topic 1 planet earth suggested teaching schemes
TRANSCRIPT
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Suggested teaching scheme for the Chemistry curriculumTheâ followingâ suggestedâ teachingâ schemesâ areâ forâ teachersââ referenceâ only.â Teachersâ mayâ reviseâ themâ basedâ onâtheâ time-tablingâ arrangementâ ofâ theirâ ownâ schools.
Scheme 1: Chemistry to be studied in Secondary 3, 4, 5 and 6Inâ manyâ schools,â theâ Chemistryâ curriculumâ isâ studiedâ inâ Secondaryâ 3,â 4,â 5â andâ 6.â Althoughâ theâ distributionâ ofâperiodsâ variesâ fromâ schoolâ toâ school,â theâ totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculumâ isâ generallyâ aroundâ 416.â Aâpossibleâ distributionâofâ periodsâ isâ asâ follows:
A possible distribution of periods for S3, S4, S5 and S6
S3 S4 S5 S6
Numberâ ofâ teachingâweeksâ perâ year 28 28 28 16
Numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâweek 2 5 5 5
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâ year 56 140 140 80
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculum 416
Suggested teaching scheme for the curriculum
Level ContentSuggested number
of period(s)
S3(56âperiods)
Topicâ 1â Planetâ Earth 12
Topicâ 2âMicroscopicâWorldâ I 44
S4(140âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 3âMetals 39
Topicâ 4âAcidsâ andâBases 45
Topicâ 5â Redoxâ Reactions,âChemicalâCellsâ andâ Electrolysis 41
Topicâ 6âMicroscopicâWorldâ II 14
S5(140âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 7â Fossilâ Fuelsâ andâCarbonâCompounds 32
Topicâ 8âChemistryâ ofâCarbonâ Compounds 45
Topicâ 9âChemicalâ Reactionsâ andâ Energy 13
Topicâ 10âRateâ ofâ Reaction 16
Topicâ 11âChemicalâ Equilibrium 18
Topicâ 12â Patternsâ inâ theâChemicalâWorld 15
S6(80âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 13â IndustrialâChemistry 39
Topicâ 14âMaterialsâChemistry 39
Topicâ 15âAnalyticalâChemistry 40
Schoolsâ takingâ investigativeâ studyâneedâ toâ allocateâ anâ extraâ ofâ 30âperiodsâ forâ theâ curriculum.
Only 2 out of 3 Only 2 out of 3
Suggested Teaching Schemes
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SuggestedâTeachingâSchemes
Scheme 2: Chemistry to be studied in Secondary 4, 5 and 6Inâ someâ schools,â theâ Chemistryâ curriculumâ isâ studiedâ inâ Secondaryâ 4,â 5â andâ 6.â Theâ totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâtheâ curriculumâ isâ generallyâ aroundâ360.âAâpossibleâ distributionâofâ periodsâ isâ asâ follows:
A possible distribution of periods for S4, S5 and S6
S4 S5 S6
Numberâ ofâ teachingâweeksâ perâ year 28 28 16
Numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâweek 5 5 5
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâ year 140 140 80
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculum 360
Suggested teaching scheme for the curriculum
Level ContentSuggested number
of period(s)
S4(140âperiods)
Topicâ 1â Planetâ Earth 8
Topicâ 2âMicroscopicâWorldâ I 31
Topicâ 3âMetals 32
Topicâ 4âAcidsâ andâBases 36
Topicâ 5â Redoxâ Reactions,âChemicalâCellsâ andâ Electrolysis 33
S5(140âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 6âMicroscopicâWorldâ II 13
Topicâ 7â Fossilâ Fuelsâ andâCarbonâCompounds 29
Topicâ 8âChemistryâ ofâCarbonâ Compounds 41
Topicâ 9âChemicalâ Reactionsâ andâ Energy 12
Topicâ 10âRateâ ofâ Reaction 15
Topicâ 11âChemicalâ Equilibrium 16
Topicâ 12â Patternsâ inâ theâChemicalâWorld 13
S6(80âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 13â IndustrialâChemistry 39
Topicâ 14âMaterialsâChemistry 39
Topicâ 15âAnalyticalâChemistry 40
Schoolsâ takingâ investigativeâ studyâneedâ toâ allocateâ anâ extraâ ofâ 30âperiodsâ forâ theâ curriculum.
Only 2 out of 3 Only 2 out of 3
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Suggested teaching scheme for the Combined Science (Chemistry Part) curriculumTheâ followingâ suggestedâ teachingâ schemesâ areâ forâ teachersââ referenceâ only.â Teachersâ mayâ reviseâ themâ basedâ onâtheâ time-tablingâ arrangementâ ofâ theirâ ownâ schools.
Scheme 1: Combined Science (Chemistry Part) to be studied in Secondary 3, 4, 5 and 6Inâ manyâ schools,â theâ Chemistryâ Partâ ofâ Combinedâ Scienceâ isâ studiedâ inâ Secondaryâ 3,â 4,â 5â andâ 6.â Althoughâ theâdistributionâ ofâ periodsâ variesâ fromâ schoolâ toâ school,â theâ totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculumâ isâ generallyâaroundâ 228.â Aâpossibleâ distributionâofâ periodsâ isâ asâ follows:
A possible distribution of periods for S3, S4, S5 and S6
S3 S4 S5 S6
Numberâ ofâ teachingâweeksâ perâ year 28 28 28 16
Numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâweek 2 3 2 2
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâ year 56 84 56 32
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculum 228
Suggested teaching scheme for the curriculum
Level ContentSuggested number of
period(s)
S3(56âperiods)
Topicâ 1â Planetâ Earth 12
Topicâ 2âMicroscopicâWorldâ I 44
S4(84âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 3âMetals 37
Topicâ 4âAcidsâ andâBases 46
S5(56âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 5â Redoxâ Reactions,âChemicalâCellsâ andâ Electrolysis 41
Topicâ 6â Fossilâ Fuelsâ andâCarbonâCompoundsâ(Unitsâ 24â&â25)
14
S6(32âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 6â Fossilâ Fuelsâ andâCarbonâCompounds(Unitsâ 26â28)
18
Topicâ 7âChemicalâ Reactionsâ andâ Energy 13
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SuggestedâTeachingâSchemes
Scheme 2: Combined Science (Chemistry Part) to be studied in Secondary 4, 5 and 6Inâ someâ schools,â theâChemistryâ Partâ ofâCombinedâScienceâ isâ studiedâ inâ Secondaryâ4,â 5â andâ6.â Theâ totalâ numberâofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculumâ isâ generallyâ aroundâ186.âAâpossibleâ distributionâofâ periodsâ isâ asâ follows:
A possible distribution of periods for S4, S5 and S6
S4S5
S61st term 2nd term
Numberâ ofâ teachingâweeksâ perâ year 28 14 14 16
Numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâweek 3 3 2 2
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ perâ year 84 70 32
Totalâ numberâ ofâ periodsâ forâ theâ curriculum 186
Suggested teaching scheme for the curriculum
Level ContentSuggested number of
period(s)
S4(84âperiods)
Topicâ 1â Planetâ Earth 8
Topicâ 2âMicroscopicâWorldâ I 31
Topicâ 3âMetals 32
Topicâ 4âAcidsâ andâBases(Unitsâ 14â &â15)
13
S5(70âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 4âAcidsâ andâBases(Unitsâ 16â18)
25
Topicâ 5â Redoxâ Reactions,âChemicalâCellsâ andâ Electrolysis 33
Topicâ 6â Fossilâ Fuelsâ andâCarbonâCompounds(Unitsâ 24â &â25)
11
S6(32âperiods)
Revisionâonâ laboratoryâ safety 1
Topicâ 6â Fossilâ Fuelsâ andâCarbonâCompounds(Unitsâ 26â28)
19
Topicâ 7âChemicalâ Reactionsâ andâ Energy 12
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Suggested number of periods for Topic 1
Chemistry / Combined Science
(Chemistry Part) for
Total number of periods
Suggested number of periods for each unit
S3âS6(Schemeâ1)
12
Unitâ 1â Introducingâ chemistryUnitâ 2â Theâ atmosphereUnitâ 3â TheâoceanUnitâ 4â Rocksâ andâminerals
2433
S4âS6(Schemeâ2)
8
Unitâ 1â Introducingâ chemistryUnitâ 2â Theâ atmosphereUnitâ 3â TheâoceanUnitâ 4â Rocksâ andâminerals
2222
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TeachingâPlan
Theâ firstâunitâofâ theâ topicâgivesâ aâbriefâ introductionâofâwhatâ chemistryâ isâ andâ itsâ relationshipâwithâourâdailyâ lives.âItâ alsoâ preparesâ studentsâ toâworkâ inâ theâ laboratoryâ withâ aâ briefâ reviewâofâ theâ laboratoryâ safetyâ rules.
