communication is by e-mail. Computer literacy is important in recruitment. Hierarchies are being broken down, with employees taking

more responsibilities. Businesses are more streamlined, with fewer more productive

employees.


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Social Impact of ICT

ICT has become increasingly used in education:

Datalogging experiments. One is shown in the picture.

Computer modelling

Interactive learning (what you are doing here)

Presentations using PowerPoint

Word-processing to produce student notes, and worksheets with amuch more professional appearance.

Students increasingly use word-processors in essay writing andprojects.

Multimedia and Internet resources are used widely for research.

Question 9 List two advantages and two disadvantages of using ICT ineducation. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_9

List two advantages and two disadvantages of using ICT ineducation.



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Advantages:

Teachers can produce professional looking documents usingword processing and presentation graphics.

Teachers can present a greater variety of material on CD-ROM.

Data logging can be used instead of tedious repetitivereadings.

Interactive worksheets (like this) can easily be set up. Pupils like working with computers. Internet is a vast library of information Computers are very patient, so pupils can work at their own

pace.

Disadvantages

Computer resources can be impersonal. A good teacher knows the pupils as individuals and can direct

appropriate support, which a computer cannot. Computers can be seen to be "dumbing down" skills. Pupils can be off task more easily, looking at other internet

sites. Pupils can be frustrated when they cannot use the software. Time can be wasted if there is a systems failure.

Remember to mention the role of the ICT equipment.

Banks have always been leaders in the use of ICT:

Telephone and Internet banking

Cash-point machines Debit cards have made cheque writing an infrequent event.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition speeds up the clearing ofcheques.

Credit cards used to make telephone and Internet purchases.

Salaries and bills are paid automatically by direct debit.

Smart cards.

Many people shop on the Internet. You can make purchases at any timefrom any point in the world. Some organisations will deliver to your door.

However there are drawbacks:


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Goods are delivered by couriers and that can take a long time. It isoften quicker to go to a shop and take the goods away with you.

You cannot inspect or ask about the goods before you buy.

Many people are concerned about security of credit card details. Orders can be lost, even though the money transaction has not.

Fraudulent trading is made easier.

Question 10 List two advantages and two disadvantages of using theInternet to shop. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_10

List two advantages and two disadvantages of using theInternet to shop.


Advantages:

You can do it from a computer at home, no need to go out. Customers can shop about for the best prices from home. Ordering is easy. All a customer needs to do is to select

goods with a few clicks of the mouse and fill in an order form.

Businesses can have pictures of their goods. Businesses do not need to have large premises with many

staff, thus saving on overheads .

Disadvantages

Possibility of fraudulent trading. Traders take the money butdon't send the goods.

Credit card fraud is possible. Many sites have security builtin.

Customers cannot see the goods for themselves. Goods have to be dispatched which can take some time. Getting faulty goods back is a problem.

Computers and Society

As a society, we have become very dependent on the use of computers.Although the benefits are many, there are some drawbacks:


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Some people become obsessed and this can damage their socialrelationships.

There is a substantial proportion of the population that still do nothave access to ICT, and there are worries about an informationunderclass.

People feel threatened by the burgeoning of computers Information has been misused by a variety of individuals and groupswho disseminate loathsome material on the Internet, such as extremistpropaganda or pornography, or use the information for criminal activity.

Some people spread malicious programs such as viruses, TrojanHorses, and worms that make a damned nuisance of themselves inpeoples computers, wiping out vital files.

The millennium bug was a very real threat, with fears of majorcomputer failures. In the event, Saturday 1st January 2000 was notaccompanied by the total breakdown of all our modern systems. This

was due to government and business foresight in tackling this problem.

Question 11What kinds of threats are there to computer systems fromwithin an organisation or from outside? ANSWER

Answer 1_1_11

What kinds of threats are there to computer systems fromwithin and from outside an organisation?

The most obvious threats are:

Malicious programming - viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.

Internal threats from within the organisation include:

unauthorised modification of data; erroneous modification of data; theft of equipment and data.

External threats include:

fire; theft from persons outside the organisation, whether of data

or hardware. blackmail;

Computer failures can be embarrassing and cause inconvenience. Software

bugs can corrupt databases. Peoples accounts can be wiped out. Peoplecannot withdraw cash. However in vital situations, they can be dangerous:


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Computer failures in fly-by-wire aircraft will make the machineadopt the flying qualities of a house-brick, and it will fall out of the skywith the pilot able to do nothing about it.

