“tools” of foreign policy. national interests foreign policy (actions taken in pursuit of...
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“Tools” of Foreign Policy
National Interests
Foreign Policy(Actions taken in pursuit of interests)
“Tools” of Foreign Policy(Specific actions)
“Carrot – and – stick”Originated from the traditional alternatives of getting a donkey to move by either holding out a carrot or whipping it with a stick.
Carrot–and–stick foreign policy:
The phrase ''carrot and the stick'' is used nowadays to characterize a foreign policy by which a nation…
Key “Tools” of Foreign Policy
What are they?The specific actions …
Three groups:
Diplomatic Tools
Diplomacy: •
• “Tool of first resort” used to resolve differences peacefully.
• Carried out by (Official representatives of a
country).
Current Secretary of State?
Secretary of State heads State Department
• Advises President on• Negotiates agreements with foreign countries.• Represents the U.S. abroad and in international
organizations.
• Diplomacy may involve summits (face to face talks) between world leaders / heads of state.
Bilateral summits
Multilateral summit
Diplomatic Relations:The formal contact established between two governments that
• Diplomatic recognition is extended to each other’s governments.
• _____________________are exchanged.
• _______________________are opened in eachother’s capitals.
Marines Guarding U.S. Embassy in Baghdad
Countries the U.S. does NOT have diplomatic relations with:
*
• Iran
*
• Bhutan
• Taiwan*
Diplomacy can lead to formation of alliances.• Formal agreements between nations to defend each other in the case of attack.
• Based on the idea of collective security.
Our most important alliance?
NATO
NATO meeting at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO’s Expansion: 28 Members Today1949U.S.CanadaU.K.FranceItalyPortugalIcelandNorwayBelgiumNetherlandsDenmarkLuxembourg
1952GreeceTurkey
1955West Germany
1982Spain
1990East Germany
1999PolandHungaryCzech Republic
2004SloveniaSlovakiaBulgariaRomaniaEstoniaLatviaLithuania
2009CroatiaAlbania
NATO Today
Major “Non-NATO Allies” of the U.S.
Argentina
MoroccoEgypt Jordan
IsraelKuwaitQatarPakistan
South KoreaJapanThailandPhilippines
AustraliaNew Zealand
Diplomatic Sanctions • Sanctions are punishments or
penalties imposed on a targetedstate to persuade that state to change its behavior.• Examples of diplomatic sanctions:
Breaking off relations.
Terms Related to Diplomacy
and Attempts to Improve
Relations Between States
Remember: Eddie’s Dad Raised Normal Ducks
Engagement
Détente
Rapprochement
Normalization
Diplomatic Relations
Terms Related to Diplomacy
A policy of involvement with another country through direct talks and negotiations in an effort to improve relations.
Terms Related to Diplomacy
An easing of tensions or a decrease in the level of hostility between states.
Terms Related to Diplomacy
Means “to approach” or come together with the intent of establishing or reestablishing friendly relations.
Describes a reconciliation between nations that have had poor relations.
Terms Related to Diplomacy
The establishment or reestablishment of full diplomatic relations between nations. The governments extend recognition to each other at this point.
Economic Tools
Economic rewards:
•Foreign Aid
What percentage of the U.S. federal budget is spent onforeign aid?
0.6%
What percentage of the U.S. federalbudget should gotowards foreignaid?
The lifting (removal) of ________________
Economic Rewards (con’t)
Economic Punishments:
• Sanctions Boycotts
Refusal to buy
Cut off all trade
• Trade restrictions:
Taxes on imports Quotas
Limits on imports
Economic Sanctions Are Controversial
l
Critics say...
•
• They can backfire by isolating sanctioned countries or causing their leaders to become even more repressive or aggressive.
•
• They hurt U.S. businesses by cutting the markets in which they can sell their products.
Discussion on Failure of Sanctions
III. Tools Related to Military Force
• Part of a policy of coercion (Attempting to force or compel another state to do something)
•
• Carries high costs and serious risks. Human lives are at stake.
The strategic positioning of military forces around the world.
Using Military Force … Many Options:
Would include…
• Clandestine activities Secret / undercover
• Subversive activities. Designed to undermine/ overthrow a government.
• Espionage SpyingCovert CIA Op Valerie Plame
“Boots on the Ground”
Iraq Afghanistan