â Theânaturalâworldâisâmadeâupâofâchemicals.âTheâatmosphere,âtheâoceanâandâtheâEarthâsâcrustâareâmajorâsourcesâofâchemicals.âInâtheâfollowingâunits,âstudentsâareâgoingâtoâstudyâpossibleâmethodsâforâisolatingâusefulâmaterialsâfromâtheseâsourcesâandâanalyzingâtheâmaterialsâusingâvariousâ tests.âTheyâshouldâalsoâbeâableâ toâuseâwordâequationsâ toârepresentâchemicalâchanges,âandâsuggestâappropriateâmethodsâforâseparatingâmixturesâandâtestingâsomeâchemicalâspecies.
Organization of the topic
Teaching Plan
Planet Earth
Unit 1Introducing chemistry
Unit 2The atmosphere
Unit 3The ocean
Unit 4Rocks and minerals
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Unit 1 Introducing chemistry
Section Key point(s)Suggested task(s) for
studentsRemark
Total number of period = 1
1.1â Whatâ isâ chemistry? â˘âIntroducingâ chemistry
1.2â Whyâ studyâchemistry?
â˘âRolesâ thatâ chemistryâplaysâ inâ ourâ lives
â˘âDiscussionâ
â˘ââ Greenhouseâ effect
1.3â Laboratoryâ safety â˘âLaboratoryâ safetyâ rules â˘âPracticeâ 1.1 â˘ââ Resourcesâ onâ
Laboratoryâ Safetyâ andâManagement:
â http://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/science/laboratory/content_activities.html
â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedâ
âsafetyâ inâ theâ laboratoryââinâUnitâ 1â ofâ Scienceâ(secondaryâ 1â3).
Total number of period = 1
1.4â Hazardâwarningâlabels
â˘âCommonâ hazardâwarningâ labelsâ forâchemicalsâ
â˘âTheâhazardousâ natureâofâ householdâ chemicals
â˘âFindâ&â Shareââââ Safetyâ precautionsâ forâ
handlingâhouseholdâproducts
â
â˘ââ Visitâ theâ followingâ
websiteâ toâ learnâmoreâaboutâ theâhazardousânatureâ ofâ chemicalsâaroundâ theâhouse:
â http://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/tour.htm
â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)
1.5â Commonâ apparatusâinâ theâ laboratory
â˘âCommonâapparatusâ˘âMicroscaleâ apparatus
â˘âActivityâ 1.1âââIntroductionâ toâ practicalâworkâ
â˘âPracticeâ 1.2
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââcommonâ laboratoryâequipmentââ inâUnitâ 1â ofâScienceâ (secondaryâ â1â3).
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TeachingâPlan
Unit 2 The atmosphere
Section Key point(s)Suggested task(s) for
studentsRemark
Total number of periods = 2 (Scheme 1), Total number of period = 1 (Scheme 2)
2.1â Theâ Earth â˘âTheâ Earthâsâ crust,â theâoceanâ andâ theâatmosphereâ asâmajorâsourcesâ ofâ chemicals
â˘âListâ ofâ usefulâ resourcesâfromâ theâ Earth
2.2â Classificationâofâmatter:â pureâsubstancesâ andâmixtures
â˘âDefinitionsâ˘âSomeâeverydayâmixtures
â˘âPracticeâ 2.1
2.3â Elementsâ andâcompounds
â˘âDefinitionsâ˘âConstituentâ elementsâ
ofâ someâ commonâcompounds
â˘âPracticeâ 2.2 â˘â ââ Elements,â compoundsâ
andâmixturesâ˘ââ Referâ toâ anâ animationâ
showingâ elementsâ andâcompounds:
â http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/mattert/elements-and-compounds.htm
â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedâ
âcompoundsââ inâUnitâ 13âofâ Scienceâ (secondaryâ â1â3).
2.4â Differencesâ betweenâaâmixtureâ andâ aâcompound
â˘âDifferencesâ betweenâ theâpropertiesâ ofâ anâ iron-sulphurâ mixtureâ andâiron(II)â sulphide
â˘âMainâdifferencesâbetweenâ aâmixtureâ andâaâ compoundâ
â˘âActivityâ 2.1âââInvestigatingâ theâreactionâbetweenâ ironâandâ sulphur
2.5â Theâ atmosphere â˘âCompositionâ ofâ gasesâ inâ theâ airâ (percentageâ
byâ volume)
â˘âDoâ youâ knowââââ Theâ storyâ ofâ ourâ
atmosphereâ˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedâ
âwhatâ isâ airâmadeâupâofââ inâUnitâ 7â ofâ Scienceâ(secondaryâ 1â3).
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Section Key point(s)Suggested task(s) for
studentsRemark
2.6â Separationâofâmixtures
â˘âNamesâofâ commonâtechniquesâ forâseparatingâ componentsâofâmixtures
Total number of periods = 2 (Scheme 1), Total number of period = 1 (Scheme 2)
2.7â Separatingâ oxygenâandâ nitrogenâ fromâtheâ air
â˘âMainâ stagesâ inâfractionalâ distillationâofâliquidâ airâ
â˘ââ Referâ toâ theâ videoâ clipâ
âGasesâ fromâ theâAirâ:â http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=vUybtRlaLLw
â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)
2.8â Theâparticleâ theoryâofâmatter
â˘âDissolvingâ crystalâ inâwater
â˘âSpreadingâofâ bromineâvapour
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââparticleâ theoryââ inâUnitâ6â ofâ Scienceâ (secondaryâ1â3).
2.9â Physicalâ andâ chemicalâchanges
â˘âDefinitionsâ˘âChangingâ theâ stateâ ofâ
waterââ˘âSublimationâ˘âWordsâ usedâ toâ describeâ
theâ changesâ ofâ statesâofâ aâ substance
â˘âDiscussionâ
â˘ââ Stateâ controlâ roomâ˘ââ Referâ toâ theâ followingâ
websiteâ forâ theâinformationâ onâ theâphysicalâ statesâ andâpropertiesâ ofâ matters:
â http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/States-of-Matter/120
â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)â˘ââ Sublimationâ ofâ iodineâ˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedâ
âparticleâ theoryââ inâUnitâ6â ofâ Scienceâ (secondaryâ1â3).
2.10â Physicalâ andâchemicalâ properties
â˘âDefinitionsâ˘âExamples
â˘âPracticeâ 2.3
2.11â Testâ forâ oxygen â˘âTestâ forâ oxygenâwithâ aâglowingâ splint
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââtestâ forâ oxygenââ inâUnitâ7â ofâ Scienceâ (secondaryâ1â3).