Air traffic controllers have had to go back to little bits of paper whentheir computers have failed.

A computer failure in an intensive care ward is likely to put the lifeof the patient at risk.

It is worth remembering as well that all these computers work because theyare looked after. Massive disruption can result from failure of computers,whether as a result of power failure, or corrupted software, or failures inhardware. If ever there were another war in the developed world, thecomputers would be the first targets.

Question 12 Give two situations in which a computer failure could bedangerous. Explain your answer. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_12

Give two situations in which a computer failure could bedangerous. Explain your answer.

Give the point then the explanation:

In an intensive care ward, failure of the computer monitoringequipment could prevent doctors from seeing the

deteriorating condition of the patient. (NB. The computersdo not keep the patient alive; they are monitoring the


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condition of the patient and will give an alarm is adeteriorating condition is detected.)

Air traffic control use computers to plot the courses ofaeroplanes. A failure could result in a mid-air collision.

Failure in the computer equipment supervising chemicalprocesses could result in the plant becoming unstable. Failure in a fly-by-wire aircraft will make it unflyable. (These

planes are usually aerodynamically unstable, which meansthat even if he could control the machine from his joystick,the pilot would find the plane almost impossible to flysafely.)

Information and the Professional

As well as technical knowledge and skills, the kind of personal qualitiesshown by an ICT professional would be summarised as:

Communication Skills, the ability to explain what you aredoing to a range of people from the highest level to the most non-technical Initiative, taking risks or going beyond the call of duty. This ishighly regarded by many employers (or not if it all goes pear-shaped). Management Skills, of schedules, resources, and people. Design Skills, creative and critical thinking are as important astechnical knowledge. Problem Solving Ability, especially with customer support,after-sales, or in programming.

Many professionals work in teams, with each person allocated a part of theproblem to work on. Clearly each member must pull his or her weight.

ICT professionals have a professional body, the British Computer Society

whose role is to maintain standards throughout the profession. Membershipentry is by examination. The BCS has produced a comprehensive set ofstandards of training and development of those working in ICT called theIndustry Structure Model. It can be used to:

Compose customised job descriptions from standardised roles. Establish training needs for individuals and organisations Provide training to recognised standards. Assess competence Plot career development Establish staffing needs Identify skills shortages.


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Question 13 Write a job advertisement for an ICT administrator for yourcompany. ANSWER

Answer 1_1_13

Write a job advertisement for an ICT administrator for yourcompany.

This kind of question seems quite waffly, but the examiners arelooking for specific points. You must relate the job description tothe role as ICT administrator, giving an ICT-based explanation ofthe point. These are some of the points you should raise:

Communication Skills, the ability to explain what you are

doing to a range of people from the highest level to the mostnon-technical, who will not understand computer jargon. Initiative, taking risks or going beyond the call of duty.

Initiative can be shown in judging what new ICT systems toadopt for new roles. This is highly regarded by manyemployers (or not if it all goes pear-shaped).

Management Skills, of schedules, ICT resources, budgets andpeople. The last three are expensive items which can be lessproductive or even go wrong if badly managed.

Design Skills, creative and critical thinking are as important

as technical knowledge. These are very important whenconsidering ICT solutions

Problem Solving Ability, especially with customer support,after-sales, or in programming.

An ICT administrator should have a qualification accredited by theBritish Computer Society. S/he should have a good workingknowledge of the Industry Standard Model, showing skill in:

Compose customised job descriptions from standardised roles. Establish training needs for individuals and organisations Provide training to recognised standards. Assess competence Plot career development Establish staffing needs Identify skills shortages.

Presentation: Topic 1 Role of ICT
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Computers in Education (prepared by one of mystudents)

Now try the Topic Quiz

1. In which one of the following ICT processes is instant feedbackto the user absolutely essential?

1. ? A theatre-goer booking a theatre ticket (x-processing may be done a few seconds later)

2. ? A customer depositing money in a bank account? (x processing is done at the end of the day)

3. ? An air-traffic controller plotting the course of anumber of aeroplanes

4. ? A clerk processing order forms for a mail-orderwarehouse. (x processing is done in batches of 50orders)

2. Which one of the following is a drawback of ICT?1. ? It gives instant feedback (x-this is an advantage)2. ? A fault in the programming can cause output

errors.3. ? A bank customer is refused a cash withdrawal from

a cash machine because there are insufficient funds intheir bank account. (x-this is an advantage)

4.