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TeachingâPlan
Unit 3 The ocean
Section Key point(s)Suggested task(s) for
studentsRemark
Total number of period = 1
3.1â Seaâwater:â aâ vastâsolution
â˘âPercentageâbyâmassâ ofâsaltsâ inâ aâ typicalâ seaâwaterâ sample
â˘âSoluteâ andâ solventâ˘âDilute,â concentratedâ
andâ saturatedâ solutions
â˘âDoâ youâ knowââââ Whyâ isâ seaâwaterâ salty?â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedâ
âdissolvingââ inâUnitâ 5â ofâScienceâ (secondaryâ â1â3).
3.2â Obtainingâcommonâsaltâ fromâ seaâ water
â˘âDecantationâ˘âFiltrationâ˘âEvaporationâ˘âCrystallization
â˘âActivityâ 3.1âââObtainingâ commonâ saltâfromâ muddyâ seaâwater
â˘âActivityâ 3.2âââ âGrowingâ crystals
â˘ââ Filtrationâ ofâmuddyâ seaâ
waterâ˘ââ Evaporatingâ seaâwaterâ
toâ obtainâ saltâ byâ directâheating
â˘ââ Evaporatingâ seaâwaterâ
toâ obtainâ saltâ usingâ aâsteamâbath
â˘âDoâ youâ knowââââ Sourceâofâ saltâ˘ââ Preparingâ copper(II)â
sulphateâ crystalsâ byâcrystallizationâ
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââcommonâ waterâpurificationâ methodsâ:
â â˘âsedimentation;â â˘âfiltration;â andââ â˘âdistillationâ inâUnitâ 5â ofâ Scienceâ
(secondaryâ 1â3).
Continuedâonânextâpage
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Section Key point(s)Suggested task(s) for
studentsRemark
Total number of periods = 2 (Scheme 1), Total number of period = 1 (Scheme 2)
3.3â Obtainingâ pureâwaterâfromâ seaâwater
â˘âDistillation â˘âActivityâ 3.3âââObtainingâpureâwaterâfromâ seaâwater
â˘âProblemâSolvingâ
â˘ââ Obtainingâpureâwaterâ
fromâ seaâwaterââDistillationâofâ seaâwater
3.4â Showingâ whatâspeciesâ commonâ saltâcontains
â˘âFlameâ testâ˘âTestâ forâ chloridesâââ
silverâ nitrateâ test
â˘âActivityâ 3.4âââConductingâ flameâtestsâ onâ someâmetallicâcompounds
â˘âActivityâ 3.5âââWhatâdoesâ commonâ saltâcontain?
â˘ââ Flameâ testâ˘ââ Testâ forâ chlorideâ ions
3.5â Testâ forâ theâpresenceâofâwaterâ inâ aâ sample
â˘âTestâ forâ theâpresenceâofâwaterâ inâ aâ sampleâ usingâblueâ cobalt(II)â chlorideâpaper
â˘âDiscussionâ
â˘ââ Actionâofâwater,â ethanolâ
andâoilâ onâdryâ cobalt(II)âchlorideâpaper
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââtestâ forâ waterââ inâUnitâ7â ofâ Scienceâ (secondaryâ1â ââ 3).
3.6â Electrolysisâ ofâ seaâwater
â˘âElectrolysisâ ofâ seaâwaterâtoâ obtainâ hydrogen,âchlorineâ andâ sodiumâhydroxide
â˘âCommonâ usesâ ofâhydrogen,â chlorineâ andâsodiumâ hydroxide
â˘âChemistryâMagazineââââ Freshâwaterâ fromâ seaâ
waterâ
â˘ââ Usesâ ofâ chlorineâ˘ââ â˘âReferâ toâ theâ Saltâ
â â Instituteâ forâ furtherââ informationâ aboutâ â ââ salt:â
â â http://www.ââ ââ saltinstitute.org/
â â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)â â˘âReferâ toâ theâ ETVâ
â programmeâ âWaterâ â ââ treatmentâ:â
â â http://resources.â ââ hkedcity.net/resource_ââ detail.â â ââ php?rid=92063550
â â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)
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TeachingâPlan
Unit 4 Rocks and minerals
Section Key point(s)Suggested task(s) for
studentsRemark
Total number of periods = 2 (Scheme 1), Total number of period = 1 (Scheme 2)
4.1â Metalsâ inâ theâ Earthâsâcrust
â˘âMineralsâ andâ ores â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââcommonâ metalâ oresââinâUnitâ 13âofâ Scienceâ(secondaryâ 1â3).
4.2â Extractingâmetalsâfromâ theirâ ores
â˘âPhysicalâmethodsâ˘âHeatingâ theâoreâ aloneâ˘âHeatingâ theâoreâwithâ
carbonâ˘âElectrolysisâ ofâ theâ
moltenâore
â˘âActivityâ 4.1âââExtractingâ ironâonâ aâmatchâhead
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââextractionâ ofâmetalsâusingâ carbonââ inâUnitâ 13âofâ Scienceâ(secondaryâ 1â3).
4.3â Investigatingâ calciumâcarbonate
â˘âActionâofâ heat,â diluteâacidâ andâwaterâ onâcalciumâ carbonate
â˘âWordâ equations
â˘âActivityâ 4.2âââInvestigatingâ theâ actionâofâ heat,âwaterâ andâdiluteâ acidâ onâ calciumâcarbonate
â˘âActivityâ 4.3âââShowingâ theâpresenceâofâ calciumâ carbonateâinâ aâ varietyâ ofâmineralsâandâbuildingâmaterials
â˘âPracticeâ 4.1
â˘âStudentsâ haveâ studiedââtestâ forâ carbonâdioxideââinâUnitâ 7â ofâ Scienceâ(secondaryâ 1â3).â
Total number of period = 1
4.4â Formationâofâ chalk,âlimestoneâandâmarble
â˘âTheâ threeâmainâ formsâofâ calciumâ carbonate
â˘âTheirâ formationâ fromâseaâ animals
â˘âUsesâ ofâ limestoneâ
â˘âDiscussionâ
â˘ââ Formationâ ofâ limestoneâ
andâ limestoneâ cavesâ˘âDoâ youâ knowâââ
Limelight
4.5â Formationâofâlimestoneâ caves
â˘âWeatheringâ andâ erosionâ˘âHowâ limestoneâ cavesâ
formâ˘âWordâ equations
â˘ââ Referâ toâ animationsâ
explainingâphysicalâ andâchemicalâweathering:â
â http://ees.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elearning/module07swf.swf
â (accessedâ Julyâ 2014)
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Teaching Notes
Unit 1 Introducing chemistry
N1 page 9
Microscaleâ chemistryâ isâ chemistryâ carriedâ outâ onâ aâ reducedâ scaleâ usingâ smallâ quantitiesâ ofâ chemicalsâ andâ oftenâsimpleâ equipment.â â
Merits of microscale chemistry
Educational values
â˘â Byâminimizingâwaste,âmicroscaleâ chemistryâ encouragesâ studentsâ toâ useâ chemicalsâ responsibly.
â˘â Maximizingâtheâopportunitiesâforâcarefulâobservationâandâinterpretationâasâtheâprocessesâofâmicroscaleâexperimentsââ oftenâ takeâplaceâ veryâ quickly.
â˘â Providingâ opportunitiesâ forâ studentsâ toâ designâ theirâ ownâ experimentsâ usingâ theâ microscaleâ kitâ andâââ equipment.
Laboratory management
â˘â Useâofâ smallâ quantitiesâ ofâ chemicalsâ andâ simpleâ equipmentâ leadsâ to
â ââ aâ reductionâ inâmaterialsâ cost;
â ââ anâ improvementâ inâ laboratoryâ safety;
â ââ aâ reductionâofâwaste;
â ââ aâ shorterâ experimentâ time.
â˘â Useâofâ plasticâ apparatusâ leadsâ toâ
â ââ aâ reductionâ inâ glasswareâbreakage;
â ââ aâ reductionâ inâ theâ costâ ofâ breakage.
â˘â Theâ smallâ scaleâ equipmentâ leadsâ toâ aâ reductionâ inâ storageâ space.
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TeachingâNotes
Unit 2 The atmosphere
page 24N2
Weâ liveâ inâ theâ troposphereâwithâ tripsâ intoâ theâ stratosphere.âOnlyâ astronautsâ passâ outâ ofâ theâ atmosphere.
N6 page 32
Otherâ examplesâ ofâ physicalâ properties:
â˘â lustre;
â˘â hardness;
â˘â strength;
â˘â malleability;
â˘â ductility;
â˘â thermalâ conductivity;â andâ
â˘â solubility.
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
Unit 4 Rocks and minerals
N2 page 69
Theâ followingâ substancesâ canâbeâusedâ toâ distinguishâbetweenâoxygenâ andâ carbonâdioxide:
â˘â limewater;
â˘â burningâ splint;
â˘â glowingâ splint.
Observations
Test with limewater Test with burning splint Test with glowing splint
Oxygen Noâobservableâ changeBurningâ splintâ burnsâ moreâbrightly.
Glowingâ splintâ relights.
Carbon dioxide
Limewaterâ turnsâmilky. Burningâ splintâ extinguishes. Glowingâ splintâ extinguishes.
N6 page 75
Thereâ areâ twoâ typesâ ofâweathering:
â˘â chemicalâweathering;
â˘â physicalâweathering.
â Whatâ weâ describeâ inâ theâ textbookâ isâ anâ exampleâ ofâ chemicalâweathering.
â Inâ physicalâ weathering,â rockâ getsâ brokenâ intoâ fragmentsâ butâ itâ isâ notâchemicallyâ changed.â Thisâ canâ happenâ inâ severalâ ways.â Forâ example,â plantârootsâ growâ intoâ cracksâ inâ rockâ andâ slowlyâ priseâ theâ rockâ apart.â Inâ theâwinter,âwaterâ inâtheâcracksâexpandsâasâ itâ freezes,â forcingâtheâcracksâwider.âEventuallyâ theâ rockâbreaksâ up.
â Inâ someâ places,â theâ temperatureâ dropsâ belowâ freezingâ pointâ atâ nightâandâ risesâ duringâ theâ day.â Soâ waterâ inâ theâ cracksâ freezesâ andâ thawsâ cycleâafterâ cycle.â Theâ rockâbreaksâ upâoverâ time.
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SuggestedâAnswers
page 1
1â Micro-organisms
2â Filtrationâ /â sedimentation
3â Chlorine
Unit 1 Introducing chemistry
Practice
P1.1 page 6
1â a)â âśâ Noâ eyeâprotectionâwhenâusingâ aâ Bunsenâburner.
â â âˇâ Notâ cleaningâ upâ chemicalâ spillageâ immediately.
â â â¸â Notâ stoppingâ theâ reagentâ bottlesâ immediatelyâ afterâ use.
â â âšâ Leavingâ theâBunsenâ flameâunattended.
â b)â âśâ Noâ eyeâprotectionâwhenâusingâ aâ Bunsenâburner.
â â âˇâ Pointingâ theâmouthâofâ theâ testâ tubeâ towardsâ someoneâwhenâheating.
â â â¸â Puttingâ flammableâ alcoholâ nearâ toâ aâ nakedâ flame.
2â a)â 1â orâmore.
â b)â Coverâ theâ thingâ thatâ isâ onâ fire.
â c)â Forâ extinguishingâ fire.
P1.2 page 10
1â Wâââevaporatingâdish
â Xâââwireâ gauze
â Yâââ tripod
â ZâââBunsenâburner
Suggested Answers
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
2â Pâââglassâ rod
â Qâââ standâ andâ clamp
â Râââ filterâ paper
â Sâââ filterâ funnel
â Tâââbeaker
Discussion page 4
Good effect Bad effect
1â Explosive Used in building industry Used in wars
2â Insecticide Increase food production Poison our food
3â Aspirin A good painkiller Side effects
page 7Find & Share
Safety precautions for handling household products
Item number
ItemActive
ingredientSafety precautions
1glassâ
cleanserammonia
Any two of the following:⢠Can cause irritation to eyes and skin.⢠In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water. Consult a doctor if irritation persists.⢠In case of skin contact, rinse with water.⢠If swallowed, drink a large amount of water. Call a doctor.
2chlorineâbleach
sodiumhypochlorite
Any two of the following:⢠Wear eye protection.⢠Wear rubber household gloves.⢠Wear clothing that will cover your skin in case of spills.⢠Open the container and dilute the bleach out of rooms or in a very well- ventilated room to avoid a building up of vapour.⢠A toxic gas will be released if the bleach is mixed with acidic cleansing agents. An explosion can occur if sufficient quantities are mixed.
3ovenâ
cleansersodiumâ
hydroxide
Any two of the following:⢠Wear eye protection.⢠Wear rubber household gloves.⢠Wear clothing as protection against splashing.⢠Store at moderate temperatures in a dry, well-ventilated area.⢠Store away from oxidizing materials and acids.
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SuggestedâAnswers
pages 13â15Unit Exercise
1â a)â Aâââ flammable
â â Bâââ toxic
â â Câââcorrosive
â b)â ChemicalâAâââ Keepâ awayâ formâheatâ /â nakedâ flames.
â â Chemicalâ Bâ ââ Anyâoneâofâ theâ following:
â â â â â Avoidâ breathingâ inâ itsâ vapour.
â â â â â Wearâ protectiveâ glovesâ andâ safetyâ glasses.
â â â â â Performâ theâ experimentâ insideâ aâ fumeâ cupboard.
â â ChemicalâCâââWearâ protectiveâ glovesâ andâ safetyâ glasses.
2â a)â Testâ tube
â b)â Evaporatingâdish
â c)â Beaker
â d)â Tripod
â e)â Wireâ gauze
â f)â Standâ andâ clamp
â g)â Filterâ funnel
â h)â Glassâ rod
â i)â Bunsenâ burner
â j)â Safetyâ glasses
3â C
4â Dâ Concentratedâ sulphuricâ acidâ isâ corrosive.
5â Bâ Returningâ excessâmaterialsâ toâ theâ reagentâ bottleâ leadsâ toâ contamination.
6â B
7â Dâ
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
8â a)â â˘â Noâ eyeâprotectionâwhenâusingâ aâ Bunsenâburner.
â â â˘â Theâ longâhairâ tendsâ toâ dangle.
â â â˘â Noâ fireproofâmatâ underâ theâBunsenâburner.
â b)â â˘â Tooâmuchâ liquidâ inâ theâ testâ tubeâ forâ heating.
â â â˘â Placingâ theâ testâ tubesâ tooânearâ toâ theâ edgeâofâ theâbench.
â c)â â˘â Smellingâ aâ gasâ directly.
â â â˘â Leavingâ theâBunsenâ flameâunattended.
â â â˘â Blockingâ theâpassageâ inâ theâ laboratory.
9â a)â Toâmeasureâ theâ volumeâofâ aâ liquid.
â b)â Toâ addâ aâ liquidâ dropâbyâ drop.
â c)â Toâgrindâ aâ solidâ intoâ aâ fineâ powder.