? A library can trace who has borrowed a particularbook. (x-this is an advantage)3. Which one of the following causes most concern when ICT

systems are introduced?1. ? Customer service would be quicker. (x this is the

point of ICT)2. ? Software houses would produce programs that

worked badly. (x this can happen, but software housesdont set out to produce bad work)

3. ? Companies would waste money (x- this canhappen, but the objective in using an ICT system is to be

more productive)4. ? Traditional jobs would be lost.

4. Which one of the following statements is NOT true about theintroduction of an ICT system.

1. ? More jobs have been created. (x-this is true)2. ? A system that is five years old may well be

outdated. (x-this is true)3. ? Spreadsheet programs are widely used by

accountants. (x-this is true)4. ? Maintenance of computer files is much more

difficult and time consuming than paper records (x-thisis true)

5. Which one best describes teleworking?
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1. ? An employee can do his work on a computer athome and send it in to the office.

2. ? An employee can work in the office and send hiswork home to his computer. (x - this may happen, but isnot the point of teleworking)

3. ? The employee works at home and rings a secretarywho copies down the work. (x a computer is essential)

4. ? Teleworking is another way of saying that a workeris actually unemployed. (x the person is employed butworking from home)

6. Which one of the following statements is true about call centreworking?

1. ? Call centres depend on accurate paper records. (x-call centers are highly computerized)

2. ? Call centres are so computerised that they cannothandle queries other than those that are in the optionmenus. (x this may seem to be the case, but most doallow you to talk to a real person)

3. ? Some companies have moved call centres to lowwage countries like India to save costs.

4. ? Call centres in low wage countries cannot giveaccurate information to customers. (x they can,provided that the information is on a well-maintaineddatabase)

7. Business patterns are changing. Which one of these changesis NOT due to the increased use of ICT?

1. ? Larger organisations are becoming lesshierarchical, with employees working more in groupsneeding less supervision. (x this is a result of ICT)

2. ? The use of problem-solving skills, ability to useinitiative and familiarity with ICT is increasinglyimportant in recruitment. (x this is a result of ICT)

3. ? More companies are going backrupt due to loss ofrecords dutring the change-over to ICT systems frompaper-based systems.

4. ? Many people now use the Internet for contactingcompanies and doing business with them. (x this is a

result of ICT)8. Which one of the following statements about the social impact

of ICT in education is correct?1. ? Computers have caused a dumbing down of

enducational standards. (x despite what you read inthe gutter tabloids, this is not the case. Indeed thepopular press has done more to dumb things down thananyone else)

2. ? Teachers use ICT widely to produce a wide range ofprofessional looking resources for their students.

3.? Teachers are no longer needed. (x a teachers isneeded to help to explain things that are difficult.)


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4. ? Students have lost social skills as a result of usingcomputers (x other sensational articles in the guttertabloids, there is no evidence to support this)

9. Many people shop on the internet. Which one of thesestatements is true about a shop that trades exclusively on the

internet?1. ? It is most likely to be there to commit fraud by

taking money, but not delivering the goods. (x although some sites are set up as scams, the vastmajority are honest traders.)

2. ? They are cheaper because the warehouse employsno people; selection of goods is done by computer-controlled robots. (x there will be people working inthe warehouse)

3. ? Customers receive their goods instantly onpayment. (x not true; the goods may be dispatchedinstantly, but may take several days to arrive)

4. ? It is more convenient to use the internet becauseyou can do all your purchases with your computer.

10. Which one of the following is the most likely to cause amajor risk to life?

1. ? The wiping out of customers' bank account details.(x very inconvenient, but less likely to cause loss oflife)

2. ? An extremist website promoting religious hatredand terrorism (x- loathsome, but in itself not a risk.

However the followers of such an organization could beat a risk)

3. ? The spread of a computer virus. (x vital computersystem will be protected against all malicious coding.)

4. ? Failure of an a computer in a fly-by-wire aircraft.

topic 1 role of ict

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