â d)â Toâ transferâ aâ smallâ amountâ ofâ solid.
10â a)â Chlorineâgasâ isâ toxic.
â â Carryâ outâ anyâ activityâ involvingâ chlorineâ insideâ aâ fumeâ cupboard.
â b)â i)
â â ii)â â˘â Wearâ safetyâ glassesâ andâprotectiveâ glovesâwhenâworkingâwithâ theâ alkali.
â â â â˘â Ifâ concentratedâ sodiumâhydroxideâ solutionâ isâ spiltâ onâ theâ skinâorâ clothes,âwashâ itâ offâ immediatelyââ â â â withâ plentyâ ofâwater.
Unit 2 The atmosphere
Practice
P2.1 page 19
Pureâ substancesâââ (b)â andâ (e)
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SuggestedâAnswers
P2.2 page 22
Substance Element Compound Mixture
Iron â
Sugarâsolution â
Carbonâdioxide â
Nitrogen â
Petroleum â
P2.3 page 33
1â Physicalâ property.â Theâ propertyâ canâ beâ observedâ withoutâ changingâ theâ chemicalâ compositionâ ofâ theâsubstance.
2â Physicalâ property.â Theâ propertyâ canâ beâ measuredâ withoutâ changingâ theâ chemicalâ compositionâ ofâ theâsubstance.
3â Chemicalâ property.â Milkâ turnsâ sourâ becauseâ aâ newâ substanceâ (anâ acid)â forms.â Thisâ propertyâ ofâ milkâ canâ beâobservedâwhenâ itâ undergoesâ aâ chemicalâ changeâ toâ formâaânewâ substance.
4â Physicalâ property.â Theâ propertyâ canâ beâ observedâ withoutâ changingâ theâ chemicalâ compositionâ ofâ theâsubstance.
5â Chemicalâproperty.âMagnesiumâreactsâwithâhotâairâ toâformâaânewâsubstanceâ(magnesiumâoxide).âThisâpropertyâofâmagnesiumâ canâbeâobservedâwhenâ itâ undergoesâ aâ chemicalâ changeâ toâ formâaânewâ substance.
Discussion page 32
1â a)â Physicalâ change.âNoânewâ substanceâ isâ formedâ inâ theâprocess.
â b)â Physicalâ change.âNoânewâ substanceâ isâ formedâ inâ theâprocess.
â c)â Chemicalâ change.âNewâ substancesâ (hydrogenâ andâoxygen)â areâ formedâ inâ theâprocess.
â d)â Chemicalâ change.âNewâ substancesâ (simpleâ sugars)â areâ formedâ inâ theâprocess.
â â Sucroseâ(tableâsugar)âisâaâdisaccharideâformedâfromâtwoâmonosaccharidesâ(glucoseâandâfructose).âSucroseâisââ â spiltâ intoâ theâmonosaccharidesâ duringâdigestion.
2â â˘â Dryâ iceâ canâproduceâ aâ veryâ lowâ temperatureâ (â78â °C).
â â˘â Dryâ iceâ sublimesâ andânoâmessyâ liquidâ (asâ inâ theâ caseâ ofâ ice)â isâ produced.
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
pages 37â42Unit Exercise
1)â a)â oxygen
â b)â nitrogen
â c)â carbonâ dioxide
â d)â nobleâ gases
â e)â waterâ vapour
â f)â glowingâ splint
â g)â fractionalâ distillation
2â a)â mixtures
â b)â coffee
â c)â hydrogen
â d)â compounds
â e)â water
â f)â meltingâ point
â g)â chemical
â h)â reactionâofâmagnesiumâwithâoxygenâ toâ formâmagnesiumâoxide
3â a)â Element
â b)â Compound
â â Aluminumâoxideâ isâ aâ compoundâofâ aluminumâandâoxygen.
â c)â Mixture
â â Paintâ isâ aâmixtureâ ofâ solvent,â pigmentâ andâotherâ substances.
â d)â Compound
â â Iron(II)â sulphideâ isâ aâ compoundâofâ ironâ andâ sulphur.
4â a)â Physicalâ change
â b)â Chemicalâ change
â â Copperâ tarnishesâ becauseâ itâ reactsâwithâ air,âmoistureâ orâ otherâ substancesâ inâ theâ environment.
â c)â Chemicalâ changeâ
â â Candleâ burnsâ toâ giveâ carbonâdioxide,âwaterâ vapour,â otherâ substances,â heatâ andâ light.
â d)â Physicalâ change
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SuggestedâAnswers
5â a)â Physicalâ property
â b)â Chemicalâ property
â c)â Physicalâ property
â d)â Physicalâ property
â e)â Physicalâ property
6â a)â sublimation
â b)â boilingâ /â evaporation
â c)â condensation
â d)â melting
â e)â freezing
7â Câ Argonâ (aâ gasâ denserâ thanânitrogen)â isâ presentâ inâ theânitrogenâobtainedâ fromâ theâ air.
8â Câ Theâmeltingâpointâ ofâ carbonâdioxideâ isâ â78â °C.âCarbonâdioxideâwouldâ solidifyâwhenâ cooledâ toââ200â °C.
9â DâGas Boiling point (°C)
Nitrogen â196
Oxygen â183
Argon â186
â â Nitrogenâ hasâ theâ lowestâ boilingâ point.â Thus,â itâwillâ boilâ offâ first.
â â Oxygenâhasâ theâhighestâ boilingâ point.â Thus,â itâwillâ boilâ offâ last.
10â B
11â Bâ Ammoniaâ isâ aâ compoundâ composedâofâ hydrogenâ andânitrogen.
12â Bâ Calciumâ carbonateâ isâ aâ compoundâ composedâofâ calcium,â carbonâ andâoxygen.
13â Câ
14â Dâ
15â Aâ Oxygenâ supportsâ burning,â butâ itâ isâNOTâ flammable.
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
16â Câ
17â Dâ Carbonâ canâburnâ inâ airâ isâ aâ chemicalâ propertyâ ofâ carbon.
18â Aâ (1)â Caratâ goldâ isâ aâmixtureâ ofâ goldâ andâotherâmetals.
â â (2)â Colaâ drinkâ isâ aâmixtureâ ofâwater,â carbonâdioxideâ andâotherâ substances.
19â Bâ (1)â Theâpropertiesâ ofâ aâ compoundâ areâ differentâ fromâ thoseâofâ itsâ constituentâ elements.
â â (3)â Aâ compoundâ canâbeâ separatedâ intoâ itsâ constituentâ elementsâ byâ chemicalâ methods.
20â Bâ (1)â Sodiumâ chlorideâ isâ formedâwhenâhotâ sodiumâ isâ putâ intoâ aâ jarâ ofâ chlorine.âAâ chemicalâ changeâoccurs.
â â (3)â Hydrogenâ andâ chlorineâ areâ formedâ inâ theâ electrolysisâ ofâ seaâwater.âAâ chemicalâ changeâoccurs.
21â a)Only in air Only in the Earthâs crust In both
metalâelements â
non-metalâelements â
â b)â Elementsâ areâ substancesâwhichâ cannotâ beâbrokenâdownâ intoâ anythingâ simplerâ byâ chemicalâ methods.â
â â Exampleâââ copperâ /â sodiumâ /â carbonâ /â aluminumâ /â sulphurâ
â â Compoundsâ areâ substancesâ composedâofâ twoâorâmoreâ elementsâ chemicallyâ joinedâ together.
â â Exampleâââ sodiumâ chlorideâ /â sugarâ /âwater
22â a)â B
â b)â A
23â a)â Anyâoneâ ofâ theâ following:
â â â˘â Killsâmicrobes.
â â â˘â Improveâ tasteâ /â textureâ /â flavour.
â â â˘â Easierâ toâ digest.
â b)â Newâ substance(s)â is(are)â formed.
24â a)â Theâwaterâ vapourâ freezes.
â b)â Theâpipesâwouldâbeâblocked.
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SuggestedâAnswers
â c)â Oxygenâ andânitrogenâ liquefy.
â â Neonâ remainsâ asâ aâ gasâ andâ canâbeâ removed.â
â â Liquidâ nitrogenâ andâ liquidâ oxygenâ canâbeâ separatedâbyâ fractionalâ distillation.
â â Theâ temperatureâ ofâ theâ liquidsâ isâ raisedâ slowly.
â â Nitrogenâ boilsâ offâ atâ â196â °C.
â â Thenâ oxygenâboilsâ offâ atâ â183â °C.
Unit 3 The ocean
Problem Solving page 50
Removeâ theâoilâ usingâ aâ dropper.âDistilâ theâ commonâ saltâ solutionâ toâ obtainâ theâ commonâ saltâ andâwater.
Theâoilâ andâ commonâ saltâ solutionâ canâ alsoâ beâ separatedâbyâ usingâ aâ separatingâ funnel.
Discussion page 53
a)â Aâââ filtration
â Bâââ removingâ theâ keroseneâbyâ usingâ aâ dropperâ (orâ separatingâ theâ twoâ liquidsâ byâ usingâ aâ separatingâ funnel)
â Câââevaporationâ toâ dryness
b)â SolidâWâââcharcoal
â LiquidâXâââkerosene
c)â i)â Theâbrilliantâgoldenâ yellowâ flameâ colourâproducedâbyâ theâ sodiumâcompoundâmasksâ theâ lilacâ flameâ colourââ â producedâ byâ theâpotassiumâ compound.
ii)â Dissolveâ theâ solidâ inâ water.â Addâ excessâ diluteâ nitricâ acid,â followedâ byâ anâ aqueousâ solutionâ ofâ silverânitrate.âAâwhiteâ precipitateâ appears.
Chemistry Magazine page 55
Fresh water from sea water
1â Anyâoneâ ofâ theâ following:
â â˘â Toâpreventâ deathâ fromâwaterâ borneâdiseases.
â â˘â Dirtyâwaterâ containsâ harmfulâ bacteria.
â â˘â Cleanâwaterâ reducesâ infectionsâ /â diseases.
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2â Pros
â â˘â Itâ canâ continueâ toâ deliverâ drinkingâ waterâ forâ consumptionâ evenâ ifâ thereâ isâ noâ rain.
â â˘â Itâ providesâ anâ alternativeâ sourceâ ofâ supplyâ toâ makeâ theâ overallâ supplyâ moreâ robustâ andâ lessâ vulnerableââ â toâ interruption.
â â˘â Itâ providesâ aâ superiorâ qualityâ productâ regardlessâ ofâ theâ sourceâwaterâ quality.
â â˘â Itâ isâ accomplishedâ byâ meansâ ofâ pumps,â filtersâ andâ otherâ piecesâ ofâ equipment.â Thisâ featureâ resultsâ inââ â smallerâ sizeâ facilitiesâ whenâ comparedâ withâ otherâ conventionalâ waterâ supplyâ alternatives,â suchâ asââ â surfaceâwaterâ reservoirs.
â Cons
â â˘â Theâ costâ ofâ plantâ constructionâ isâ relativeâ high.
â â˘â Waterâ desalinationâ consumesâ aâ lotâ ofâ energy.â Approximatelyâ oneâ thirdâ ofâ theâ operationalâ costsâ ofâ aââ â waterâ desalinationâ facilityâ isâ theâpowerâ consumption.
â â˘â High-energyâ consumptionâ alsoâ leadsâ toâ increasesâ inâ greenhouseâgasâ emissions.
pages 60â65Unit Exercise
1â a)â insoluble
â b)â soluble
â c)â solution
â d)â diluteâ solution
â e)â concentratedâ solution
â f)â saturated
â g)â crystals
2â a)â hydrochloricâ acid
â b)â bleach
â c)â organicâ solvents
â d)â swimmingâpoolâwater
3â a)â Evaporation
â b)â Distillation
â c)â Fractionalâ distillation
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4 Compound of Flame colour
calcium brick-red
copper bluish green
potassium lilac
sodium golden yellow
5â A
6â D
7â A
8â B
9â Câ (1)â Calciumâ sulphateâ isâ insolubleâ inâwater.
â â Theâ followingâ tableâ showsâ theâ saltâ compositionâofâ seaâwaterâ (percentageâbyâmass):
Salt %
Sodiumâchloride 68
Magnesiumâchloride 14.6
Sodiumâsulphate 11.4
Calciumâchloride 3.1
Otherâsalts 2.9
10â DâCompound Characteristic flame colour in flame test
Potassiumâchloride lilac
Copper(II)âchloride bluishâgreen
Calciumâchloride brick-red
â directâ current11â Câ seaâwaterâ â chlorineâgasâ+âhydrogenâgasâ+â sodiumâhydroxideâ solution
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Topic 1â PlanetâEarth
12â Bâ
13â a)â Calcium
â b)â Oxygen
â c)â Water
â d)â Chlorine
14â a)â Aâââ thermometer
â â Bâââ condenser
â â Câââ round-bottomedâ flask
â â DâââBunsenâburner
â â Eâââ tripod
â b)â Thermometerâ (A)
15â a)
â
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â
b)
â
â
c)
â
16â Heatâ theâ solutionâ toâ removeâ someâofâ theâwater.
â Allowâ theâhotâ andâ concentratedâ solutionâ toâ cool.â Solidâmagnesiumâ sulphateâ separatesâ out.
17â a)â Distillation
â b)â Theâboilingâpointâ ofâwaterâ isâ lowerâ thanâ thoseâofâ theâ saltsâ inâ seaâwater.
â â Whenâ theâ seaâwaterâ isâ heated,â theâwaterâ boils.
â â Theâwaterâ vapourâ formedâ escapesâ andâpassesâ throughâ theâ innerâ tubeâofâ theâ condenser.
â â Theâwaterâ vapourâ condensesâ toâ formâaâ liquid.
â c)â Condenser
â d)â Toâ ensureâ evenâboiling.
18â a)â Theâ colourâ ofâ copper(II)â sulphateâ crystalsâ changesâ fromâblueâ toâwhiteâ uponâheating.
â b)â Testâ theâ liquidâ obtainedâusingâdryâ cobalt(II)â chlorideâpaper.
â â Theâpaperâ turnsâ fromâblueâ toâ pink.
â c)â Toâpreventâ theâ condensedâwaterâ fromâ runningâbackâ toâ theâboilingâ tubeâ andâ crackingâ theâhotâ glass.
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19â a)â Dissolveâ someâ saltâ inâwater.
â â Addâ excessâ diluteâ nitricâ acid,â followedâbyâ anâ aqueousâ solutionâofâ silverâ nitrate.
â â Aâwhiteâ precipitateâ forms.
â b)â i)â Dipâ aâ cleanânichromeâwireâ intoâ concentratedâhydrochloricâ acid.
â â â Dipâ theânichromeâwireâ intoâ theâ salt.
â â â Putâ theâ endâofâ theâwireâ inâ aâ Bunsenâ flameâ andâobserveâ theâ colourâ ofâ theâ flame.
â â ii)â Theâ brilliantâ goldenâ yellowâ flameâ colourâ producedâ byâ theâ sodiumâ compoundâ masksâ theâ lilacâ flameââ â â colourâ producedâbyâ theâpotassiumâ compound.
20â a)â Aâââmortar
â â Bâââglassâ rod
â â Câââbeaker
â â Dâââ filterâ funnel
â â Eâââ tripod
â b)â Toâ speedâupâ theâdissolvingâofâ theâ salt.
â c)â Filtration
â d)â Clayâ andâ sand
â e)â Sodiumâ chloride
Unit 4 Rocks and minerals
Practice
P4.1 page 71
a)â Xâââ sodium
â Yâââcalcium
b)â Xâââcarbonateâ ion
â Xâ reactsâwithâ diluteâ hydrochloricâ acidâ toâ produceâ carbonâdioxideâgasâwhichâ turnsâ limewaterâ milky.
â Yâââ chlorideâ ion
â Solutionâ ofâYâgivesâ aâwhiteâ precipitateâ (silverâ chloride)â inâ theâ silverâ nitrateâ test.
c)â Xâââ sodiumâ carbonate
â Yâââcalciumâ chloride
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Discussion page 74
Pros
â˘â Aânewâ roadâ isâ builtâ forâ deliveringâ theâ limestone.â Thisâ alsoâ improvesâ theâ transportationâofâ theâ town.
â˘â Theâ companyâprovidesâ jobsâ forâ localâ people.
â˘â Theâprofitâ ofâ theâ companyâ canâbeâ taxedâbyâ theâgovernmentâ ofâ theâ town.
â˘â Thereâ isâ aâ newâ villageâhallâ builtâ byâ bigâ donationsâ fromâ theâ company.
â˘â Theâ availabilityâ ofâ limestoneâ mayâ leadâ toâ theâ developmentâ ofâ otherâ industriesâ andâ henceâ theâ prosperityâ ofââ theâ town.
Cons
â˘â Theâ rockâdugâ fromâ theâgroundâbecomesâwaste.â Thisâ causesâ pollutionâproblems.
â˘â Theâblastingâ andâ theâheavyâ trafficâ causeâ soundâpollution.
â˘â Consumptionâ ofâ energyâmayâ leadâ toâ greenhouseâgasâ emissions.
pages 78â84Unit Exercise
1â a)â ores
â b)â mercury
â c)â heatingâ inâ air
â d)â haematite
â e)â heatingâ withâ carbon
â f)â aluminium
â g)â electrolysis
2â a)â limestone
â b)â marble
â c)â calciumâ carbonate
â d)â calciumâoxide
â e)â carbonâdioxide
â f)â calciumâ chloride
â g)â carbonâdioxide
â h)â water
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3â Aâ ââ 4
â Bâ ââ 3
â Câ ââ 1
â Dâ ââ 2
4â Across
â â â electrolysis
â âŁâ ore
â âŚâ limewater
â â§â minerals
â âŠâ compound
â Down
â âĄâ erosion
â â˘â sodium
â â¤â element
â âĽâ marble
â â¨â iron
5â C
6â Aâ Calciumâ carbonateâ isâ insolubleâ inâwater.
7â Aâ Process 1
â â Process 2
â â
8â Bâ Photosynthesisâ consumesâ carbonâdioxide.
9â Aâ (1)â Carbonâdioxideâ extinguishesâ aâ burningâ splintâwhileâ oxygenâdoesâ not.
â â (2)â Oxygenâ relightsâ aâ glowingâ splintâwhileâ carbonâdioxideâdoesâ not.
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10â Bâ Limestoneâ isâ composedâprimarilyâ ofâ calciumâ carbonate.
â â (1)â Limestoneâgivesâ aâ brick-redâ flameâ inâ flameâ test.
â â (2)â Limestoneâgivesâ aâ colourlessâ gasâ (carbonâdioxide)âwhenâheatedâ strongly.
11â A
12â Câ (1)â Seaâ waterâ containsâ sodiumâ chloride.â Itâ givesâ aâ whiteâ precipitateâ (sliverâ chloride)â withâ anâ aqueousââ â â solutionâofâ silverâ nitrate.
â â (2)â Sodiumâ chlorideâdissolvesâ inâwaterâ toâ giveâ aâ colourlessâ solution.
â â (3)â Bubblingâ carbonâ dioxideâ gasâ intoâ calciumâ hydroxideâ solutionâ givesâ aâ whiteâ precipitateâ (calciumââ â â carbonate).
13â D
14â D
15â a)â i)â Effervescenceâoccurs.
â â ii)â calciumâ carbonateâ+âdiluteâ hydrochloricâ acidâ â calciumâ chlorideâ+âwaterâ+â carbonâdioxide
â b)â Theâ limewaterâ turnsâmilky.
16â a)â Theâ limewaterâ turnsâmilkyâ dueâ toâ theâ formationâofâ insolubleâwhiteâ calciumâ carbonate.
â â Whenâ excessâ carbonâ dioxideâ isâ passedâ intoâ theâ limewater,â calciumâ carbonateâ dissolvesâ toâ formâ solubleââ â calciumâhydrogencarbonate.â Thenâ theâ limewaterâ becomesâ clearâ again.
â b)â carbonâhydroxideâ+â carbonâdioxideâ â calciumâ carbonateâ+âwater
â â calciumâ carbonateâ+â carbonâdioxideâ+âwaterâ â calciumâ hydrogencarbonate
â c)â Airâ containsâ aâ lowâpercentageâofâ carbonâdioxide.
â â Aâ similarâ observationâwouldâbeâmadeâ afterâ aâ longâperiodâofâ time.
17â a)â Byâ filtration
â b)â i)â Addâ theâpowderâ toâwater.
â â â Seeâ ifâ itâ dissolves.
â â ii)â Whenâ theâgasâ isâ addedâ toâ limewater,â theâ limewaterâ turnsâmilky.
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18â a)â i)â Toâ avoidâ theâ interferenceâofâ impurities
â â ii)â Property â
Goodâelectricalâconductor
Highâdensity
Highâmeltingâpoint â
Lowâboilingâpoint
Unreactive â
â â iii)â goldenâ yellow
â b)â i)â Effervescenceâoccurs.
â â ii)â milky
19â a)â Process 1âââ filtration
â â Process 2âââdistillation
â b)â Process 1â â â â â Process 2
â c)âCalciumâ carbonate
20â a)â Useâ flameâ test.
â â Potassiumâ carbonateâ givesâ aâ lilacâ flame.
â â Calciumâ carbonateâ givesâ aâ brick-redâ flame.
â b)â Dissolveâ eachâ solidâ inâwater.
â â Addâ excessâ diluteâ nitricâ acidâ followedâbyâ anâ aqueousâ solutionâofâ silverâ nitrateâ toâ eachâ solution.
â â Onlyâmagnesiumâ chlorideâ solutionâgivesâwhiteâ precipitate.
â â Thereâ isâ noâobservableâ changeâ forâmagnesiumâ sulphateâ solution.
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21â Whenâ seaâ animalsâ die,â theirâ skeletonsâ orâ shellsâ sinkâ intoâ theâ mudâ atâ theâ bottomâ ofâ theâ oceans.â Overââ millionsâ ofâ years,â layersâ buildâ up.â Pressureâ fromâ theâ topâ layersâ changesâ theâbottomâ layersâ intoâ chalk.
â Whenâ subjectâ toâ higherâ pressureâ andâheat,â theâ chalkâ turnsâ intoâ limestone.
â Theâ limestoneâ depositâ mayâ stayâ belowâ theâ Earthâ forâ aâ longâ time.â Highâ temperatureâ andâ pressureâ mayâ turnââ theâ limestoneâ intoâmarble.
22â a)â Theâ carbonâdioxideâ gasâ producedâ escapes.
â b)â Calciumâoxideâ reactsâwithâwaterâ orâ carbonâdioxide.
â c)â Aâ Wood
â â â Advantageâââ screeningâofâwood
â â â Disadvantageâââdamageâ toâ habitat
â â Bâ Town
â â â Advantageâââ labourâ forceâ nearâ toâ site
â â â Disadvantageââânoiseâ /â visualâ /â dustâ pollutionâ /â damageâ /â subsidence
â â Câ Roadâ /â railway
â â â Advantageâââconvenientâ transportâ forâmaterials
â â â Disadvantageâââdust,â noiseâ carriedâ toâ theâ town
â â Dâ River
â â â Advantageâââconvenientâ transportâ forâmaterials
â â â Disadvantageâââpollutingâ theâ river
â â Otherâ factors
â â â˘â Qualityâ ofâ limestone
â â â ââ (Best)âDâ>âCâ>âAâ>âBâ (Worst)
â â â ââ amountâ ofâwaste
â â â˘â Windâdirection
â â â ââ carriesâ dust,â noise,â fumesâ etc.â towardsâ theâ town.
â â â ââ onlyâ Bâ andâDâ areâ directlyâ downwindâofâ theâ town.
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pages 85â90Topic Exercise
1â Câ Liquefiedâ petroleumâgasâ isâ flammable.
2â C
3â Aâ
â â Fromâ theâ aboveâdiagram,âweâ canâ seeâ thatâ atââ200â °C,
â â â˘â heliumâ isâ aâ gas;
â â â˘â oxygenâ andânitrogenâ areâ liquids;
â â â˘â argonâ isâ aâ solid.
4â Bâ Fromâ theâ diagramâ inâ Questionâ 3,â weâ canâ seeâ thatâ oxygenâ staysâ liquidâ overâ theâ greatestâ temperatureââ â range.
5â Bâ Nitrogenâ hasâ theâ lowestâ boilingâ point.â Thus,â itâwillâ vaporizeâ first.
â â Oxygenâhasâ theâhighestâ boilingâ point.â Thus,â itâwillâ vaporizeâ last.
6â B
7â Dâ Carbonâ dioxideâ isâ removedâbeforeâ theâ fractionalâ distillationâofâ liquidâ air.
8â C
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9â Bâ Limestoneâ sampleâ Bâ containsâ impuritiesâ thatâ doânotâ decomposeâwhenâheated.â Thus,â theâ changeâ inâmassâââ â isâ smallerâ thanâwhenâpureâ calciumâ carbonateâ isâ heated.
10â Bâ (2)â Fractionalâ distillationâ ofâ liquidâ airâ involvesâ aâ physicalâ change.
â â (3)â Seaâ waterâ containsâ sodiumâ chloride.â Itâ givesâ aâ whiteâ precipitateâ withâ anâ aqueousâ solutionâ ofâ silverââ â â nitrate.âAâ chemicalâ changeâoccurs.
11â Aâ (2)â Concreteâ isâ aâmixtureâ ofâ cement,â stoneâ chips,â sandâ andâwater.
â â (3)â Iceâ isâwaterâ inâ theâ solidâ state,â thusâ itâ isâ aâ compound.
12â Bâ Heatingâ calciumâ carbonateâ stronglyâ givesâ aâ gasâ (carbonâdioxide).
13â Câ Oxygenâ supportsâ burning,â butâ itâ isâNOTâ flammable.
14â Bâ Theâ correctâ explanationâ isâ oxygenâ andânitrogenâhaveâdifferentâ boilingâpoints.
15â A
16â a)â i)â C
â â ii)â Wearâ safetyâ glasses.â /â Wearâ protectiveâ gloves.â /â Performâ theâ experimentâ insideâ aâ fumeâ cupboard.â /âââ â â Washâ affectedâ areasâwithâ plentyâ ofâwaterâ ifâ spiltâ onâ theâ skinâ orâ clothes.
â b)â
17â a)â â˘â Oxygenâ andânitrogenâhaveâdifferentâ boilingâpoints.
â â â˘â Theâ twoâgasesâ canâbeâ seperatedâbyâ fractionalâ distillation.
â â â˘â Liquefyâ theâ air.â Theâ temperatureâ ofâ theâ liquidâ isâ raisedâ slowly.
â â â˘â Nitrogenâboilsâ beforeâ oxygen.
â b)â Anyâ twoâ ofâ theâ following:
â â heliumâ /â neonâ /â argonâ /â kryptonâ /â xenon
18â a)â Filtration
â b)â Filterâ paper
â c)â Filterâ funnel
â d)â Filtrate
â e)â Residue
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â f)â Theâparticlesâ ofâ sodiumâ chlorideâ inâ seaâwaterâ areâmuchâ smallerâ thanâmudâparticlesâ inâmuddyâ water.
â â Henceâ particlesâ ofâ sodiumâ chlorideâ inâ seaâ waterâ canâ passâ throughâ theâ tinyâ holesâ onâ theâ filterâ paperââ â whileâmudâparticlesâ cannot.
19â a)â i)â Evaporation
â â ii)â
â â iii)â Sodiumâ chloride
â â iv)â Asâ tableâ saltâ /â preservativeâ /â flavouringâ agent
â b)â Electrolysis
â c)â i)â Hydrogen
â â ii)â Hydrogenâgivesâ aâ âpopââ soundâwithâ aâ burningâ splint.
â d)â Chlorine:â sterilizingâdrinkingâwaterâ/âsterilizingâswimmingâpoolâwaterâ/âmanufactureâofâPVCâandâorganicâsolventsâ/ââ â â â manufactureâ ofâ hydrochloricâ acidâ /âmanufactureâ ofâ bleach
â â GasâY:â manufactureâ ofâ ammoniaâ /â asâ rocketâ fuelâ /âmanufactureâ ofâ hydrochloricâ acid
20â Answersâ forâ theâHKDSEâquestionâ areâ notâ provided.â
21â a)â i)â Aâwhiteâ precipitateâwasâ observed.
â â ii)â Chloride
â b)â i)â Distillation
â â ii)â
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22â a)â i)â Carbonâdioxide
â â ii)â Useâ limewaterâ toâ testâ forâ theâgaseousâ product.
â â â Theâgasâ turnsâ limewaterâmilky.
â b)â i)â Addâwaterâ toâ calciumâoxide.
â â ii)â calciumâoxideâ+âwaterâ â calciumâhydroxide
â c)â i)â Addâdiluteâ hydrochloricâ acidâ toâ calciumâ carbonate.
â â ii)â Effervescenceâoccurs.â /âCalciumâ carbonateâ dissolvesâ inâ theâdiluteâ acid.
â â iii)â calciumâ carbonateâ+âdiluteâ hydrochloricâ acidâ â calciumâ chlorideâ+âwaterâ+â carbonâdioxide
23â a)âTest Result Substance
Addâdiluteâhydrochloricâ
acid
effervescence occurs
carbonate
Flameâtestbrick-redâ
flamecalcium
â b)â Calciumâ carbonate
â c)â Dipâ aâ cleanânichromeâwireâ intoâ concentratedâhydrochloricâ acid.
â â Dipâ theânichromeâwireâ intoâ theâ substance.
â â Putâ theâ endâofâ theâwireâ inâ aâ Bunsenâ flameâ andâobserveâ theâ colourâ ofâ theâ flame.
â d)â Anyâoneâ ofâ theâ following:
â â â˘â Useâ cleanâ equipment.
â â â˘â Ensureâ noâ contaminantsâ inâ theâ reagents.
â â â˘â Useâdistilledâ water.
24â a)â 155â cm3
â b)â 71â cm3
â c)â Ironâ reactsâwithâ theâoxygen.
â d)â(100â ââ 71)â cm3
155â cm3 â xâ 100â%
â â =â18.7%